Essentials of Functional MRI:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Pr.
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 295 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439818787 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781439818787 |9 978-1-4398-1878-7 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9781439818787 | |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Stroman, Patrick W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essentials of Functional MRI |c Patrick W. Stroman |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Functional MRI |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Pr. |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 295 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148027208761344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
........................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments
..................................................................................................................xiii
About the Author
....................................................................................................................xv
Chapter
1
Introduction
..........................................................................................................1
References
..............................................................................................................3
Chapter
2
Basic Concepts
......................................................................................................5
2.1
Basic Anatomy of an
MRI
System
...........................................................5
2.1.1
The Static Magnetic Field
.............................................................5
2.1.2
Magnetic Field Gradients
............................................................8
2.1.3
Radio-Frequency Magnetic Fields
............................................10
2.2
Representing Images with Numbers and Vice Versa
..........................13
2.2.1
MR Image Data Formats
...........................................................17
2.3
Recurring Math Concepts: Representing Data as Sums of
Meaningful Components
.......................................................................20
2.3.1
Decomposing Signals or Images into Simpler
Components
...............................................................................20
2.3.2
General Linear Model
...............................................................22
2.3.3
The Fourier Transform
..............................................................26
2.3.4
Useful Properties of the Fourier Transform
...........................33
References
...........................................................................................................36
Chapter
3
Source of the MR Signal and Its Properties
....................................................37
3.1
Origins of the MR Signal
........................................................................37
3.2
The Equilibrium State
—
Magnetization in Tissues
............................40
3.3
Behavior of the Magnetization When Not at Equilibrium
...............40
3.4
Pushing the Magnetization Away from Equilibrium
—
The RF
Pulse
..........................................................................................................42
3.5
Detecting the MR Signal
........................................................................ 45
3.6
Relaxation Back to Equilibrium
............................................................46
3.7
Observing the Effects of Relaxation
......................................................52
References
...........................................................................................................56
VII
Contents
Chapter
4
The Fundamental Building Blocks of
MRI
Methods: Spin Echoes and
Gradient Echoes
..................................................................................................59
4.1
lhe
Need for Echoes
................................................................................59
4.2
Spin Echo
..................................................................................................62
4.3
Gradient Echo
..........................................................................................66
4.4
Steady-State Methods and Stimulated Echoes
....................................68
4.4.1
Steady-State Methods
.................................................................70
4.4.2
Stimulated Echoes
.....................................................................72
4.5
Signal Weighting and Contrast
..............................................................76
4.6
Inversion-Recovery Methods
................................................................79
4.7
Magnetization Transfer Contrast
.........................................................80
4.8
Summary
...................................................................................................81
References
...........................................................................................................84
Chapter
5
Creating an Image from the Magnetic Resonance Signal
...........................85
5.1
Spatially Selective Radio-Frequency Pulses
........................................86
5.2
Encoding Spatial Information into the MR Signal to Create an
Image
.........................................................................................................93
5.3
Constructing an Image from k-Space
..................................................97
5.4
Signal Strength, Imaging Speed, and Spatial Resolution—You
Cannot Have It All
.................................................................................103
5.5
Fast Imaging Methods
.........................................................................108
5.6
Parallel Imaging
.....................................................................................113
5.7
Causes of Image Artifacts and Distortion
..........................................115
References
.........................................................................................................120
Chapter
6
Principles and Practice of Functional
MRI
..................................................121
6.1
How
MRI
Becomes Functional
MRI
..................................................121
6.2
Contrast Mechanisms: Linking the MR Signal and Neural
Function
.................................................................................................122
6.2.1
BOLD Contrast
........................................................................122
6.2.2
Physiological Origins of BOLD
.............................................123
6.2.3
Quantifying the BOLD MR Signal Change
.........................128
6.3
General BOLD fMRI Methods
...........................................................130
6.4
Special Regions
......................................................................................134
6.4.1
Causes of Image Distortion and Signal Loss
.......................134
6.4.2
Modified fMRI Methods for Special Regions
......................138
6.5
Specific Examples of fMRI Applications—Setting the
Acquisition Parameters
.........................................................................141
6.6
Alternative Contrast Mechanisms
.......................................................143
6.6.1
Signal Enhancement by Extravascular Water Protons
(SEEP)
........................................................................................144
6.6.2
Perfusion-Weighted Imaging (PWI)
......................................146
6.6.3
Vascular Space Occupancy
(VASO)
......................................150
6.6.4
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
.....................................151
References
.........................................................................................................156
VIII
Contents
Chapter
7
Functional
MRI
Study
Design........................................................................161
7.1
Basic Principles of fMRI Study Design
...............................................161
7.2
Choice of Stimulation Method or Task
...............................................162
7.3
Choice of the fMRI Study Design
......................................................164
7.3.1
Block Designs
............................................................................165
7.3.2
Event-Related Designs
..............................................................165
7.3.3
Fast Event-Related Designs
......................................................166
7.3.4
Mixed Designs
...........................................................................167
7.3.5
Behaviorally Driven Designs
...................................................168
7.4
Order and Timing of Presentation of Tasks or Stimuli
....................169
7.4.1
Subtraction Method
.................................................................171
7.4.2
Factorial Method
......................................................................171
7.4.3
Parametric Method
..................................................................171
7.4.4
Conjunction Method
................................................................172
7.5
Timing of Tasks or Stimuli, Duration, Sampling Rate
.....................173
7.5.1
The Sampling Rate
....................................................................173
7.5.2
The Order and Timing of Blocks or Events
—
Design
Efficiency
....................................................................................173
7.5.3
The Number of Time Points (Volumes)
.................................179
7.5.4
The Number of Events or Blocks
...........................................180
7.6
Summary of Factors Influencing fMRI Study Design
......................182
References
..........................................................................................................183
Chapter
8
Functional
MRI
Data Analysis
.......................................................................185
8.1
Hypothesis Testing
................................................................................185
8.2
fMRI Analysis Software
........................................................................188
8.3
Preprocessing
..........................................................................................189
8.3.1
Global Normalization
..............................................................189
8.3.2
Motion Correction
....................................................................189
8.3.3
Slice Timing Correction
..........................................................191
8.3.4
Spatial Normalization
..............................................................191
8.3.5
Spatial Smoothing
.....................................................................193
8.3.6
Temporal Filtering
...................................................................194
8.4
Data Analysis Methods
.........................................................................195
8.4.1
Model-Driven, Univariate Analysis Methods
.....................196
8.4.1.1
Correlation
................................................................196
8.4.1.2
General Linear Model
..............................................196
8.4.2
Data-Driven, Multivariate Analysis Methods
.....................198
8.4.3
Data Analysis for Resting-State Studies
...............................201
8.5
Statistical Threshold, and Correction for Multiple
Comparisons
..........................................................................................203
8.6
Group Analysis
......................................................................................205
8.6.1
Fixed-Effects, Random-Effects, and Conjunction
Analyses
....................................................................................206
8.6.2
General Linear Model for Group Analysis
...........................207
ix
Contents
8.6.3
Partial
Least Squares Analysis
...............................................207
8.6.4
Functional and Effective Connectivity, and Dynamic
Causal Modeling
......................................................................208
8.7
Interpretation of fMRI Results—What Do They Really Mean?
......211
References
..........................................................................................................212
Chapter
9
Clinical Applications of Functional
MRI
......................................................217
9.1
Examples of Current Clinical Applications of fMRI
........................218
9.2
Examples of Forthcoming Clinical Applications
.............................224
9.2.1
Resting-State Studies, Default-Mode Network Studies
......224
9.2.2
Multiple Sclerosis
.....................................................................227
9.2.3
Stroke
.........................................................................................230
9.2.4
Consciousness Disorders/Coma
............................................232
9.2.5
Traumatic Brain Injury
...........................................................235
9.2.6
fMRI Studies Using Saccadic Eye Movements
....................237
9.2.7
Spinal Cord Injury and Disease
.............................................242
9.2.7.1
True Physiological Variation
..................................243
9.2.7.2
Human Studies and Clinical Applications
...........243
9.2.8
Concluding Points about the Use of fMRI for Clinical
Diagnosis and Monitoring
.....................................................247
References
.........................................................................................................247
Glossary of Terms
.................................................................................................................253
Appendix: Decision Tree for BOLD fMRI Study Design
................................................273
Index
.......................................................................................................................................279
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| isbn | 9781439818787 |
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| spelling | Stroman, Patrick W. Verfasser aut Essentials of Functional MRI Patrick W. Stroman Functional MRI Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Pr. 2011 XV, 295 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd rswk-swf Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024192650&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stroman, Patrick W. Essentials of Functional MRI Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120806-7 |
| title | Essentials of Functional MRI |
| title_alt | Functional MRI |
| title_auth | Essentials of Functional MRI |
| title_exact_search | Essentials of Functional MRI |
| title_full | Essentials of Functional MRI Patrick W. Stroman |
| title_fullStr | Essentials of Functional MRI Patrick W. Stroman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essentials of Functional MRI Patrick W. Stroman |
| title_short | Essentials of Functional MRI |
| title_sort | essentials of functional mri |
| topic | Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kernspintomografie |
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