Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever: (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) 1
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
V. Tărnovo
Faber
2011
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 282 S., [24] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789544004446 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 110803s2011 ab|| |||| 00||| bul d | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever |b (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |n 1 |c Konstantin Totev ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a V. Tărnovo |b Faber |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 282 S., [24] Bl. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Totev, Konstantin |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192766&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024192766 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148027387019264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
-
Константин Тотев
............................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION-
Konstantin Totev
.....................................................................................15
Глава
1.
СЕВЕРНА КУЛА И СЕВЕРНА ПОРТА
-
Евгени Аерменлжиев
...............................17
1.
Обши бележки
..............................................................................................................1 7
2.
Сведения и археологически проучвания
.....................................................................18
3.
Архитектура
.................................................................................................................20
4.
Стратиграфия
...............................................................................................................28
5.
Периодизаиия
..............................................................................................................30
6.
Реконструкиия
..............................................................................................................32
7.
Находки
........................................................................................................................40
Каталог
..........................................................................................................................46
8.
Предназначение
...........................................................................................................59
9.
Монети от Северната кула и Северната порта
...........................................................69
10.
Статистика на материалите от Северната кула и Северната порта
.........................75
The North Tower and the North Gateway
-
Evgeni Dermendzhiev
.......................................80
Глава
2.
ВОЕННА СГРАДА, ЗАПАДНА КРЕПОСТНА СТЕНА,
ЖЕЛЕЗАРСКА РАБОТИЛНИЦА
-
Пламен Караилиев
.......................................................11 7
1.
Етапи на проучване
....................................................................................................11 7
2.
Обши бележки
............................................................................................................118
3.
Архитектура
...............................................................................................................118
4.
Стратиграфия
.............................................................................................................123
5.
Периодизаиия
............................................................................................................125
6.
Реконструкиия
............................................................................................................128
7.
Находки
......................................................................................................................130
Каталог
........................................................................................................................133
8.
Предназначение
.........................................................................................................145
9.
Монети от Военната сграда, Западната
крепостна стена и Железарската работилнииа
........................................................151
10.
Статистика на материалите от Военната сграда,
Западната крепостна стена и Железарската работилнииа
......................................157
The Military building Western Fortified Wall and Smithery
-
Plamen Karailiev
...................163
Глава
3.
ЦЪРКВА
№19
И ЦЕНТРАЛЕН
ПЛОЩАД
-
Константин Тотев, Лиана Косева....
191
1.
Обши бележки
-
Константин Тотев
...........................................................................191
2.
Архитектура
-
Константин Тотев
..............................................................................195
3.
Стенописи -Аиана Косева
........................................................................................202
4.
Материали
от иърква №19и
Ііентралния
плошал
-
Константин Тотев
..................210
Каталог
........................................................................................................................224
5.
Градоустройство
и предназначение
-
Константин Тотев
.........................................237
6.
Заключение
-
Консантин Тотев, Аиана Косева
.........................................................243
7.
Монети
от
Църква
№19.............................................................................................249
8.
Статистика на
материалите
от
Ііьрква
№1 9
и
Централния
плошал
........................253
Church
(№19)
and the Central Square
-
Konstantin
Totev, Diana Kosseva
..........................257
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
-
Константин Тотев
...................................................................................271
CONCLUSION-
Konstantin
Totev
.......................................................................................276
276
CONCLUSION
Konstantin
Totev
The new founded targets in the North sector of the medieval fortress on Trapezitsa Hill in
Veliko Turnovo
are not noted in any of the famous till now medieval sourses (fig. I). The fortress
and the military equipments, communications churches and necropolis are not mentioned in the
descriptions of the Trapezitsa from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th cen¬
tury (only some of the walls of the North Tower make an exception). All of them have not been
investigated by archaeological excavations.
At archaeological excavations during
2007-2009
were discovered quite new and unknown
until this moment structures and buildings, while others are entirely revealed: the North Tower,
the North Gateway, sectors from the Western and the Eastern fortress walls, the Military build¬
ing, a smithery, a part of the Main street, a part of the Central square, church No.
19
and two
necropolis. (Fig. II; plan
1).
The excavations led to results, that outlined the basic directions in
the development of the fortification system, the urban planning and layout in the northern and
central part of the hill during 13th
-
14th centuries, (fig. III). Observations of the stratigraph¬
ies stratifications almost on the entire area of the North sector helped to make inference about
the time of settlement, strengthening, building and depopulating on the Trapezitsa Hill during
the different historical eras. On this base was dated the building, the use and destruction of the
new-founded architecture constructions. There have been uncovered valuable finds and differ¬
ent objects, (figs.
XIII; XIV;
XV;
XVI)
and saved on the place many pieces of mural paintings
from the decoration of the church No.
19
and rare cult relics, (fig.
XII).
The earliest pottery is found from the Chalcolitic period
-
only
11
fragments. Biggest is the
quantity of pottery from the Iron Age in the North part of the hill. Since that time are coming
about a hundred fragments, but the remains of fortifications, dwellings, hearths, pits and graves
are not discovered. Also after this period there is not trace of permanent habitation.
The exceptions are the few fragments of amphorae and tableware ceramics from the Early
Byzantine period
(5-7
с
AD). The first fortification equipment, military, civic and cult building
are from the Second Bulgarian Kingdom (the early decades of 13th century) when the hill was
included within the capital Turnovgrad
The main equipment in the fortress system in the North part of the Trapezitsa Hill is The
North Tower, (fig. IV; plan
2.).
It was a center for defence of the main entrance of the fortress
and constructional) connected with the North Gateway, Western and Eastern fortress walls.
The purpose of the North Tower was to defend the North Gateway and the road, leading from
the foot of the hill to the Gateway. The absence of naturally fortified approach to the entrance
was necessary in order to make long triple curve under the North Tower road. In the tower was
disposed a part of the capital garrison.
In fact, with the erection of the North Tower and the building of the road to the North
Gateway began strengthening the permanently habitation in the north part on the hill in the first
years of 13th century. From this moment the Trapezitsa Hill had risen as indivisible part of met¬
ropolitan
Turnov.
The North Tower had important functions because it gave a good view to the road, pass¬
ing cross the defile of Jantra river in the north point, (fig. V). Later, the tower was set out the
Археологически проучвания на средновековния град Трапезица
Conclusion
277
Transverse fortress wall with two fighting towers to the river through which was build the whole
strengthening of the out city parts at the eastern and southern foot of Trapezitsa Hill. So unpro¬
tected till the second half of 14th century quarters acquired relative assurance and were included
in the fortification system of the capital, (figs.
VI; VII).
The North Tower like single fortification equipment was differentiated with its sizes, func¬
tions and situation. But it is directly connected not only constructivity but functionaly with the
North Gateway and the both fortress equipments forming the Main entrance of the castle. The si¬
multaneously build in the 13th century was general fortification plan for effective defence of the
main outside approach to the fortress, which till to the end of 14th century was not changed.
Thus was erected only one, but powerful fighting tower, supplyed with all necessary for
protection of the Main entrance: good strategic location; height and thick walls; considerable
fighting and habitation area; possibilities for situation of missile mashines; disposition of the
permanent garrison; direct contact with defended North Gateway, (fig. V; plan
2).
The destroying of the North Tower and the sector of the Eastern fortress wall was probably
result of assumed contractual duty with Ottoman state in the end of 14th century. It possible to
happened during
1388,
when in
Turno
vgrad entered AH pasha. The supervened recovery of
fortification equipment with solder of mud was undertaken in the time immediately before the
siege of
Turno
vgrad during the summer of
1393.
The functioning of the North Tower was finished in the last years of
1
4th century or in
the beginning of
1
5th century, when it was conclusively demolished. The North Gateway was
blocked up in the end of
1
4th century. In this way the north sector was isolated from the rest of
the fortress before the siege during
1393
and for the Main entrance to it was used any of other
gates, situated on the Southern fortress wall.
The Western fortress wall was built in the
1
3th century at the same time with construction
connected with it North Gateway and North Tower, (plan
2).
Along the uncovered sector from
the Western fortress wall there is no data about the reorganization, remodeling and change of
it original permanent way. From the end of 14th century this fortress wall not used like defence
equipment.
The comparison between the fortress walls of the both metropolitan castles indicate that
the total renovation of the fortification on Tsarevets Hill in the first year of 13th century coincide
with the primary building of the defences on Trapezitsa Hill. Right in this time the capital began
to increase and was necessary to extend the fortified territory of the town, using the excellent
topographic and fortification properties of the near-by, not built up and uninhabited by that time
hill Trapezitsa. (plan
1).
Important addition to the organization of the protection of the Main entrance has the new¬
found Military building, flanked from the south the North gateway, (fig.
VIII;
plan
2).
The
Military building was erected immediately after building of the Western fortress wall in the first
years of 13th century. In the end of 13th century, or the beginning of 14th century it was extended
with another two rooms. The building functioned to the end of 14th century, after that it was
abandoned and totally destroyed.
To the military defensive equipment we must include the both smitheries, situated to the
south from the Military building, (plan
2).
The earlier is probably a temporary workshop, which
existed a short time in the beginning of 13 th century. The second workshop was built in the first
half of 13th century, after erection of the Western fortress wall and later than Military building.
In this workshop was produced and repaired weapon and accoutrements for the protection of
the North Gateway and the North Tower. The workshop functioned latest to the first decades of
14th century.
Сектор Север
2007-2009
г.
·
Том І
· ■
278
Konstantin Totev
The Military building and workshop were situated directly to the North Gateway. That is
why, the Main street, started from the gate passed near the north facade of the building, turned
to the south and continued in front the their eastern facades, (plan
2).
In this way the Military
building is directly connected with the Main entrance of the fortress and the main street comuni-
cation. The floors, the rooms in the building and uncovered finds present that it had military pur¬
pose. Into it stayed soldiers, connected with protection of the North Gateway of the fortress. The
soldiers supported the order and the regime of entering and going out from the North Gateway
and its protection during the night. The extend of the building was connected with augmentation
of soldiers, occupied with protective functions and construction of the warehouse rooms.
The present Military building and area from the Western fortress wall, together with the
North Tower and the North Gateway is a part of fortification complex defended the whole north
sector on the medieval fortress Trapezitsa. (fig. X; plan
2).
Together with the large court build¬
ing, situated to the south, traced out extension of the military defensive complex in the south and
eastern directions and transformation in the ensemble, connected with civic and military control
of the castle during 13th-14th centuties.
The permanent way, started from the North Gateway, passed near Military building and the
smithery and new founded Palace buildings and reach to the Central square of the fortress, (fig.
XI; Plan
1).
It is the first large square, uncovered in the north half of the fortress Trapezitsa. It
has a large view to the east
-
to the other metropolitan castle. In its center on the south side were
erected two churches
-
the new found church No.
19
and uncovered in
1900,
church No.
18.
From the west probably were situated large representative buildings or one more church.
The square, church No.
19
and the Main street are inseperable elements from the urban
planning in the north and central part of the citadel on the Trapezitsa Hill. (fig. XI; Plan
1).
They,
together with the North Tower and the fortress walls, the Military building and workshop initi¬
ated beginning of the strengthening, architectural building and laying of the main communica¬
tions in the fortress. Here we can t observe any chaotic building. The situation of the buildings
are attentively considered, according to their functions. The consideration with the configuration
of the terrain; the choice of eligible for construction places; the lack of large reorganizations and
changes in the buildings and equipment present an integrated plan for the primary building of
the fortress, which probably started from its north sector, where is situated the Main entrance.
The architectural accents on the Central square undoubtedly is church no.
19,
modeled its
general silhouette. The lack of city necropolis around the church No.
19
(in the first decades from
its function) and its raising in the centre of the square produce that did not execute the function
of ordinary district temple, (fig. XI). This is a church with representative functions and large free
space around it, assured from the preliminarily planned Central square.
At first church No.
19
was erected in the middle of the Central square, and simultaneously
ought to have been had the character a family vault. To this conclusion leads the large narthex of
the church; its entrances from the south and the graves in the narthex, which might be connected
with the donor s family.
Probably there is a connection between the three painting layers and development of the
necropolis around the church. It references to the first donor s graves and the time of building
and originally painting of the church in the beginning of 13th century. In reality these were the
people and theit inheritors, which were ensured the resources for building, painting, repairing
and renovating of the temple.
The second layer was made about the middle and second half of 13th centiury. From this
period are the new donor graves in the nave. About the second half of 13th century the north
------------------------·
Археологически проучвания на средновековния град Трапезица
· ------------------------
Conclusion
279
area near the church became funeral field. This is the beginning of the district necropolis. The
last, third layer is from the middle or the second half of 14th century, when in the necropolis were
appeared large number of children graves.
During
1
3th century church No.
19
had representative functions conditioned by its situation
-
near to the Main street and in the middle of the Central square of the fortress. To this conclusion
are leading the uncovered finds: cubes of the portable mosaic icon; cross handle and the glass
vessel in the relics chamberp built in the apse wall. They are connected with the building and
sanctification
of the church, as well as series of valued object of the church rite (a chalice, a com¬
munion spoon, processionally and reliquary crosses and s. o.). (figs. XI;
XII).
Probably in the
church No.
19
were kept relics or it was dedicated to the famous military saints or saints-healers.
After the middle of 13th century and during the all 14th century, with the appearance of the city
necropolis, the church became a district.
The archaeological excavations in the North Tower, North Gateway, the Western fortress
wall, Military building, the smithery, the Central square and the church No.
19
present only a
part of fortification, military, communication and cult building in the north and the central sec¬
tors of the castle Trapezitsa. (plan
1).
They showed that planning of the fortress is developed,
accordingly urban principles typical for the other parts of metropolitan
Turnov
and for the other
Bulgarian towns from 13th
-
14th centuries.
Сектор Север
2007-2009
г.
·
Том І
|
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| id | DE-604.BV039365404 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:00:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789544004446 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024192766 |
| oclc_num | 750711035 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 282 S., [24] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Faber |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) 1 Konstantin Totev ... V. Tărnovo Faber 2011 282 S., [24] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Totev, Konstantin Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV039364409 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192766&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192766&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |
| title | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |
| title_auth | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |
| title_exact_search | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |
| title_full | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) 1 Konstantin Totev ... |
| title_fullStr | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) 1 Konstantin Totev ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) 1 Konstantin Totev ... |
| title_short | Archeologičeski proučvanija na srednovekovnija grad Trapezica - Sektor Sever |
| title_sort | archeologiceski proucvanija na srednovekovnija grad trapezica sektor sever severna kula severna porta voenna sgrada zapadna krepostna stena zelezarska rabotilnica carkva no 19 i centralen plosad razkopki 2007 2009 g |
| title_sub | (Severna kula, Severna porta, Voenna sgrada, Zapadna krepostna stena, Železarska rabotilnica, Cărkva No. 19 i Centralen plošad ; razkopki 2007 - 2009 g.) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192766&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192766&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039364409 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT totevkonstantin archeologiceskiproucvanijanasrednovekovnijagradtrapezicasektorseversevernakulasevernaportavoennasgradazapadnakrepostnastenazelezarskarabotilnicacarkvano19icentralenplosadrazkopki20072009g1 |