Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri: priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sankt-Peterburg
"Nauka"
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Adaptacija narodov i kulʹtur k izmenenijam prirodnoj sredy, socialʹnym i technogennym transformacijam
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Secrets of ancient carvers of Eastern Europe and Siberia. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 143 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9785020255999 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | 128
Хлопачев Г.
Α.,
Гиря Е.Ю. Секреты древних косторезов Восточной Европы и Сибири
SUMMARY
Presently, we know a lot of Stone Age sites
whose excavation revealed numerous artistically
executed ivory and reindeer antler artifacts. High
level carving artistry is primarily noticed with the
Stone Age cultures where mammoth- and rein¬
deer-hunting played an important role as well
as with the ancient people s living in the regions
where ivory could be quarried from their natural
burial places— mammoth cemeteries , like that
of Berelekh (Vereshchagin,
1977).
Permafrosted,
ivory retains its natural quality making a first-class
carving material, which is testified both by the high
price of ivory in the world market and present-day
field development of ivory in high northern lati¬
tudes of Siberia (Smirnov,
2003).
No wonder, ivo¬
ry was used on the territory of the latter, together
with antler, not only in the Palaeolithic Age as it
did on the territory of Europe, but also after mam¬
moths had died out
—
in Mesolithic and Neolithic
Age.
Ivory and antler abundance had played an im¬
portant role in the Stone Age carving. The people
then had no metallic tools, but their knowledge
of how to treat ivory and reindeer antler to create
technically unique articles, was profound, for in¬
stance, two-meter long straight spears from ado¬
lescents burial of Sun gir Upper Palaeolithic site,
Palaeolithic Venuses of the upper Kostionki
1
layer (upper level), Avdeevo, Gagarino, Zaraisk,
Khotyliovo II, Malta. For the past millennia, lots
of ancient carving techniques had became obliter¬
ated and lost, while the interest to study them is
traditionally great.
Studying ivory and reindeer antler ancient
techniques treatment has a long history in home
archaeology (Gerasimov,
1941;
Semenov,
1957;
Filippov,
1978,
and others). However, unique
qualities of carving of these materials have not
been sufficiently studied. Ivory and antler artifacts
analysis has shown, in a certain way, these dura¬
ble, hard, long-lasting materials possess an enig¬
matic and paradoxical set of qualities they show
when treated. These two materials are good for
cutting, sawing, smoothing and polishing allow¬
ing at the same time a splitting technique, typical
for lithic industries, to be used (Khlopachev,
1997;
Khlopachev,
2002).
Thus, ivory and antler show
both plasticity and fragility.
Plasticity is a property to irreversibly change the
sizes and shape (to be considerably deformed) under
mechanical load.
Fragility is a property of a material to be demol¬
ished under a small deformation.
What we mean is that both materials can be
knapped like flint or other brittle materials. Nu¬
merous archaeological finds of various ivory and
antler flakes, chips, blades, as well as cores and
real nuclei, whence they had been removed, def¬
initely prove it. These flakes just like their nega¬
tives on nuclei have all the attributes of artificial
splitting
—
a butt, a bulb of applied force, ripples,
a complicated system of removals special organi¬
zation, etc. Artifacts of this kind are not scarce,
they encounter practically all through Europe,
Asia and America. Besides, items made of these
materials can be not only cut, but also bent. Such
finds of ivory or antler artifacts made by means of
straightening and/or bending of a primary preform
are similarly numerous and well spread in various
palaeloindustries.
Moreover, another quality of antler and ivory
can be added to the two just given: viscosity.
Viscosity is an ability of materials to resist the mo¬
tion of a separate part of a body without its fragmen¬
tation due to internal friction (coalescence of parti¬
cles).
Summary
129
Tools made of antler, thanks to its viscosity,
are often used by present day flint
knappers
as soft
hammers. Ivory, as an expensive and less viscous
alien, is much less frequently used in knapping
experiments. However, as it has recently become
clear, it is possible to assume that ivory billets ex¬
isted in the Upper Palaeolith on the territory of
Austria and Czechia (Steguweit,
2005).
Archaeological materials explicitly point at the
ancient use of ivory and antler treatment tech¬
niques based on mutually exclusive attributes. This
can only be explained by some methods known to
the ancient carvers, which allowed them to change
properties of these materials. Under some circum¬
stances, antler and ivory behaved as flexible, rel¬
atively soft materials which could be cut, planed,
receiving long shavings, and even bent. Under
some other circumstances, they were relatively
hard and brittle kinds of raw material which could
be knapped like tenacious rock. It is obvious that
ivory/antler could acquire such attributes only due
to their natural shape and structure.
The book provides studying the results of ivo¬
ry/antler techniques to change their properties.
They serve a striking illustration of the Stone Age
carvers technological abilities: not only were they
inferior to those of modern artisans, but surpassed
them in the diversity of techniques. We have
considered only two techniques which radically
changed properties of ivory and antler. Freezing
naturally damp ivory/antler provided these mate¬
rials with extra fragility, which made it possible for
a knapping technique to be applied, traditional for
lithic industries. Soaking, softening of ivory and
antler, on the contrary, plasticized the articles to
a certain extent, which allowed to easily straighten
or bend them. For the first time reconstruction
techniques of receiving long-measuring ivory and
antler articles, techniques of straightening such ar¬
ticles, have been offered based on archaeological
and experimental data, as well as shape memory
effect described, which has unveiled the enigma of
Sungir spears existing for many years.
Archaeological materials analysis, numerous
ivory and antler strike-knapping experiments have
shown that such treatment proved efficient only
in the negative, below -25°C, temperature range,
when ivory and antler raw material acquired the
necessary isotropy and fragility. In the course of
experiments, not only was one of many secrets of
ancient technologies opened, but also was shown
the significance for the scientific analysis of all the
treatment produce in its entirety (ivory and antler
raw material, technological context). The fact that
ivory yielded to knapping at -25°C, and at lower
temperature (from
-30
to -40°C) its treatment
by striking became more efficient and allowed
to remove large ivory spalls, must be making the
first archaeological evidence of specifying Stone
Age seasonal settlement. In case of a production
ivory/antler knapping area at a site, availability
among the debitage of large spalls morphologi¬
cally identical to lithic ones serves as an evidence
of the site operation during a cold season (winter).
Thanks to fresh ivory experiments we have a whole
series of experimental traces whose practical ar¬
chaeological application will expand and objectify
Stone Age man behavioural reconstruction crite¬
ria. Raw material preparation techniques are sure
not to exhaust the whole list of similar Stone Age
techniques: we are still to read quite a few pages of
ancient carving artistry history.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Предисловие
.....................................................................................................................................6
Введение
...........................................................................................................................................7
Глава
1.
Бивень мамонта и рог северного оленя: форма и структура
..........................................12
Глава
2.
История изучения поделочных свойств бивня мамонта и рога северного оленя
.........15
Глава
3.
Общие и археологические наблюдения
..........................................................................20
Глава
4.
Экспериментальные данные по расщеплению бивня мамонта
и рога северного оленя
....................................................................................................39
Качественное состояние сырья и достоверность экспериментов
...............................................39
Расщепление бивня мамонта и рога северного оленя в просушенном состоянии
.....................40
Расщепление бивня мамонта и рога северного оленя в естественно-влажном состоянии
при положительных температурах
................................................................................................43
Расщепление бивня мамонта и рога северного оленя в естественно-влажном состоянии
при низких температурах
...............................................................................................................45
Сочетание приемов обработки бивня и рога в теплых и холодных условиях
.............................56
Глава
5.
Эксперименты по изгибанию рога и бивня. Память формы
.........................................73
Глава
6.
Следы от естественных повреждений и естественной сработанности
бивней при жизни мамонтов
...........................................................................................90
Глава
7.
Следы на каменных орудиях, использовавшихся для обработки бивня и рога
.........102
Заключение
..................................................................................................................................127
Summary
........................................................................................................................................128
Библиография
..............................................................................................................................130
Список иллюстраций
...................................................................................................................132
List of Pictures...............................................................................................................................
138
Список сокращений
....................................................................................................................143
|
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Adaptacija narodov i kulʹtur k izmenenijam prirodnoj sredy, socialʹnym i technogennym transformacijam |
| spelling | Chlopačev, Gennadij Adolʹfovič 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)1067303251 aut Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym G. A. Chlopačev, E. Ju. Girja Secrets of ancient carvers of Eastern Europe and Siberia Sankt-Peterburg "Nauka" 2010 143 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Adaptacija narodov i kulʹtur k izmenenijam prirodnoj sredy, socialʹnym i technogennym transformacijam PST: Secrets of ancient carvers of Eastern Europe and Siberia. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd rswk-swf Knochengerät (DE-588)4164286-7 gnd rswk-swf Mammut (DE-588)4262355-8 gnd rswk-swf Ren (DE-588)4177757-8 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 g Mammut (DE-588)4262355-8 s Ren (DE-588)4177757-8 s Knochengerät (DE-588)4164286-7 s Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 s DE-604 Girja, Evgenij Ju. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024370099&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024370099&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Chlopačev, Gennadij Adolʹfovič 1969- Girja, Evgenij Ju Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Knochengerät (DE-588)4164286-7 gnd Mammut (DE-588)4262355-8 gnd Ren (DE-588)4177757-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057226-2 (DE-588)4164286-7 (DE-588)4262355-8 (DE-588)4177757-8 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4054780-2 |
| title | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym |
| title_alt | Secrets of ancient carvers of Eastern Europe and Siberia |
| title_auth | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym |
| title_exact_search | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym |
| title_full | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym G. A. Chlopačev, E. Ju. Girja |
| title_fullStr | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym G. A. Chlopačev, E. Ju. Girja |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym G. A. Chlopačev, E. Ju. Girja |
| title_short | Sekrety drevnich kostorezov Vostočnoj Evropy i Sibiri |
| title_sort | sekrety drevnich kostorezov vostocnoj evropy i sibiri priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke po archeologiceskim i eksperimentalʹnym dannym |
| title_sub | priemy obrabotky bivnja mamonta i roga severnogo olenja v kamennom veke ; po archeologičeskim i ėksperimentalʹnym dannym |
| topic | Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Knochengerät (DE-588)4164286-7 gnd Mammut (DE-588)4262355-8 gnd Ren (DE-588)4177757-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Steinzeit Knochengerät Mammut Ren Osteuropa Sibirien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024370099&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024370099&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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