Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals: university textbook
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
European Mineralogical Union [u.a.]
2011
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| Schriftenreihe: | EMU notes in mineralogy
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780903056281 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals |b university textbook |c ed. by G. E. Christidis |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b European Mineralogical Union [u.a.] |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 485 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a EMU notes in mineralogy |v 9 | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
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| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Christidis, George E. |4 edt | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE., XVII
CHAPTER 1. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS: SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANT
CHARACTERISTICS BY GEORGE E. CHRISTIDIS 1
1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 1
2. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE INDUSTRIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS 3
2.1. PLACE AND UNIT VALUE 3
2.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4
2.3. COMPETITION, SUBSTITUTION AND SYNTHESIS 5
2.4. VARIABLE FUNCTIONS IN INDUSTRY 6
2.5. SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS 7
3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS 7
4. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND ROCKS 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11
REFERENCES 11
CHAPTER 2. THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING FOR INDUSTRIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BY
PETER W. SCOTT 13
1. INTRODUCTION ...13
2. CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 15
3. EXPLORATION AND TERRAIN MODELS 20
3.1. BULK MINERALS 20
3.2. TERRAIN MODELS 21
3.2.1. PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGIN 22
3.2.2. ACTIVE CONTINENTAL MARGIN 22
3.2.3. BASEMENT 27
3.2.4. RIFT VALLEY 27
3.3. SURFACE DEPOSITS 31
3.3.1. RESIDUAL 32
3.3.2. ALLUVIAL AND PLACER 33
4. CONCLUSIONS 33
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 34
REFERENCES 34
CHAPTER 3. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION WITH EMPHASIS ON QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALOGY BY DAVID L. BISH AND
MICHAEL PLOTZE 35
1. INTRODUCTION 35
1.1. QUALITATIVE XRD ANALYSIS OF MINERALS 36
1.2. QUANTITATIVE XRD ANALYSIS OF MINERAL MIXTURES 37
1.2.1. ANALYSIS OF X-RAY AMORPHOUS PHASES 42
1.2.2. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS METHODS 42
1.2.3. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS USING FULL-PATTERN FITTING 43
IMAGE 2
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1.2.4. QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS USING OBSERVED PATTERNS 44 1.2.5.
QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS USING THE RIETVELD METHOD 46 1.3. SAMPLE
PREPARATION FOR POWDER XRD 52
1.3.1. SAMPLE GRINDING 52
1.3.2. SAMPLE MOUNTING 56
2. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION 58
2.1. XRD ANALYSIS OF CLAY MINERALS 58
2.2. XRD ANALYSIS IN MINING AND PROCESSING 60
2.3. XRD ANALYSIS IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 60
2.4. RIETVELD XRD ANALYSIS OF MINERAL MIXTURES 62
3. SUMMARY 70
REFERENCES 71
CHAPTER 4. PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE CHARACTERIZATION: CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
AND PRACTICE BY JARROD R. HART, YINGDAN ZHU AND ERIC PIRARD 77
1. INTRODUCTION 77
1.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 78
1.2. MEAN SIZE 78
2. DEFINING A PARTICLE S SIZE 81
2.1. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF DIAMETER 81
2.1.1. (1) EQUIVALENT SPHERE DIAMETERS 81
2.1.2. (2) EQUIVALENT DISC DIAMETERS 82
2.1.3. (3) DERIVED DIAMETERS 82
2.1.4. (4) THE HYDRODYNAMIC DIAMETER 83
2.1.5. (5) SCREEN/SIEVE MESH SIZE 84
2.2. SELECTION OF MOST RELEVANT MEASURE 84
2.3. AGGREGATION AND AGGLOMERATION 85
2.4. SAMPLE PREPARATION 85
3. THE IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING AND STATISTICS 86
3.1. REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING 86
3.2. SAMPLING LOCATION AND TIMING 89
3.3. SAMPLING METHODS 89
3.4. SAMPLE PREPARATION REVISITED 91
4. ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR OBTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF A PARTICLE-SIZE
DISTRIBUTION 94 4.1. SIEVE ANALYSIS 94
4.1.1. DRY OR WET? 96
4.1.2. EFFECT OF PARTICLE SHAPE 97
4.1.3. OTHER LIMITATIONS 97
4.2. SEDIMENTATION 97
4.2.1. SEDIGRAPH TECHNIQUE 98
4.2.2. AUGMENTED SEDIMENTATION (CENTRIFUGATION IN PASSIVE FLUID) 99
4.2.3. ELUTRIATION (MOBILE FLUID) 99
4.2.4. SEDIMENTATION FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION (SDFFF) 100
IMAGE 3
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4.3. LIGHT SCATTERING 100
4.3.1. CLASSICAL LASER LIGHT SCATTERING (LLS) AKA STATIC LIGHT
SCATTERING (SLS) AND LASER DIFFRACTION SPECTROMETRY (LDS) 102
~ C 4.3.2. DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING (DLS) 103
4.4. ULTRASONIC EXTINCTION (USE) 104
4.5. SIZE FROM ZETA POTENTIAL 104
4.5.1. WHY SUCH A STRANGE MEASUREMENT? 104
4.6. ELECTRICAL SENSING ZONE (ESZ) 105
4.7. THE TIME-OF-FLIGHT (TOF) TECHNIQUE AND PARTICLE-SPEED MEASUREMENT
(VELOCIMETRY) 106
4.8. SIZE FROM STATIC (SIA) AND DYNAMIC IMAGE ANALYSIS (DIA) 107 4.8.1.
IMAGE ACQUISITION 107
4.9. CORRELATION BETWEEN DATA OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS 109
4.10. SHAPE FROM SIZE I LL
5. ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING PARTICLE MORPHOLOGIES 112
5.1. MORPHOMETRY OR QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY 112
5.1.1. ASPECT RATIOS 112
5.1.2. CONCAVITY INDEX 113
5.1.3. THE CIRCULARITY OR SHAPE FACTOR 114
5.1.4. ADVANCED SHAPE ANALYSIS 114
5.2. QUALITATIVE MORPHOLOGY 116
5.3. NON-OPTICAL TECHNIQUES TO INVESTIGATE MORPHOLOGY 120
5.3.1. SURFACE AREA 120
5.3.2. POROSIMETRY 120
5.3.3. RHEOMETRY 121
5.3.4. BULK DENSITY 122
5.3.5. CASE STUDY: THE PANACEA 122
APPENDICES 123
ABBREVIATIONS 123
USEFUL RESOURCES 124
SELECTED SIZE-ANALYSIS PRODUCTS 124
REFERENCES 126
CHAPTER 5. THERMAL ANALYSIS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION AND PROCESSING OF
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS BY KATJA EMMERICH 129
1. INTRODUCTION 129
2. STATIC AND DYNAMIC THERMAL ANALYSIS 130
3. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DYNAMIC TA CURVES AND
MEASUREMENT-INFLUENCING FACTORS 134
3.1. EQUIPMENT 134
3.2. EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS 136
4. STANDARDIZED MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS AND REPORTING OF TA DATA 140 5.
THERMAL ANALYSIS FOR QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS 141
IMAGE 4
VIII
6. EG ANALYSIS BY MS 144
7. THERMAL REACTIONS OF CLAY MINERALS 145
7.1. 1:1 LAYER SILICATES 147
7.2. 2:1 LAYER SILICATES ....~^:. 148
7.3. ALLOPHANE AND IMOGOLITE 158
8. THERMAL REACTIONS OF CARBONATES AND OTHER MINERALS 159
8.1. CARBONATES 159
8.2. SULPHIDES AND SULPHATES 160
8.3. ZEOLITES 161
9. THERMAL ANALYSIS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION AND PROCESSING OF CLAYS AND
OTHER RAW MATERIALS 162
10. SUMMARY 163
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 164
REFERENCES 164
CHAPTER 6. APPLICATION OF VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY TO THE
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYLLOSILICATES AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS BY
JANA MADEJOVA, ETIENNE BALAN AND SABINE PETIT 171
1. INTRODUCTION 171
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 172
2.1. VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALS 173
2.2. INTERACTION BETWEEN A CRYSTAL AND AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE 177
2.2.1. IR SPECTROSCOPY 177
2.2.2. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 180
2.3. MODELLING OF VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES 182
3. IR SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENTATION 184
3.1. FTIR SPECTROMETER 184
3.2. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 186
3.2.1. TRANSMISSION METHODS 187
3.2.2. REFLECTION METHODS 188
3.2.3. ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE (ATR) SPECTROSCOPY 189 4. RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENTATION 190
5. POTENTIAL OF IR SPECTROSCOPY IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS STUDIES 191
5.1. PHYLLOSILICATES 193
5.1.1. KAOLIN AND SERPENTINE GROUP MINERALS 194
5.1.2. PYROPHYLLITE AND TALC 198
5.1.3. SMECTITES 199
5.1.4. MICAS AND OTHER PHYLLOSILICATES WITH REDUCED EXPANDABILITY 205
5.1.5. CHLORITES 208
5.2. OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 210
5.2.1. PALYGORSKITE 210
5.2.2. ZEOLITES 211
5.2.3. CARBONATES 212
IMAGE 5
IX
5.2.4. SULPHATES 213
5.2.5. PHOSPHATES 213
5.3. NIR SPECTROSCOPY IN STUDIES OF CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATIONS OF CLAY MINERALS 214
6. POTENTIAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS STUDIES 217
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 219
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 7. ELECTRON MICROBEAM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE
CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS BY MARK I. POWNCEBY AND COLIN M.
MACRAE 227
1. INTRODUCTION 227
2. PRINCIPAL FORMS OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 228
2.1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 228
2.1.1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 228
2.1.2. VARIABLE-PRESSURE SEM 230
2.1.3. ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSER 231
2.2. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 231
3. ELECTRON-SPECIMEN INTERACTIONS 232
3.1. ELECTRON-INTERACTION VOLUME 234
3.1.1. MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 235
3.2. UNSCATTERED ELECTRONS 235
3.3. ELASTIC SCATTERING (BACKSCATTER) 236
3.4. INELASTIC SCATTERING 238
3.4.1. SECONDARY ELECTRONS 238
3.4.2. CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY GENERATION 240
3.4.3. BREMSSTRAHLUNG OR CONTINUUM X-RAYS 243
3.4.4. AUGER ELECTRONS 243
3.4.5. CATHODOLUMINESCENCE 244
4. QUANTITATIVE SPECTROMETRY 245
4.1. MATRIX-CORRECTION PROCEDURES 245
4.1.1. CALIBRATION CURVES 246
4.1.2. ZAF CORRECTION 247
4.1.3. PAP OR PHI RHO Z (PRZ) 249
4.2. QUANTITATIVE CATHODOLUMINESCENCE 249
5. DETECTORS IN ELECTRON MICROBEAM INSTRUMENTS 250
5.1. ELECTRON DETECTORS 250
5.1.1. EVERHART-THORNLEY (E-T) DETECTOR FOR TOPOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
(SECONDARY ELECTRONS) 250
5.1.2. SOLID-STATE DETECTORS FOR COMPOSITIONAL CONTRAST (BACKSCATTERED
ELECTRONS) 251
5.1.3. PROPORTIONAL COUNTER-TYPE DETECTORS 252
5.1.4. ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION DETECTOR 253
IMAGE 6
X
5.2. CATHODOLUMINESCENCE DETECTORS 253
5.3. X-RAY SPECTROMETERS , 254
5.3.1. ENERGY-DISPERSIVE SPECTROMETER 254
5.3.2. WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE SPECTROMETER 255
6. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 256
6.1. COMPARISON OF WDS AND EDS 257
6.1.1. EFFICIENCY OF X-RAY DETECTION 257
6.1.2. SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 257
6.1.3. MAXIMUM COUNT RATE AND MINIMUM SPOT SIZE 258
6.1.4. STABILITY 258
6.1.5. SPECTRAL ARTEFACTS 258
6.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS USING WDS 259
6.2.1. SAMPLE PREPARATION 259
6.2.2. CALIBRATION AND ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWNS 260
6.2.3. STANDARDS 260
6.2.4. BACKGROUND AND PEAK OVERLAP CORRECTION 261
6.3. DETECTION LIMITS 262
6.4. TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS 262
6.5. LIGHT-ELEMENT ANALYSIS 263
6.5.1. SURFACE CARBON CONTAMINATION 264
6.5.2. INTERFERENCES BY ELEMENTS WITH LARGER ATOMIC NUMBERS 264 6.5.3.
HYPERSPECTRAL MAPPING AND ANALYSIS 264
7. APPLICATION OF ELECTRON MICROBEAM TECHNIQUES TO THE CHARACTERIZATION
OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 266
7.1. SEM APPLICATIONS 266
7.1.1. AUTOMATED MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 266
7.1.2. ELECTRON BACKSCATTERED DIFFRACTION 267
7.2. VP-SEM APPLICATIONS 268
7.2.1. CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY USING CHARGE-CONTRAST IMAGING 268 7.2.2.
IN-SITU IMAGING 269
7.3. EPMA APPLICATIONS 269
7.3.1. MAPPING HEAVY-MINERAL SAND CONCENTRATES 270
7.3.2. MAPPING LIGHT-ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS - NITROGEN IN ALUMINIUM DROSS
273
7.3.3. HYPERSPECTRAL (BSE, X-RAY AND CL) MAPPING: STRUCTURE,
CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPURITY DISTRIBUTION IN ZIRCON 273
7.3.4. TRACE SPECIATION USING QUANTITATIVE CL 276
7.3.5. MAPPING MINERALS WITH SEVERE PEAK OVERLAPS 277
7.3.6. DETERMINING CHEMICAL STATES IN MINERAL POLYMORPHS 279 7.3.7.
NICKEL DISTRIBUTION IN LOW-GRADE NI LATERITE ORES 281
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 281
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 282
REFERENCES 283
IMAGE 7
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CHAPTER 8. IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL
MINERALS AND GEOMATERIALS BY ERIC PIRARD AND PAUL SARDINI 287
1. INTRODUCTION 287
1.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 288
1.2. FROM IMAGE ANALYSIS TO MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION 289
1.2.1. SAMPLING 289
1.2.2. SAMPLE PREPARATION 289
1.2.3. MINERALOGICAL IMAGING 290
1.2.4. IMAGE SEGMENTATION 290
1.2.5. IMAGE ANALYSIS 291
1.2.6. STEREOLOGY AND STATISTICS 292
2. IMAGING INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 292
2.1. WHAT IS AN IMAGE? 292
2.2. IMAGING PRINCIPLES 294
2.2.1. SOURCE 294
2.2.2. TARGET 295
2.2.3. SENSOR 296
2.3. 2D IMAGING 297
2.3.1. WHISKBROOM AND PUNCTUAL SCANNING MODE 297
2.3.2. PUSHBROOM AND LINEAR SCANNING MODE 298
2.3.3. AREA IMAGING 299
2.3.4. CALIBRATION 302
2.4. SURFOMETRY 303
2.5. 3D IMAGING 303
2.6. FROM ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL IMAGES 305
2.7. DIGITAL IMAGE FILE FORMATS 306
3. IMAGE-SEGMENTATION PRINCIPLES 308
3.1. IMAGE PROCESSING VS. IMAGE ANALYSIS 308
3.2. BASIC IMAGING OPERATORS 308
3.2.1. POINT OPERATORS 308
3.2.2. ALGEBRAIC OPERATORS 309
3.2.3. NEIGHBOURHOOD OPERATORS 312
3.2.4. ADAPTIVE FILTERS 314
3.2.5. MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATORS 315
3.2.6. GEODESIC OPERATORS 316
3.2.7. GREY-LEVEL SEGMENTATION 317
4. IMAGE ANALYSIS 322
4.1. STRUCTURES, TEXTURES AND BLOBS 322
4.2. MODAL ANALYSIS 323
4.3. BLOB ANALYSIS 325
4.4. NETWORK ANALYSIS 329
4.5. TEXTURE ANALYSIS 330
IMAGE 8
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5. FROM DIGITAL IMAGES TO PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 332
5.1. SPATIAL LIMITATIONS 332
5.2. IMAGE DIMENSION (ID, 2D OR 3D) 333
5.3. LOCAL PARAMETERS .....^7.. 335
5.4. CALCULATION METHODS 335
5.5. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 336
REFERENCES 338
CHAPTER 9. INDUSTRIAL CLAYS BY G E O R GE E. CHRISTIDIS 341
1. INTRODUCTION - TERMINOLOGY FOR CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 341
2. STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS 343
2.1. THE 1:1 LAYER SILICATES 346
2.1.1. KAOLIN-SERPENTINE GROUP 346
2.2. THE 2:1 LAYER SILICATES 347
2.2.1. PYROPHYLLITE-TALC GROUP 347
2.2.2. MICA GROUP 348
2.2.3. SMECTITE GROUP 349
2.2.4. VERMICULITE GROUP 352
2.2.5. CHLORITE GROUP 352
2.2.6. SEPIOLITE-PALYGORSKITE GROUP 353
2.2.7. MIXED-LAYER CLAY MINERALS 353
3. PROPERTIES OF CLAYS 354
3.1. PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE 354
3.2. ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES 355
3.3. HYDRATION AND SWELLING 357
3.4. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 359
3.5. COLOUR PROPERTIES 360
3.6. PLASTICITY 362
3.7. ORGANIC REACTIONS 362
4. KAOLINS 364
4.1. INTRODUCTION 364
4.2. GENESIS - GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS 365
4.2.1. PRIMARY KAOLINS 365
4.2.2. SECONDARY KAOLINS 367
4.3. ASSESSMENT OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS 368
4.3.1. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT 368
4.3.2. NEXT STAGE OF KAOLIN ASSESSMENT 369
4.4. MINING AND PROCESSING OF KAOLINS 371
4.5. DISTRIBUTION OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS 372
4.6. APPLICATIONS OF KAOLINS 375
5. BENTONITES 377
5.1. INTRODUCTION 377
IMAGE 9
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5.2. GENESIS - GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS 378
5.3. ASSESSMENT OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS 381
5.3.1. MINERALOGICAL-CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION 381
5.3.2. QUALITY AND GRADE OF BENTONITES 382
5.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND GRADE 384
5.3.4. NEXT STAGE OF BENTONITE ASSESSMENT 385
5.4. MINING AND PROCESSING OF BENTONITES 385
5.5. DISTRIBUTION OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS 386
5.6. APPLICATIONS OF BENTONITES 388
6. SEPIOLITE AND PALYGORSKITE 391
6.1. INTRODUCTION 391
6.2. GENESIS OF SEPIOLITE-PALYGORSKITE DEPOSITS 391
6.3. ASSESSMENT OF PALYGORSKITE-SEPIOLITE DEPOSITS 393
6.4. MINING AND PROCESSING OF SEPIOLITE AND PALYGORSKITE 394
6.5. DISTRIBUTION OF SEPIOLITE AND PALYGORSKITE DEPOSITS 394
6.6. APPLICATIONS OF SEPIOLITE AND PALYGORSKITE 396
7. COMMON CLAYS AND SHALES 397
7.1. INTRODUCTION - TERMINOLOGY 397
7.2. FORMATION OF DEPOSITS OF COMMON CLAYS 397
7.3. ASSESSMENT OF COMMON CLAYS AND SHALES 399
7.4. APPLICATION OF TTT DIAGRAMS IN THE BRICK INDUSTRY 402
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 403
REFERENCES 404
CHAPTER 10. INDUSTRIAL CLAY MINERALS AS NANOMATERIALS BY ROBERT A.
SCHOONHEYDT AND FAIZA BERGAYA 415
1. INTRODUCTION 415
2. STRUCTURES OF CLAY MINERALS 418
3. MORPHOLOGY OF CLAY MINERALS 418
4. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY MINERALS 420
4.1. RAW CLAYS VS. PURIFIED OR SYNTHETIC CLAY MINERALS 421
4.2. ASPECT RATIO 421
4.3. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY 421
4.4. HYDROPHILICITY VS. HYDROPHOBICITY 422
5. PREPARATION OF CLAY-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 424
5.1. METHODS AND PROCESS/STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIP 424
5.2. THE IN SITU METHODS 425
5.2.1. IN SITU POLYMERIZATION OF PRECURSOR MONOMERS SOLUTION PREVIOUSLY
ADDED TO THE DISPERSED CLAY MINERAL 425
5.2.2. IN SITU FORMATION OF CPN DURING HYDROTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF
CLAY MINERALS IN THE PRESENCE OF POLYMER 425
IMAGE 10
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5.3. THE EX SITU METHODS , 425
5.3.1. DIRECT INTERCALATION OF AN AQUEOUS/ORGANIC POLYMER SOLUTION IN A
CLAY OR ORGANOCLAY DISPERSION 425
5.3.2. MELT INTERCALATION OF THE SOLID POLYMER IN THE SOLID CLAY MINERAL
425
5.3.3. DIRECT MELT BLENDING 426
5.3.4. DIRECT COAGULATION OF A RUBBER LATEX 426
5.4. INDUSTRIAL METHODS 426
5.4.1. A MASTERBATCH METHOD 426
5.4.2. MIXING DIFFERENT NANOFILLERS 426
6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROPERTIES OF CLAY-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 427
6.1. WEIGHT REDUCTION OF CLAY-MINERAL FILLER 427
6.2. OPTIMUM HYDROPHILIC-HYDROPHOBIC BALANCE OF ORGANOCLAY MINERAL 427
6.3. INTERCALATION IN INTERLAYER SPACES VS. DELAMINATION/EXFOLIATION OF
CLAY-MINERAL PARTICLES 427
7. CLAY-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES APPLICATIONS 428
8. CLAY-BASED BIONANOCOMPOSITES (CBN) 428
9. FUNCTIONAL CLAY-MINERAL FILMS 432
9.1. SPIN COATING 432
9.1.1. LAYER-BY-LAYER (LBL) ASSEMBLAGE 433
9.2. LANGMUIR-BLODGETT (LB) TECHNIQUE 434
10. THE FUTURE FOR CLAY-MINERALS RESEARCH AND TEACHING 435
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 436
REFERENCES 436
CHAPTER 11. PORTLAND CEMENT AND OTHER CALCAREOUS HYDRAULIC BINDERS:
HISTORY, PRODUCTION AND MINERALOGY BY JAN ELSEN, GILLES MERTENS AND
RUBEN SNELLINGS 441
1. INTRODUCTION 441
2. HISTORY OF CEMENT AND HYDRAULIC BINDERS 443
2.1. NATURAL CEMENT 447
2.1.1. QUICK-SETTING NATURAL CEMENT 447
2.1.2. SLOW-SETTING NATURAL CEMENT 448
2.2. HYDRAULIC LIME 450
2.3. ARTIFICIAL CEMENT 451
3. PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER PRODUCTION AND RAW MATERIALS 452
4. PORTLAND CEMENT MINERALS 457
4.1. ALITE 457
4.2. BELITE 458
4.3. FERRITE 460
4.4. ALUMINATE PHASE 461
IMAGE 11
XV
5. HYDRATION OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT MINERAL PHASES 461
5.1. HYDRATION OF THE CALCIUM SILICATE PHASES, NANOSTRUCTURE OF C-S-H IN
HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT 461
5.2; CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF CALCIUM ALUMINATE HYDRATES IN HARDENED
PORTLAND CEMENT 466
5.2.1. ETTRINGITE 467
5.2.2. AFM PHASES 468
6. CONCLUSIONS 473
REFERENCES 474
INDEX 481
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Christidis, George E. |
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| classification_rvk | RB 10115 UQ 6000 TH 1500 |
| classification_tum | GEO 402f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)745532106 (DE-599)OBVAC08561064 |
| discipline | Geowissenschaften Physik Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:00:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780903056281 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | European Mineralogical Union [u.a.] |
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| series | EMU notes in mineralogy |
| series2 | EMU notes in mineralogy |
| spelling | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook ed. by G. E. Christidis London European Mineralogical Union [u.a.] 2011 XX, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier EMU notes in mineralogy 9 Literaturangaben Industriemineral (DE-588)4353135-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Industriemineral (DE-588)4353135-0 s DE-604 Christidis, George E. edt EMU notes in mineralogy 9 (DE-604)BV014391074 9 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024182692&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4353135-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook |
| title_auth | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook |
| title_exact_search | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook |
| title_full | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook ed. by G. E. Christidis |
| title_fullStr | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook ed. by G. E. Christidis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook ed. by G. E. Christidis |
| title_short | Advances in the characterization of industrial minerals |
| title_sort | advances in the characterization of industrial minerals university textbook |
| title_sub | university textbook |
| topic | Industriemineral (DE-588)4353135-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Industriemineral Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024182692&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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