Victimological approaches to international crimes: Africa
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge [u.a.]
Intersentia
2011
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| Schriftenreihe: | Supranational criminal law
13 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 726 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789400000902 |
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CONTENTS
WORDS OF APPRECIATION V
INTRODUCTION: VICTIMOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMES 1
PARTI VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
I. GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND WAR CRIMES. A VICTIMOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE MARC S. GROENHUIJSEN AND
ANTONY PEMBERTON 9
1. INTRODUCTION 9
2. SPECIAL FEATURES OF GENOCIDE, WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
.. 11 3. VICTIMS OF CRIME COMMITTED OR CONDONED BY THE STATE 13
3.1. THE CULTURE OF IMPUNITY AS THE ULTIMATE PERVERSION OF THE RULE OF
LAW 13
3.2. REINSTATING THE RULE OF LAW: BACKWARD AND FORWARD LOOKING ASPECTS.
14 3.3. REACTING TO ATROCITIES: ADAPTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE 15
3.4. SOME UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 16 3.5.
A RUPTURE BETWEEN BACKWARD AND FORWARD-LOOKING FUNCTIONS OF ICJ 17
3.6. BASIC PREMISES OF A VICTIMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 19
3.7. CONSEQUENCES OF STATE CRIME FOR A VICTIMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 20 4.
LARGE NUMBERS OF VICTIMS 22
4.1. THE PRESUMPTION OF VICTIMHOOD 23
4.2. PROCEDURAL RIGHTS 24
4.3. REPARATION 25
4.4. NOTIONS FROM A VICTIMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 26
5. VICTIMS ARE PERCEIVED AS ENEMIES AND AS PERPETRATORS 28
5.1. THE SOCIAL DEATH OF VICTIMS 28
5.2. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PERPETRATION OF GENOCIDE AND A
VICTIMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 30
6. A VICTIMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR REVIEWING INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
JUSTICE 32
INTERSENTIA VLL
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
II. THE VICTIMOLOGICAL CONCERN AS THE DRIVING FORCE IN THE QUEST FOR
JUSTICE
FOR STATE-SPONSORED INTERNATIONAL CRIMES ATHANASIOS CHOULIARAS 35
1. INTRODUCTION 35
2. CONSTRUCTING THE VICTIM 37
2.1. FROM POSITIVIST TO CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY AND TO SOCIOLOGY OF HARM .
.. 37 2.2. THE VICTIMS OF STATE: DELIMITATION THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF
STATE CRIMES 42
2.3. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE CRIME VICTIMIZATION 44
2.4. RECOGNITION OF STATE-SPONSORED CRIME VICTIMS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
50
3. DEALING WITH STATE-SPONSORED CRIMES AND ADDRESSING THE PLIGHT OF ITS
VICTIMS 52
3.1. CONTEXTUALISATION AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 53
3.2. (INTERNATIONAL) CRIMINAL TRIALS 54
3.3. NON-CRIMINAL JUSTICE STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF TRUTH AND
RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS AS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE MECHANISMS 59
4. A TENTATIVE CONCLUSION: PLURALISING JUSTICE AS VICTIMS NEED,
VICTIMIZED SOCIETIES DEMAND AND (INTERNATIONAL) LAW S WAGER 63
III. ERODING THE MYTH OF PURE EVIL. WHEN VICTIMS BECOME PERPETRATORS AND
PERPETRATORS VICTIMS ALETTE SMEULERS 65
1. INTRODUCTION 65
2. THE ROLE OF PAST VICTIMHOOD IN GENOCIDAL AND OTHER VIOLENT IDEOLOGIES
. .. 66 3. COMMITTING CRIMES WHILE ASSERTINGTHE RIGHT TO SELF DEFENCE 68
4. ENFORCED COMPLIANCE AND COOPERATION 69
5. CASE STUDIES 71
5.1. THE ROLE OFTHE JEWS IN THE HOLOCAUST 72
5.2. THE SOUTH AFRICAN ASKARIS 75
5.3. CHILDSOLDIERS 79
5.4. PARALLELS AND DIFFERENCES 82
6. THE AFTERMATH 84
7. CONCLUSION 86
IV. VICTIMS OFTHE GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI IN RWANDA ETIENNE RUVEBANA
89
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OFTHE GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI 89
2. THE PERPETRATORS AND VICTIMS OFTHE RWANDAN GENOCIDE 93
2.1. THE PERPETRATORS OFTHE GENOCIDE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES/MEANS 93
VIII INTERSENTIA
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CONTENTS
2.2. VICTIMS DURING THE GENOCIDE 97
3. THE CONSEQUENCES AND NEEDS OF VICTIMS POST-GENOCIDE 107
3.1. DISABILITIES AND INCURABLE DISEASES 107
3.2. WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS 109
3.3. PLIGHT OF CHILDREN 110
3.4. TRAUMA 114
4. CONCLUSION 115
V. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION DURING PROTRACTED
CONFLICT. NATIONAL TRAUMA THROUGH LITERARY LENS IN JERUSALEM AND KIGALI
EDNA EREZ AND TIKVA MEROZ-AHARONI 117
1. INTRODUCTION 117
2. BETWEEN KIGALI AND JERUSALEM 118
3. SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION AND VICTIMS - A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 120 4.
LITERATURE AS CONSTITUTIVE AND EXPRESSIVE OF SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION .
.. 122 5. SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION, TERTIARY VICTIMS 124
5.1. LITERARY WORK WRITTEN BY ISRAELI AUTHORS DURING PERIODS OF MASS
VICTIMIZATION 124
5.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ARAB-JEWISH/ISRAELI RELATIONS IN THE LENS OF
LITERATURE 129
5.3. COMPARISON OF LITERARY WORKS WRITTEN BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND
INTIFADA 130
5.4. THE RWANDAN LITERARY PRESENTATION OF PERSONAL AND NATIONAL TRAUMA
134
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 139
PART II REPARATIVE JUSTICE
VI. VICTIMS NEED FOR JUSTICE. INDIVIDUAL VERSUS COLLECTIVE JUSTICE
JO-ANNE WEMMERS 145
1. INTRODUCTION 145
2. JUSTICE AT THE LEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL 145
2.1. PROCEDURAL AND INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE 146
2.2. DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE 147
3. JUSTICE AT THE LEVEL OF THE GROUP 148
3.1. PROCEDURAL JUSTICE 149
3.2. DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE 150
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 152
INTERSENTIA IX
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CONTENTS
VII. PROVIDING REPARATION IN SITUATIONS OF MASS VICTIMIZATION.
KEY CHALLENGES INVOLVED RIANNE LETSCHERT AND IHEO VAN BOVEN * 153
1. SETTING A TREND TOWARDS REPARATIVE JUSTICE 153
2. OUTLINE CHAPTER 156
3. PARAMETERS OF REPARATIVE JUSTICE 156
3.1. RIGHT TO KNOW, RIGHT TO JUSTICE, RIGHT TO REPARATION 157
3.2. REPARATION-AS-RIGHT, AS-SYMBOL, AS-PROCESS 160
4. FIRST CHALLENGE - CONCEPTUALIZATION OF VICTIMHOOD 161
5. SECOND CHALLENGE - INDIVIDUAL VERSUS COLLECTIVE REPARATIONS 165 5.1.
INDIVIDUAL (LEGAL) APPROACH TO REPARATIONS 166
5.2. COLLECTIVE REPARATION; LATITUDES AND LIMITS 169
5.3. COLLECTIVE REPARATION; AFFIRMATION AND ASSERTION 170 6. THIRD
CHALLENGE - LINKING REPARATIVE JUSTICE TO DEVELOPMENT AID 173 6.1. HUMAN
SECURITY AND REPARATIVE JUSTICE 173
6.2. LINKING REPARATIVE JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT GOALS 177 7. VICTIMS
PERSPECTIVES ON REPARATIONS 178
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 181
VIII. REPARATIONS FOR VICTIMS OF MASSIVE CRIMES. MAKING CONCRETE A
MESSAGE OF INCLUSION CRISTIAN CORREA 185
1. INTRODUCTION 185
2. AIMS OF A REPARATIONS PROGRAM FOR MASSIVE CRIMES 187
3. THE COHERENCE OF THE MESSAGE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND INCLUSION 191 4.
ELEMENTS OF A REPARATIONS PROGRAM 194
4.1. GUARANTEEING INCOME 196
4.2. PROVIDING HEALTH CARE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT 202
4.3. GUARANTEEING ACCESS TO EDUCATION 205
4.4. HOUSING AND OTHER FORMS OF SUPPORT 208
4.5. COLLECTIVE REPARATIONS 208
5. FINANCING REPARATIONS 210
6. IMPLEMENTING REPARATIONS 215
6.1. DEFINING VICTIMS AND BENEFICIARIES 216
6.2. TRANSFORMING RECOMMENDATIONS INTO LAW 219
6.3. DEFINING AND ESTABLISHING IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS 221 6.4.
REGISTERING VICTIMS 223
6.5. PROVIDING SERVICES AND GOODS 228
6.6. VICTIMS PARTICIPATION AND COMMUNICATION EFFORTS 229 7. CONCLUSIONS
* 230
INTERSENTIA
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CONTENTS
IX. MASSIVE TRAUMA AND THE HEALING ROLE OF REPARATIVE JUSTICE YAEL
DANIELI 235
1. INTRODUCTION 235
2. CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE 236
3. THE NEED FOR A MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTIDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATIVE
FRAMEWORK 238
4. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC CONDITIONS
240
5. SURVIVOR S SHAME AND GUILT 242
6. THE HEALING PROCESS 244
7. NECESSARY ELEMENTS OF HEALING (SUMMARY) 245
8. IMPUNITY - A SOCIETAL INSTANCE OF THE CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE 247 9.
THE REPARATIVE ASPECTS OF VICTIMS PARTICIPATION IN THE JUSTICE
PROCESS... 249 9.1. (MISSED) OPPORTUNITIES AND FURTHER VICTIMISATION 250
9.2. REMOTE, EXCLUSIONARY, AND PARTIAL JUSTICE: JUSTICE FOR THE WORLD
VS. JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS 251
9.3. BEING TREATED WITH DIGNITY AND RESPECT 254
9.4. BEING AFFORDED SUPPORT, ASSISTANCE AND PROTECTION 257
10. CONCLUSION 259
PART III AMNESTY, TRUTH, RECONCILIATION AND TRADITION
X. DRAWING THE LINE: AMNESTY, TRUTH COMMISSIONS AND COLLECTIVE DENIAL
FRANK HALDEMANN 265
1. INTRODUCTION 265
2. BLOCKING OUT THE PAST 267
3. COLLECTIVE DENIAL AS MISRECOGNITION 270
4. VOCABULARIES OF RECOGNITION 272
4.1. INTERPERSONAL RECOGNITION 273
4.2. COLLECTIVE RECOGNITION 276
5. SOUTH AFRICA S SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION 278
6. TRUTH, AMNESTY AND DENIAL 282
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 286
INTERSENTIA XI
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CONTENTS
XL SHOULD WE EVER SAY NEVER?
ARGUMENTS AGAINST GRANTING AMNESTY TESTED JORIS VANWIJK 289
1. INTRODUCTION 289
2. ARGUMENTS AGAINST GRANTING AMNESTY 291
2.1. DOGMATIC ARGUMENTS 292
2.1.1. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY S MORAL OBLIGATION 292
2.1.2. VICTIMS RIGHTS 293
2.2. PRAGMATIC ARGUMENTS 293
2.2.1. GRANTING AMNESTY LEADS TO IMPUNITY 294
2.2.2. GRANTING AMNESTY CREATES A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY 294 2.2.3.
GRANTING AMNESTY DOES NOT TAKE THE VICTIMS WISHES INTO ACCOUNT 296
2.2.4. GRANTING AMNESTY INCREASES VICTIM TRAUMATISATION 296 2.2.5.
GRANTING AMNESTY LEADS TO VIGILANTE JUSTICE BY THE VICTIMS .. 297 2.2.6.
GRANTING AMNESTY HINDERS TRUTH-SEEKING 298
2.2.7. GRANTING AMNESTY OBSTRUCTS (SUSTAINABLE/LASTING) PEACE 300 3. IHE
EFFECTS OF AMNESTIES IN MOZAMBIQUE, ANGOLA AND UGANDA 300 3.1. THREE
COUNTRIES 302
3.1.1. MOZAMBIQUE 302
3.1.2. ANGOLA 303
3.1.3. UGANDA 305
3.2. PRAGMATIC ARGUMENTS REINTERPRETED 306
3.2.1. DOES GRANTING AMNESTY CREATE A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY? 306 3.2.2.
DOES GRANTING AMNESTY NOT TAKE VICTIMS WISHES INTO ACCOUNT? 308
3.2.3. DOES GRANTING AMNESTY INCREASE THE RISK OF VICTIM TRAUMATISATION?
309
3.2.4. DOES GRANTING AMNESTY LEAD TO VIGILANTE JUSTICE BY VICTIMS?. 309
3.2.5. DOES GRANTING AMNESTY HINDER TRUTH SEEKING? 311 3.2.6. DOES
GRANTING AMNESTY OBSTRUCT (SUSTAINABLE/LASTING) PEACE? 311
4. CONCLUSION ,. 313
XII. THE SOUTH AFRICAN TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION. CHALLENGES
IN CONTRIBUTING TO RECONCILIATION ROBERTPEACOCK 315
1. INTRODUCTION 315
2. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF APARTHEID 315
3. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND NATURE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN TRUTH AND
RECONCILIATION COMMISSION 318
XU INTERSENTIA
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CONTENTS
4. TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION 319
4.1. POLITICIANS 321
4.2. MEDIA 322
4.3. BUSINESS 323
4.4. CHURCH 324
4.5. INDIVIDUAL VICTIMS 325
5. ASSESSING THE TRC S CONTRIBUTION TO TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION 328 6.
THE FALSE VICTIM - OFFENDER DICHOTOMY 332
7. CONCLUSION 333
XIII. VOICES FROM THE FIELD. EMPIRICAL DATA ON RECONCILIATION IN
POST-WAR BOSNIA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR AFRICA STEPHAN PARMENTIER AND
PIETRO SULLO 335
1. INTRODUCTION 335
2. RECONCILIATION: WHAT IS IN A NAME? 336
3. BOSNIA AND POST-WAR RECONCILIATION 339
3.1. RECONCILIATION AND TRUST 341
3.2. INTER-PERSONAL RECONCILIATION 342
3.3. THE MACRO LEVEL OF RECONCILIATION AND TRUST 343
3.4. THE MEANING OF RECONCILIATION 346
3.5. INTERIM CONCLUSION ON BOSNIA 348
4. THE RELEVANCE OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES FOR AFRICA 348
4.1. EXAMPLE OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON POST-CONFLICT JUSTICE IN AFRICA 349
4.2. PROBLEMS OF DOING EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ABOUT RECONCILIATION AND
POST-CONFLICT JUSTICE 350
5. CONCLUSION 352
XIV. JUSTICE AT THE DOORSTEP. VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES IN FORMAL
VERSUS TRADITION-BASED JUSTICE MECHANISMS IN SIERRA LEONE, RWANDA AND
UGANDA MARTIEN SCHOTSMANS 353
1. INTRODUCTION 353
2. BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICTS 354
3. FORMAL V. TRADITION-BASED JUSTICE 356
3.1. FORMAL JUSTICE 356
3.2. TRADITIONAL JUSTICE 357
3.3. SOME DIFFERENCES AND SOME NUANCES 358
3.4. FROM TRADITIONAL TO TRADITION-BASED TO HYBRID 362
4. RIGHTS AND NEEDS OF VICTIMS 364
4.1. INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 364
INTERSENTIA XIII
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CONTENTS
4.2. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE 365
4.3. IN COUNTRY RESEARCH 365
4.4. CONCLUDING ON VICTIMS RIGHTS AND NEEDS 367
5. VICTIMS IN THE THREE COUNTRIES 368
5.1. SIERRA LEONE: FORMAL JUSTICE AND NON-OFFICIAL USE OF TRADITION 369
5.2. RWANDA: FORMAL JUSTICE AND OFFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION OF TRADITION 371
5.3. UGANDA: OFFICIAL COMPLEMENTARITY 377
6. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT 380
7. CONCLUSION 384
XV. PROSECUTION OF GENOCIDAL RAPE AND SEXUAL TORTURE BEFORE THE GACACA
TRIBUNALS IN RWANDA USTAKAITESI ANDROELOF HAVEMAN 385
1. INTRODUCTION .. 385
2. SEXUAL VIOLENCE DURING THE GENOCIDE 386
3. GACACA 287
3.1. GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 388
3.2. THE PROCEDURE 390
3.3. HEARING AND JUDGEMENT 392
3.4. PARTICIPATIVE LAY JUSTICE 393
4. SPECIFIC RULES REGARDING RAPE AND SEXUAL TORTURE 395
* * TRAINING THE INYANGAMUGAYO 398
5.1. BACKGROUND TO THE TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 398
5.2. HARMONISING THE TRAINING MANUAL 400
5-3. THE TRAINING 4 02
M. SHARING EXPERIENCES: BREAKING THE ICE 404
6 B P LK GUE 4 06
TLIEROLEOF CIVIL SOCIETY IN ADDRESSING PROBLEMS FACED BY VICTIMS
M POST-GENOCIDE RWANDA ALPHONSE MULEEFU 4N
1- INTRODUCTION
32 S ] ! 8 P R T Y AN
3-2. HEALTH CONDITIONS, 3-3- PROSECUTION OF PERPETRATES : : : : : : : :
: : ; : 4 27
3 -4. REPARATION
35PJT T S S E S ;
G AWARENESS ON VICTIM SRIGHTS
XIV
INTERSENTIA
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CONTENTS
4. CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING PROBLEMS OF VICTIMS 434
5. CONCLUSION 435
PART IV INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY APPROACHES
XVII. UNIVERSAL JUSTICE? 439
THE PRACTICE AND POLITICS OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION CASES RELATING TO
CRIMES COMMITTED IN AFRICA CARLA FERSTMAN AND JIIRGEN SCHURR 439
1. INTRODUCTION 439
2. THE CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXERCISE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION
. .. 441 3. THE PRACTICE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 442
4. EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION CASES RELATING TO AFRICA 444
4.1. A REVIEW OF KEY TERRITORIAL PROSECUTIONS IN AFRICA 445
4.2. A REVIEW OF KEY UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION CASES REGARDING CRIMES
ALLEGEDLY COMMITTED IN AFRICAN STATES 447
4.2.1. GENOCIDE CASES RELATING TO RWANDA 447
4.2.2. SENEGAL AND THE HISSENE HABRE CASE 450
4.2.3. LIBERIA AND THE CASE OF CHUCKIE TAYLOR IN THE UNITED STATES . 451
4.2.4. CONGO BRAZZAVILLE AND THE DISAPPEARED OF THE BEACH CASE IN
FRANCE 451
4.2.5. MAURITANIA AND THE ELY OULD DAH CASE IN FRANCE 452 4.2.6. TUNISIA
AND THE CASE OF KHALED BEN SAID IN FRANCE 453 4.2.7. RWANDA AND THE RPF
CASES IN FRANCE AND SPAIN 453 5. THE POLITICS OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION
456
6. PROSPECTS AND TRENDS OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 459
7. CONCLUSION 460
XVIII. SURVIVORS OF THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE UNDER DOMESTIC AND
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROCEDURES FELIX NDAHINDA 463
1. INTRODUCTION 463
2. LIVING AFTER DEATH: THE REALITIES OF SURVIVORS AFTER THE GENOCIDE 464
2.1. LIVING IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GENOCIDE 464
2.2. NEGOTIATING POST-GENOCIDE SOCIAL HARMONY: JUSTICE AND SACRIFICES
465
2.3. THE VOICE OF SURVIVORS IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE 467 3.
LEGAL PROCEDURES IN RWANDA AND THE POSITION OF GENOCIDE SURVIVORS . ..
468 3.1. POST-1994 JUDICIAL LANDSCAPE 468
INTERSENTIA XV
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CONTENTS
3.2. THE STATUS OF SURVIVORS UNDER RELEVANT POST-GENOCIDE
LEGISLATION 470
3.2.1. SURVIVORS RIGHTS UNDER THE ORGANIC LAW NO. 08/96 471 3.2.2.
SURVIVORS UNDER THE GACACA SYSTEM 473
3.2.3. THE FUND FOR THE SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE TO THE SURVIVORS OF THE
GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 475
3.3. ASSESSING THE POSITION OF VICTIMS IN POST-GENOCIDE RWANDA 476 4.
JUSTICE FOR SURVIVORS OUTSIDE RWANDA 478
4.1. SURVIVORS AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA (ICTR)
479
4.1.1. ACCOUNTABILITY, DETERRENCE, RECONCILIATION AND PACIFICATION 479
4.1.2. THE SURVIVORS BEFORE THE ICTR 481
4.1.3. COOPERATION OR CONDEMNATION? 482
4.2. SURVIVORS INVOLVEMENT IN FOREIGN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 486 5.
CONCLUSION 491
XIX. UNDERSTANDING LIMITATIONS. VICTIM PARTICIPATION AND THE
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT BRIANNE MCGONIGLE LEYH 493
1. INTRODUCTION 493
2. PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE COURT IN RELATION TO VICTIMS 496 3. THE
PARTICIPATORY REGIME 498
3.1. DEFINITION OF VICTIMS 499
3.2. VICTIMS OF A SITUATION AND VICTIMS OF A CASE 501
3.3. COMPLEX MAZE OF PARTICIPATORY PROVISIONS 502
4. SEEKING TO MAKE AN IMPACT 505
4.1. NEW CHARGES AGAINST THE ACCUSED 506
4.2. IN SITU PROCEEDINGS 508
5. FRAGMENTATION AND INCONSISTENCY 510
5.1. ARTICLE 68(3) AND THE MODALITIES OF PARTICIPATION 510
5.1.1. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 511
5.1.2. PIECEMEAL APPROACH 513
5.2. ANONYMOUS AND NON-ANONYMOUS VICTIMS 515
5.2.1. DRAWING A DISTINCTION 515
5.2.2. DRAWING NO DISTINCTION 517
6. ADDRESSING THE NEED FOR IMPROVEMENTS 518
6.1. GREATER CLARITY: APPEALS CHAMBER ROLE 518
6.2. GREATER CLARITY: TRIAL CHAMBER ROLE 521
7. CONCLUSION 524
X VI INTERSENTIA
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CONTENTS
XX. SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT.
CHALLENGES IN PREVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROSECUTION SANDRA
KA HON CHU, ANNE-MARIE DE BROUWER AND RENEE ROMKENS 527
1. INTRODUCTION 529
2. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN TIMES OF CONFLICT AND PEACE: PREVALENCE, NATURE,
SOCIETAL ATTITUDES AND IMPACT 530
2.1. PREVALENCE AND NATURE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN TIMES OF CONFLICT 530
2.2. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN PEACE TIME : PREVALENCE AND GENDERED ATTITUDES
532
2.3. SILENCING OF SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE: THE DOUBLE ASSAULT 535
2.4. IMPACT OF MASS SEXUAL VIOLENCE 537
2.4.1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS 537
2.4.2. SOCIAL ISOLATION, STIGMA AND ONGOING VICTIMIZATION 538 2.4.3.
POVERTY AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE 539
2.5. NEEDS OF SURVIVORS OF MASS SEXUAL VIOLENCE 539
2.5.1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT 540
2.5.2. PHYSICAL SECURITY 541
2.5.3. FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND COMPENSATION 542
2.5.4. JUSTICE AND THE NEED FOR RECOGNITION AND VALIDATION 543 3.
RESPONSES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: POTENTIAL AND LIMITS OF
PREVENTIVE POLICIES AND CRIMINAL PROSECUTION. 544
3.1. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES: PREVENTION 544
3.2. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES: PROSECUTION 549
3.2.1. VICTIM PARTICIPATION AND REPARATION 550
3.2.2. PROTECTIVE AND SUPPORT MEASURES 554
3.2.3. GENDER BALANCE AND EXPERTISE AS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INSTITUTION 555
3.2.4. CHARGES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE 556
4. FINAL REMARKS: ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL 558
XXI. VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.
CHALLENGES RELATED TO LEGAL REPRESENTATION AND PROTECTION GABBI MESTERS
AND ADESOLA ADEBOYEJO 561
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 561
2. GENDER-BASED CRIMES: DEFINITION AND CHARGES 563
2.1. INTRODUCTION 563
2.2. CHARGES FOR GENDER-BASED CRIMES IN THE CASES BEFORE THE ICC 565
2.2.1. PROSECUTOR V. LUBANGA 565
2.2.2. PROSECUTOR V. KATANGA ETAL 569
2.2.3. PROSECUTOR V. MBARUSHIMANA , 570
INTERSENTIA XVII
IMAGE 12
CONTENTS
2.2.4. PROSECUTOR V. JEAN-PIERRE BEMBA GOMBO 570
2.2.5. PROSECUTOR V. HARUN AND KUSHAYB 572
2.2.6. PROSECUTOR V. OMAR AL BASHIR 572
2.2.7. PROSECUTOR V. JOSEPH KONY ET AL 574
2.3. FINAL REMARKS 575
3. THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS UNDER THE LEGAL TEXT OF
THE COURT AND RELATED CHALLENGES 576
3.1. INTRODUCTION 576
3.2. VICTIM PARTICIPATION 577
3.3. NOTIFICATION 578
3.4. PROTECTION MEASURES 579
3.5. COMMON LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES 583
4. SOME PRACTICAL CHALLENGES WHEN ASSISTING VICTIMS/SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL
VIOLENCE BEFORE THE COURT 583
4.1. LEGAL QUALIFICATION FOR VICTIMS REPRESENTATIVE UNDER THE LEGAL
TEXTS OF THE COURT 583
4.2. GENDER- AND GEOGRAPHICAL IMBALANCE IN ICC S LIST OF C O U N S E L .
. .. 584 4.3. GENERAL CHALLENGES 585
4.4. SPECIFIC CHALLENGES WHEN ASSISTING DUAL STATUS WITNESSES 587 4.5.
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES FOR COMMON LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES 588 5. CONCLUSION
590
XXII. RESPONDING TO THE MOST VULNERABLE. CHILD VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL
CRIMES MICHELLE G. GROSSMAN 593
1. INTRODUCTION 593
2. KEY TERMS 595
2.1. CHILD 596
2.2. VICTIM 597
2.3. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES 598
3. CONSIDERATION OF CHILD VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES OVER TIME 598
4. CHILDREN - A DISTINCT GROUP OF VULNERABLE VICTIMS 600
4.1. CHILD VICTIMS AS A VULNERABLE POPULATION/OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 600
4.2. CHILD VICTIMS AS THE NEXT GENERATION 604
5. THE NEEDS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF CRIME 605
5.1. FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF CHILD CRIME VICTIMS 605
5.2. NEEDS OF CHILD VICTIMS PARTICIPATING IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
PROCEEDINGS 606
5.3. ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES . .
.. 607 6. THE ROME STATUTE S CONSIDERATION OF CHILD VICTIMS 610
7. THE ASSISTANCE/SERVICE PROVIDERS 614
XVIII INTERSENTIA
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS
8. CONCLUSION - IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESPONSE TO CHILD VICTIMS
OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES 616
PARTV VICTIMOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
XXIII. VICTIMOLOGICAL APPROACHES APPLIED TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMES.
CONCLUDING REMARKS 621
RIANNE LETSCHERT, ROELOF HAVEMAN, ANNE-MARIE DE BROUWER AND ANTONY
PEMBERTON 621
1. INTRODUCTION 621
2. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES: THE ULTIMATE PERVERSION OF THE RULE OF LAW 624
3. MASS VICTIMIZATION AND THE SOCIAL DEATH OF VICTIMS 625
4. REPARATIVE JUSTICE 627
5. INDIVIDUAL VERSUS GROUP PERSPECTIVE 629
6. THE ICC AND THE ICTR 631
6.1. VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE 633
6.2. CHILD VICTIMS 635
7. NATIONAL PROCEDURES 637
7.1. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 637
7.2. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION 638
8. PREVENTIVE MEASURES 639
9. TRUTH, RECONCILIATION, AMNESTY AND TRADITION 640
10. FINAL REMARKS: CENTRAL FEATURES OF A VICTIMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
INTERNATIONAL CRIMES 645
THE AUTHORS 647
BIBLIOGRAPHY 657
INTERSENTIA XIX
J
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| id | DE-604.BV039145026 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:59:56Z |
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| isbn | 9789400000902 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2011 |
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| series | Supranational criminal law |
| series2 | Supranational criminal law |
| spelling | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa Rianne Letschert ... (ed.) Cambridge [u.a.] Intersentia 2011 xix, 726 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Supranational criminal law 13 Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrechtliches Verbrechen (DE-588)4204241-0 gnd rswk-swf Viktimologie (DE-588)4078906-8 gnd rswk-swf Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd rswk-swf Strafjustiz (DE-588)4183472-0 gnd rswk-swf Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd rswk-swf Opferschutz (DE-588)4315073-1 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Völkerrechtliches Verbrechen (DE-588)4204241-0 s Strafjustiz (DE-588)4183472-0 s Opferschutz (DE-588)4315073-1 s DE-604 Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 s Viktimologie (DE-588)4078906-8 s Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 s Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 s Letschert, Rianne 1976- (DE-588)140422382 edt Supranational criminal law 13 (DE-604)BV019830367 13 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024162966&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa Supranational criminal law Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd Völkerrechtliches Verbrechen (DE-588)4204241-0 gnd Viktimologie (DE-588)4078906-8 gnd Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd Strafjustiz (DE-588)4183472-0 gnd Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Opferschutz (DE-588)4315073-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033151-9 (DE-588)4204241-0 (DE-588)4078906-8 (DE-588)4124385-7 (DE-588)4183472-0 (DE-588)4063690-2 (DE-588)4315073-1 (DE-588)4000695-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa |
| title_auth | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa |
| title_exact_search | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa |
| title_full | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa Rianne Letschert ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa Rianne Letschert ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Victimological approaches to international crimes Africa Rianne Letschert ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Victimological approaches to international crimes |
| title_sort | victimological approaches to international crimes africa |
| title_sub | Africa |
| topic | Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd Völkerrechtliches Verbrechen (DE-588)4204241-0 gnd Viktimologie (DE-588)4078906-8 gnd Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd Strafjustiz (DE-588)4183472-0 gnd Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Opferschutz (DE-588)4315073-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegsverbrechen Völkerrechtliches Verbrechen Viktimologie Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit Strafjustiz Völkermord Opferschutz Afrika Konferenzschrift |
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