Srpska naučna dijaspora: "tamo i ovde"
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Inst. za Međunarodnu Politiku i Privredu
2010
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Serbian scientific diaspora |
| Beschreibung: | 413 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788670671478 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
SUMMARY
SERBIAN SCIENTIFIC DIASPORA
In an increasingly globalizing knowledge economy, where human resources
represent the most important factor, brain drain
-
also tagged the "flight of
human capital"
-
is now focused more on the scientific, engineering and tech¬
nological workforce of the those countries which will use this resource proper¬
ly. In fact, the author's attention was focused on the current international debate
on
diasporas
and development. The objective was how to provide a better under¬
standing of the potential of highly skilled migrants and expatriates as agents of
development, by focusing on their participation in economic development of the
country of origin and circulation of knowledge.
The author's starting point was that science had always been a "global
enterprise". Therefore, the common laws of nature cross political boundaries
and the international movement of people and knowledge had made science
global long before "globalization" became a label for the increasing intercon¬
nections among the world economies. Developed countries, including the
United States, gain from new knowledge discovered abroad and from increas¬
es in foreign economic development. Industry in developed countries also
increasingly relies on research and development (R&D) performed abroad. The
nation's international economic competitiveness, however, depends upon the
labor force's innovation and productivity.
Migration of scientists and engineers (S&E) across borders is increasingly
seen as a major determinant of the quality and flexibility of the labor force in
most industrial countries. The knowledge of scientists and engineers can be
transferred across national borders more easily than other skills. Additionally,
any cutting-edge research or technology inevitably creates unique sets of skills
and knowledge that can be transferred through the physical movement of peo¬
ple. The United States has benefited and continues to benefit greatly from this
international flow of knowledge and personnel.
Concerning the shortage of scientists and engineers,
OECD
governments
are increasingly realizing the economic rationale for adopting skill selective
immigration policies. Highly qualified migrants can bring valuable skills that
are in short supply, new entrepreneurial spirit, and they can also be a booster to
local welfare systems. Thus, more and more countries are redesigning their
286
Владимир
Гречић
immigration
systems to make them more skill selective. At the same time, intro¬
duction of the
EU
"Blue Card" is just an example.
Because of the poor quality of statistical data, assessing of the economic
impact of international migration is a challenging issue. In absolute terms, the
largest stocks of educated emigrants are from Europe, Southern and Eastern
Asia, and to a lesser extent from Central America and Mexico. These emigrants
are concentrated in a few destination countries as follows: about
50
percent of
skilled migrants live in the United States; this percentage increases to
70
per¬
cent if two other immigration countries (Canada and Australia) are included and
to
85
percent if the three largest
EU
countries (the UK, Germany, and France)
are included. These countries are also the main destinations for Serbian migrat¬
ing S&E.
Therefore, the most attractive immigrant destination for S&E is the United
States
-
"the land of promise". They attract S&E, but also students at the any
level of the study.
Foreign born residents in the United states who hold S&E degree at any
level were as follows:
1,559,500
or
12.5
percent of the total S&E degree hold¬
ers in
1999,
of which
765,200
are bachelor's
(10.5
percent),
504,600
master's
(14.8
percent),
78,200
professional degree
(8.0
percent) and
211,500
doctorate
(or
25.7
percent of total doctorate degree). Among them were
4,100
from
Serbia and Montenegro of which
1,500
are bachelors,
1,300
masters, and
1,300
doctorates.
How many foreign students who receive S&E Ph.D.s from U.S. schools
remain in the United States? According to the report by Michael Finn
(2010)
of
the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, two years after completing
doctoral degrees at U.S. universities,
67%
of foreign students graduating in
2005
remained in the U.S. This is a
3
percentage point increase and a rebound
in the proportion of foreign graduates willing or able to stay in the U.S. after
finishing their degrees (known as the stay rate), which had uncharacteristically
declined among
2003
graduates. Citizens of some countries were more likely
to stay than others. Seven countries
-
China, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro,
Ukraine, India, Iran, and Russia
-
have five-year stay rates
(2002-2007)
greater
than
75
percent.
Percentage of temporary residents receiving S&E doctorates in
2002
who
were in the United States in
2007,
five years after graduation: from all countries
is
62
percent, but from China
92
percent, from Serbia and Montenegro
88%,
and from Romania
86
percent. Students from China have the highest stay rate
and those from Serbia have the second highest. Stay rates were also the highest
Српска научна
дијаспора
287
among engineering and physical science disciplines and the lowest among agri¬
cultural science, economics, and other social science disciplines.
According to the U.S. immigration statistics,
46,757
immigration visas
were issued to the citizens of Serbia and Montenegro in the period of fiscal
2000-2009.
About
10
percent of them were highly educated persons, in partic¬
ularly S&E. Besides, in the
2000-2002
period, which encompasses three aca¬
demic years only,
253
students from at that time, the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia received doctorate degree from U.S. universities. What is important
to underline is the fact that
88
percent continued to work and live in the United
States. According to our findings, the Serbian scientific Diaspora all over the
world embraces more than ten thousand researchers and that is probably more
than the number of the present scientific community in Serbia.
An
Н
-IB visa is sometimes used to fill a position not considered temporary,
for a company may view an
Н
-IB visa as the only way to employ workers wait¬
ing long periods for a permanent visa. Because applications for
Н
-IB visas are
filed by companies for positions rather than for particular individuals, these
applications greatly outnumber the visas actually issued and even the applica¬
tions by individuals for those visas. Therefore, many people from Serbia and
Montenegro have non-immigrant visas (temporary residence). For instance,
454
non-immigrants from S&M were admitted to the USA as temporary work¬
ers with specialty occupations
(HlB
visa) in fiscal
2003.
Among them
26
work¬
ers were with extraordinary ability or achievement in the same year (U.S.
Immigration Yearbook,
2003).
However, it could suggest a conclusion that tem¬
porary migration may facilitate rather than substitute for permanent migration.
Besides, during the same period, non-immigrants admitted to the USA from
S&M were
790
exchange visitors and
1,535
students. As a matter of fact, stu¬
dent migration is a precursor to the brain drain.
Scientists and engineers may also receive temporary work visas through
intracompany transfer visas (L-l visas). In addition, there are temporary visas
used by researchers, who may also be students (F-l and J-l visas) orpostdocs and
visiting scientists (mostly J-l visas but often
Н
-IB visas or other categories).
The Republic of Serbia is a country of emigration by tradition. It was mainly
characterized by migration for economic reasons. However, intensity of emigra¬
tion was attributed to historical, economic, demographic, political, social, ethni¬
cal and psychological factors. Serbia, a country of almost
7.5
million of inhabi¬
tants (excluding Kosovo and
Metohija),
has during the last two decades had an
putpouring of large number of mostly young people. On the other hand, econom¬
ic hardship during transition leads to the emigration of high-skilled specialists,
288
Владимир
Гречић
intellectuals, researchers, etc. which slows down progress and causes further emi¬
gration. Thus, it is argued, skill migration can have a cumulative negative effect
on fragile economies. Additionally, the emigration was boosted by the country's
poor economic and overall social situation.
The Republic of Serbia ranks among states with an exceptionally large and
dispersed expatriate communities. There is not precise data on the number of
the Serbs who belong to expatriate communities around the world. Estimates
show different numbers. For instant, the estimates of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MFA) show that it is about
3.5
million people. It include all types of
Serbian communities, with different status,1 as well as the Serbs who live as
national minorities in the neighboring countries and as a constitutive people in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Top
10
destination countries of Serbian emigration are the following: the
USA, Germany, Canada, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, France, Sweden,
United Kingdom, and Italy.
It is understandable that people in poorer countries will want to get away
from poverty and if they can afford to do so why should they be denied the abil¬
ity to try? There are a number of reasons why workers moved to richer coun¬
tries. The factors arising form concerns (lack of promotion prospects, poor
management, heavy workload, lack of facilities) are described as "push factors'
for they push people away and those factors that offer prospects for better cir¬
cumstances (better remuneration, upgrading qualifications, gaining experience,
safer environment, and family-related matters) are known as "pull factors."
Data collection on migration and Serbian
Diasporas
is one of the main
objectives of migration and development studies, often with a focus on its pro¬
fessional bases. The problem is the absence of high-quality data. Almost all
countries of origin build upon immigration statistics of the main countries of
destination. For the Serbian emigration, the most important are overseas clas¬
sic immigration countries
-
the United States of America, Canada and
Australia, which have high standard of immigration evidence. Despite of good
statistics in general, concerning the immigration from Serbia there is serious
confusion in those countries. The reason is a few state disintegrations. In fact,
the state has changed its name a number of times in recent years. It was the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from
1992
to
2003),
State Union of Serbia and
1
Concerning their status, there are three groups of the Serbs in the world and they are as follows:
citizens of Serbia, the Serbs who have citizenship only of the country of destination and the
Serbs who live as a national minority in the neighboring countries
-
Croatia, Romania, Hungary
and Macedonia. In Montenegro, the status of the Serbs is not yet officially regulated.
Српска научна
дијаспора
289
Montenegro
(from
2003
to
2006)
and Serbia (from
2006
onwards).
Nevertheless, Serbia has not a proper statistical or research institution on migra¬
tion issues. The research results in this field are neither seriously done. There
are not relevant methods to estimate the size of the Serbian
Diasporas.
It is worth examining some of the assumptions underlying the findings of
the new brain-drain literature. It concludes that the impact of the brain drain on
welfare and growth of the Serbian economy is likely to be significantly small¬
er and the likelihood of a negative impact on welfare and growth significantly
greater than it is reported in that literature. This is based on the findings that (a)
the brain gain is smaller in the Serbian case than has been indicated in the new
brain-drain literature; (b) the brain gain implies a smaller human capital gain.
Arguments for a smaller brain gain, resulting in a smaller net brain gain or net
brain loss and implying a smaller or negative impact on welfare and growth
include the following: the returns of professionals, in particular doctorate hold¬
ers were lower than in other cases, excluding China, resulting in a lower aver¬
age ability level from the educated people remaining in the source country.
Additional resources spent on education imply greater public and private
expenditures and
-
because students do not work full time or at all
-
fewer taxes
and less household income, resulting in a reduction in other public and private
expenditures, which also generate externalities such as expenditures on health
and public infrastructure with a smaller and possibly negative impact on wel¬
fare and growth.
Foreign-born scientists and engineers who remain abroad represent a poten¬
tial "brain drain" from their country of origin, but they also have an opportuni¬
ty to gain enhanced research experience before returning home. Reverse flow
back home is increasing for countries with increasing S&E employment in
higher education and research institutes. Little is known about the broader dif¬
fusion of S&E knowledge by foreign-bom scientists and engineers who remain
abroad through activities such as cooperative research, short-term visits, and
networking with scientists in their home countries.
By creating sustainable strategic synergies among academic institutions,
international organizations, the private sector and
NGOs,
our intention is to
establish a Serbian Network of Scientific
Diasporas
for the circulation of
knowledge. It is expected that the Network should serve as an innovative mech¬
anism providing long-term structured support to highly skilled migrants within
diaspora communities linking them to their countries of origin in a systematic
and institutional manner. In other words, some scientists remain abroad but
establish and maintain a long-term relationship with researchers in their home
290
Владимир
Гречић
country
through periodic visits, international conferences and workshops, short
courses and workshops at their home institutions, and collaborative research.
Another mechanism for scientific information flow is networking of scientists
abroad with scientists in their home country.
Serbian migrants have formed themselves associations and networks
abroad, some of which are associations of the intellectual Diaspora. Along with
other leading organizations of the Serbian Diaspora, the Serbian Unity
Congress, the Serbian City Club, Organization of Serbian Students Abroad and
other alumni organizations insist on enabling our expatriate nationals an active
participation in homeland affairs by offering their knowledge, experience and
worldwide connections. Above all, this translates to stronger ties and coordina¬
tion with the government in Belgrade.
We should mention the cooperation between the Ministry for Diaspora and
the Ministry of Science and Technological Development in establishing com¬
munication with the eminent Serbian experts, scientists, professors, doctors,
researchers living in
diasporas,
and the intention to get united and completed
the data base on business and expert diaspora in order to accomplish and
increase economic partnership.
On the other hand, according to the Scientific and Technological
Development Strategy
(2010-2015),
the new research and innovation policy of
Serbia represents a radical policy change from the previous one. Its goals are as
follows: (a) development of an innovation society where the knowledge and
development of innovations will be the basic factors of industrial growth; (b)
the global competitiveness of the Serbian industry shall be achieved by devel¬
oping the national innovation system that will support applications of the exist¬
ing and new knowledge and technologies as well as development of innovative
products and processes; (c) achieving a dynamic GDP growth by developing of
the knowledge-based export-oriented industry and services; (d) development of
a supportive environment for the development of innovations and conditions
for a research program of a good quality that will have an impact on the Serbian
economy, and (e) achieving sustainable development with preserving the envi¬
ronment and the quality of life of citizens in Serbia.
Therefore, general goals are the following: (a) development and enrichment
of scientific-research activities in the Republic of Serbia, especially in the fields
of informatics, medicine, and modern technologies through the return of
experts, researchers, and skilled workers; (b)a long-term goal in the reduction
of Serbia's brain-drain through the establishment of the means for continuing
studies and research. A special goal is facilitation of the return of expert and
Српска научна
дијаспора
291
highly educated persons from Serbia's
diasporas.
Strengthening of science-
research institutions should be achieved through the return and employment of
highly educated persons and experts from Serbia's
diasporas
Key recommendations are as follows: (a) continuing consultations and pol¬
icy dialogue between Serbian scientific
diasporas
and other stakeholders in the
field of migration and development; (b) promoting the dialogue between
dias¬
poras
and the development actors especially in the spheres where it currently
does not exist; (c) creating a space for
diasporas
to contribute to the policy dia¬
logue at the national, regional and international levels.
An important area of future research would be to examine the ways that are
necessary to pass from brain drain to brain gain and to find an answer how to
mobilize the Serbian scientific Diaspora. A significant question would also be
how to maximize the potential of the scientific Diaspora contribution to devel¬
opment and minimize potential negative effects?
САДРЖАЈ
Предговор
. 7
Уводна
разматрања
. 11
Поглавље
1
УПРАВЉАЊЕ ЗНАЊЕМ
-
СТРАТЕГИЈА УБРЗАНОГ РАЗВОЈА
Континуирано стицање знања
-
основа успешног
развоја
. 23
Истраживање
и
кључни
параметри
за
његово вредновање
. 37
Управљање знањем
. 41
Знање као кључни чинилац развоја
. 45
Лов на таленте
. 52
Поглавље
2
КОЛИКИ
JE
„ОДЛИВ МОЗГОВА"
ИЗ
СРБИЈЕ?
Осврт
на прошлост и
текућу ситуацију
у
Србији
и
њеним дијаспорама
.64
Земље које привлаче српску интелектуалну
и научну
елиту
. 68
САД-
нај
атрактивни]
a
дестинација
за научне и техничке
кадрове
из
Србије
.71
Канада
-
главна
дестинација српских стручњака
током деведесетих година
XX
века
. 78
Аустралија
и Нови Зеланд
. 80
Земље Европске уније
-
дестинација будућих сеоба
паучника
. 80
Поглавље
З
ТЕОРИЈСКЕ КОНСИДЕРАЦИЈЕ: МИГРАЦИЈЕ
И
РАЗВОЈ
Дијаспора као развојни потенцијал
. 91
Традиционално схватање ефеката „одлива мозгова"
. 102
Владимир
Гречић
Ефекти привремене
миграције
-
двосмерна циркулација академаца
. 103
Неизвесноет као шанса
.105
Девизне
дознаке миграната
.106
Директне
инвестициј
e
-
етно капитал
.
ПО
Ефекти
умрежења
академске елите у
расејању
.112
Поглавље
4
УТИЦАЈ ЦИРКУЛАРНЕ МИГРАЦИЈЕ
HA
РАЗВОЈ ЗЕМЉЕ ПОРЕКЛА:
ПРИМЕРИ
ДОБРЕ ПРАКСЕ
Општи осврт
на
главне полуге сарадње емиграционих земаља
са својим дијаспорама
.119
Неки
конкретни облици
сарадње између дијаспоре
и
земље
матице
. 125
Израел
u
његова
научна
òujacnopa
.125
Ирска
u
Шкотска
.132
Кина
.135
Индија
.141
Јужнокорејско искуство
.148
Мексико.
149
Филипини
.151
Тајланд
.152
Хрвагпска
.154
Бугарска
.155
Русија
u
њена
научна
дијаспора
.158
Поглавље
5
АКТУЕЈША ПИТАЊА
ПОЛИТИКЕ
У ОБЛАСТИ
МИГРАЦШЕ НАУЧНИКА
Борба
за таленте
.171
SWOT
анализа
.180
Економија знања
.185
Српска научна
дијаспора
5
Национални приоритети у
истраживањима
и
развоју
.191
Управљање миграцијама
. 192
Поглавље
6
ПОЛИТИКА
ПОДСТИЦАЈА ЦИРКУЛАРНЕ МИГРАЦИЈЕ
И ПОВРАТКА
Политика
привлачења
и повратка
исељених научника
и
инжењера
. 198
Характеристике повратка
исељених стручњака
. 204
Услови
који детерминишу повратак
.206
Улога повратника
у
развоју земље
.207
Политика
према повратку миграната
.209
Неповољни
услови
за
масовнији
повратак
стручњака
у нашу
земљу
.216
Могуће
мере и активности државних органа
.218
Улога цивилног друштва
.222
Улога и
значај
мрежа интелектуалне
дијаспоре
.223
Развој
мрежа интелектуалне/научне
дијаспоре
. 228
Поглавље
7
САРАДЊА
С НАУЧНОМ
ДИЈАСПОРОМ
НА
ДАЉИНУ
Самоорганизованост
исељених Срба
некад и сад
.238
Алумни
организације
.246
Међународне организације
и
њихова
улога
у мобилности
стручњака
.250
Европска истраживачка облает и
Србија
.253
Програми
прилива
знања
из
дијаспоре.
254
Неки чиниоци
који
утичу на
јачање
капацитета
за
сарадњу
на
даљину.
259
Улога државе и
њене
политике
у
претварању
„одлива мозгова" у „прилив
знања"
.263
Владимир
Гречић
Закључна разматрања
.275
Summary.
285
Литература
.293
Koje
ко
међу
припадницима српске научне
дијаспоре.
307
Индекс личности
. 403
Белешка о аутору
.415 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grečić, Vladimir |
| author_facet | Grečić, Vladimir |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grečić, Vladimir |
| author_variant | v g vg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039514833 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)750740922 (DE-599)BVBBV039514833 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV039514833 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:24:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788670671478 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024367467 |
| oclc_num | 750740922 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 413 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Inst. za Međunarodnu Politiku i Privredu |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Grečić, Vladimir Verfasser aut Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" Vladimir Grečić Beograd Inst. za Međunarodnu Politiku i Privredu 2010 413 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Serbian scientific diaspora Migrationspolitik (DE-588)4123761-4 gnd rswk-swf Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd rswk-swf Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd rswk-swf Braindrain (DE-588)4122087-0 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4188171-0 Verzeichnis gnd-content Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Braindrain (DE-588)4122087-0 s DE-604 Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 s Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 s Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 s Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 s Migrationspolitik (DE-588)4123761-4 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024367467&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024367467&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Grečić, Vladimir Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" Migrationspolitik (DE-588)4123761-4 gnd Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd Braindrain (DE-588)4122087-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4123761-4 (DE-588)4054596-9 (DE-588)4140181-5 (DE-588)4066567-7 (DE-588)4068999-2 (DE-588)4122087-0 (DE-588)4054598-2 (DE-588)4188171-0 |
| title | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" |
| title_auth | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" |
| title_exact_search | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" |
| title_full | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" Vladimir Grečić |
| title_fullStr | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" Vladimir Grečić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srpska naučna dijaspora "tamo i ovde" Vladimir Grečić |
| title_short | Srpska naučna dijaspora |
| title_sort | srpska naucna dijaspora tamo i ovde |
| title_sub | "tamo i ovde" |
| topic | Migrationspolitik (DE-588)4123761-4 gnd Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd Braindrain (DE-588)4122087-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Migrationspolitik Serben Wissenschaftspolitik Wissenschaftler Ausland Braindrain Serbien Verzeichnis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024367467&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024367467&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grecicvladimir srpskanaucnadijasporatamoiovde |