Vodni potencijali Crne Gore:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Veröffentlicht: |
Podgorica
Crnogorska Akad. Nauka i Umjetnosti
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Prirodnih Nauka
32 Posebna izdanja / Crnogroska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti 74 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Water potentials of Montenegro. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788672152616 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vodni potencijali Crne Gore |c Branislav Đorđević ... |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Water potentials of Montenegro |
| 264 | 1 | |a Podgorica |b Crnogorska Akad. Nauka i Umjetnosti |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 390 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Prirodnih Nauka |v 32 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a Posebna izdanja / Crnogroska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti |v 74 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Water potentials of Montenegro. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Hydrologie |0 (DE-588)4026309-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Montenegro |0 (DE-588)4040163-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Hydrologie |0 (DE-588)4026309-5 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Đorđević, Branislav |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024159376&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804147980871139328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Predgovor
...........................................................................................................................................5
Uvod
..................................................................................................................................................13
1.
OROGRAFSKEI HIDROGRAFSKE KARAKTERISTIKE CRNE GORE
........29
1. 1.
Glavne reljefne cjeline
.................................................................................................29
1.1.1.
Crnogorsko primorje
......................................................................................29
1.1. 2.
Zaravan dubokog krša
.....................................................................................30
1.1. 3.
Središnja udolina Crne Gore
..........................................................................32
1.1. 4.
Oblast visokih planina i površi
......................................................................33
1.1.5.
Sjeveroistočna oblast Crne Gore
.....................................................................36
1. 2.
Regionalne cjeline
........................................................................................................37
2.
KLIMATSKO-METEOROLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE
.........................................39
2. 1.
Osnovne odlike klime Crne Gore
.............................................................................39
2. 2.
Temperaturni režim
.....................................................................................................40
2. 3.
Padavinski režim
..........................................................................................................43
2. 4.
Ostali klimatski elementi
............................................................................................54
3.
HIDROLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE PROSTORA CRNE GORE
........................57
3. 1.
Hidrološki ciklus
-
opšte postavke i zakonitosti
....................................................57
3.1.1.
Uvod
.................................................................................................................57
3.1. 2.
Ciklus oticaja
-
teorijske postavke
.................................................................58
3.1. 3.
Prikaz hidrološkog bilansa
............................................................................60
3. 2.
Podzemne vode Crne Gore
.........................................................................................62
3. 2.1.
Pregled važnijih ležišta izdanskih voda
.........................................................62
3. 2. 2.
Primorski
karst
................................................................................................63
3. 2. 3.
Karst
unutrašnjih
dinarida.............................................................................
83
3. 2. 4.
Postojeće stanje i ocjena
perspektivnosti
otkrivanja
novih rezervi izdanskih voda
.........................................................................94
3. 2. 5.
Mineralne i termomineralne vode
...............................................................101
3. 2.6.
Mogućnost flaširanja podzemnih voda u Crnoj Gori
................................104
3. 3.
Hidrologija površinskih vodotoka Crne Gore
......................................................106
3. 3.1.
Opšte hidrografske karakteristike
...............................................................106
3. 3. 2.
Hidrološki podaci
-
о
raspoloživim mjerenjima
........................................115
3. 3. 3.
Prosječni mjesečni i godišnji protoci
...........................................................117
3. 3.4.
Režimi malih voda
.........................................................................................122
388_____________________________________________________________
3. 3. 5.
Režimi velikih voda
.......................................................................................125
3. 3. 6.
Karakteristične veličine oticaja sa površine Crne Gore
.............................127
3. 3. 7.
Vodostaji i potencijali jezera u Crnoj Gori
..................................................145
3. 3. 8.
More Crne Gore
.............................................................................................160
4.
KORIŠĆENJE VODNIH POTENCIJALA ZA SNABDIJEVANJE
VODOM STANOVNIŠTA I INDUSTRIJE
...............................................................170
4. 1.
Postojeće snabdijevanje vodom za piće
..................................................................170
4. 1. 1.
Snabdijevanje vodom naselja
........................................................................170
4. 1. 2.
Snabdijevanje vodom industrije
...................................................................172
4. 1. 3.
Norme potrošnje vode
..................................................................................172
4. 2.
Potrebe za vodom u budućnosti i mogućnosti njihovog zadovoljenja
...............173
4. 2. 1.
Perspektive snabdijevanje vodom naselja i industrije u budućnosti
.........173
4. 2. 2.
Moguća izvorišta za naselja i industriju
......................................................175
4. 2. 3.
Neki od važnih kriterijuma za razvoj
vodovodnih sistema u budućnosti
...............................................................178
4. 2. 4.
Izbjeći zamku privatizacije vodovoda!
.........................................................180
5.
KORIŠĆENJE VODNIH POTENCIJALA
ZA NAVODNJAVANJE ZEMLJIŠTA
...........................................................................182
5. 1.
Sadašnje stanje navodnjavanja zemljišta
................................................................182
5. 2.
Mogućnosti budućeg razvoja
..................................................................................183
6.
KORIŠĆENJE VODNIH POTENCIJALA ZA RIBOGOJSTVO
..........................187
7.
MOGUĆNOSTI PLOVIDBE NA RJEČNIM TOKOVIMA I JEZERIMA
........190
8.
MOGUĆNOSTI ISKORIŠĆENJA HIDROENERGETSKOG
POTENCIJALA VODOTOKA
.......................................................................................191
8. 1.
Uvod
.............................................................................................................................191
8. 2.
Bruto potencijal rijeka Crne Gore
...........................................................................196
8. 3.
Realizováni
hidroenergetski objekti
.......................................................................199
8. 3. 1.
Hidroenergetski sistem „Perućica
..............................................................199
8. 3. 2.
Hidroelektrana „Piva
...................................................................................204
8. 4.
Potencijali Crne Gore na objektima van njenih granica
.....................................208
8.4. 1.
Korišćenje donjih tokova
Pive
i Tare u okviru HE Buk Bijela
...................208
8. 4. 2.
Korišćenje donjeg toka Lima postrojenjem HE Gostun u Srbiji
................213
8. 4. 3.
Dio potencijala Crne Gore koji se iskorišćava na HE Trebinje
1...............214
8. 5.
Mogućnosti i principi realizacije male hidroelektrane
-
kao dopune primarnog hidroenergetskog sistema
............................................219
8. 6.
Osvrt na mogućnosti iskorišćenja hidroenergetskih potencijala Crne Gore
.... 222
8. 7.
Mogućnost usaglašavanja interesa radi odluke
о
sistemu
...................................224
8. 8.
Prikaz hidroenergetskih rješenja u Crnoj Gori u novim uslovima
..................227
8. 8. 1.
Rijeka Piva
.....................................................................................................227
8. 8. 2.
Rijeka Tara
....................................................................................................229
8. 8. 3.
Rijeka Lim
.....................................................................................................233
8. 8. 4.
Rijeka Ćehotina
............................................................................................236
8. 8. 5.
Rijeka Ibar
......................................................................................................237
8. 8. 6.
Rijeka Morača
................................................................................................238
389
8. 8. 7.
Integralna
rješenja u gornjem slivu Drine
...................................................242
8. 9.
Zaključci
о
hidroenergetskom potencijalu Crne Gore
........................................246
9.
REGULACIJA VODNIH TOKOVA I UREĐENJE REŽIMA VODA
................248
9.1.
Regulacija velikih voda i odbrana od poplava
.......................................................248
9.2.
Zaštita od erozije i uređenje bujica
..........................................................................256
9. 3.
Odvodnjavanje zemljišta
...........................................................................................260
10.
STANJE KVALITETA POVRŠINSKIH I PODZEMNIH VODA
........................265
10. 1.
Izvori zagađivanja površinskih i podzemnih voda
.............................................265
10. 2.
Kategorizacija površinskih i podzemnih voda
......................................................267
10. 3.
Stanje kvaliteta površinskih voda
............................................................................268
10. 4.
Stanje kvaliteta podzemnih voda
............................................................................274
10. 5.
Stanje odvođenja, tretmana i dispozicije otpadnih i atmosferskih voda
..........275
10. 6.
Mjere zaštite voda
.....................................................................................................278
10. 6. 1.
Principi integralne zaštite površinskih i podzemnih voda
.......................278
10. 6. 2.
Kontrola emisija
-
kriterijumi kvaliteta efluenta
........................................281
10. 6. 3.
Tehnološke mjere zaštite vodotoka i kriterijumi zaštite
.............................282
10. 6. 4.
Kanalisanje otpadnih, atmosferskih i industrijskih voda
..........................284
11.
INTEGRALNI SISTEMI KAO RAZVOJNI PROJEKTI UREĐENJA
I KORIŠĆENJA PROSTORA I UNAPREĐENJA ŽIVOTNE SREDINE
.........288
11. 1.
Međuzavisnost ciljeva u integralnom projektu i uloga akumulacija
.................288
11. 1. 1.
Integralni sistemi
-
jedini ispravan put razvoja u sektoru voda
..............288
11. 1. 2.
Socijalne komponente od kojih zavisi socijalna
stabilnost razvojnih projekata
......................................................................294
11. 1. 3.
Ekološki ciljevi
-
jako bitan dio ciljne strukture
........................................299
11. 1. 4.
Specifičnosti planiranja i upravljanja u oblasti voda
..................................300
11. 1. 5.
Akumulacije kao
nepohodni
element uređenja prostora
...........................304
11. 2.
Uklapanje integralnih sistema u okruženje
...........................................................308
11. 2. 1.
Sistem u zoni sastavnice Drine
....................................................................308
11. 2. 2.
Gornja Piva
.....................................................................................................310
11.2.3.
Rijeka Tara
.....................................................................................................312
11. 2. 4.
Rijeka Ćehotina
.............................................................................................319
11. 2. 5.
Rijeka Lim
......................................................................................................319
11. 2. 6.
Rijeka Ibar
......................................................................................................321
11.2.7.
Rijeka Morača
................................................................................................321
11.3.
Kriterijumi za ispuštanje garantovanih
protoka nizvodno od brana i vodozahvata
............................................................324
11.3. 1.
Kategorije protoka koje treba ispuštati nizvodno od brana
......................324
11. 3. 2.
Načini određivanja garantovanih ekoloških protoka
.................................327
11. 3. 3.
Metoda koja se preporučuje za korišćenje
..................................................330
11. 3. 4.
Druge mjere za zaštitu
biocenoza
nizvodno od akumulacija
....................334
11.4.
Projektne mjere za uklapanje akumulacija u okruženje
......................................335
11. 5.
Svjetska iskustva u usklađivanju objekata sa okruženjem
..................................337
12.
MEĐUNARODNI OKVIR ZA STRATEŠKA OPREDJELJENJA
U OBLASTI VODA
...........................................................................................................344
12. 1.
Opšte
...........................................................................................................................344
390
12. 2.
Helsinská
konvencija
.................................................................................................345
12. 3.
Barselonska
konvencija
.............................................................................................345
12. 4.
Konvencija za zaštitu rijeke Dunav
.........................................................................346
12. 5.
Sporazum
о
slivu Save
...............................................................................................347
12. 6.
Direktiva
о
vodama EU
............................................................................................347
12. 7.
Drugi propisi EU koji su sada na snazi
...................................................................348
12. 8.
Stavovi iz dokumenata na nivou
smjernica i preporuka
...............................................................................................349
12. 9.
Ključni stavovi relevantnih dokumenata
...............................................................351
ZAKLJUČCI I PREPORUKE
..................................................................................................353
Literatura
.......................................................................................................................................361
Rezime
...........................................................................................................................................369
Summary
........................................................................................................................................377
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
SUMMARY
„The Water Potential of Montenegro is a monograph in which the research on
the water potential of Montenegro, published v/ithin the same scientific project of
the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, was finalized. The research was do¬
ne within the Department of Natural Sciences of the Academy. The main aim of this
research was to systematize the partial survey carried out in various fields of water
engineering, which would enable the systematization, quantification and adequa¬
te assessment of the water potential of Montenegro.
Ihat
quantification on the ba¬
sins and rivers should serve as a starting point for all future strategic planning in
the country. In fact, the planning in the water sector should precede all other types
of planning. The reason is obvious: the water management systems have the most
concrete and rigorous requirement for space necessary for their development. This
is of particular significance for all the aspects pf spatial strategic planning. An exact
evaluation of resource possibilities from the aspect of water, as well as the restricti¬
ons defined by the development of the water management system should be provided
for all other systems. The very important areas are those which should be protec¬
ted by the spatial plans for
thé
purpose: of development of the water resources infra¬
structure. First of all, those are source areas and areas suitable for building the dams
and .reservoirs. In addition, the following factor:; are necessary for the development
of all other systems: the knowledge of the water regimes on all characteristic places
within the
hydrographie
system, hydrogeological features of groundwater, the flood
zones and zones in which the drainage measures must be implemented for the use
of space, the compliance with the restrictions with the aim of water quality protec¬
tion, the zones in which the production structures that use water for technological
processes can be constructed, etc. Other systems (settlements, industries^ energe¬
tics, agriculture, traffic, etc.) can obtain those important base&for their development
only by the a priori knowledge of the .above-mentioned-relevant facts. Or to be even
more precise, all other systems, which have somewjhat less rigorous requirements for
space, should, coordinate the conditions of their development with the very resour¬
ce possibilities in the water sector, as well as with the restrictions· imposed by the de¬
velopment of the water management systems. However, those studies display the si¬
gnificant dimensions of the spatial planning and interaction with the surroundin¬
gs: they should point out the ways of symmetrical fitting of the planned water ma¬
nagement systems into ecological, sociological, urban, cultural and other surroun¬
dings; and also, they should analyze the interactions with the international surroun-
378
В-
Đorđević,
G.
Sekulić,
M. Radulovié, M.
Šaranović
dings and the directions of international cooperation regarding the construction of
objects of common interest. First of all, this refers to the objects on joint stretches of
rivers and to the reservoirs used for the regulation of water regimes on rivers which
flow through more than just one country.
In the monograph, the unjustifiable and noxious opposition to the construction
of some key structures and systems in the water sector is particularly emphasized,
stating that everywhere in the world the environment protection strategy, as well
as the water protection strategy, are no longer based on the fact that nothing is bu¬
ilt in the conflict areas, but on the principle of active water management. The-con-
cept of active water management indicates that by means of reservoirs the water re¬
gimes are regulated in a much better way in relation to those which would be in the
watercourses if there weren t for water resources systems with reservoirs. Precisely
for this reason, the improvement measure of ecological states in rivers as biotopes is
called the improvement of low water . That is, at the same time, the best way not only
for preserving, but also for improving the biodiversities. The approach of active im¬
provement of the water
biotope
state
-
with the aim of betterment of biological di¬
versity
-
is used all around the world as the most efficient form of the protection of
ecosystems. Because of the stated fact, it is completely unjustifiable the opposition of
specific ecological groups in Montenegro to the realization of integral development
project, which emphasizes the regulation of water regimes as one of its primary go¬
als
-
and with the aim of the most efficient ecological protection of rivers and areas.
Because of the important goals defined in such a way, this monograph is of gre¬
at applicable significance as it provides a thorough assessment of the water potential
of Montenegro, which can be used as a basis for other strategic planning of the deve¬
lopment, use and protection of a given area.
In addition to the Preface and exhaustive bibliography of
163
bibliographic units,
the monograph contains
12
chapters.
The basic reasons because of which the mankind has been facing the unfavoura¬
ble consequences concerning the usable water resources more rapidly since the mid-
20th century are analyzed in the Preface. The disproportion between the available
water resources and fast-growing needs for water increased constantly. As a result,
a new period has begun, nowadays known as the period of water crisis in the world.
All the available data which can be used for drawing conclusions about the state
of the water regimes and the water resources problems in Montenegro are analyzed
in this monograph. A very important fact is pointed out: Montenegro is a water-rich
country only when the analysis includes an average annual precipitation and ru¬
noffs. On the other hand, completely different and unfavourable results are obtained
when analyzing spatial and temporal unevenness of water resources. The temporal
unevenness is one of the greatest in the world, and, as a result, a phenomenon called
by the authors „a resource paradox occurs: the term refers to the fact that enou¬
gh water for a settlement cannot be found even in the near areas where the highest
amount of rainfall in Europe is recorded. The following example is very illustrati¬
ve: the mountain Orijen is a specific area where the amount of rainfall is the highest
in Europe (approximately
5.000
mm), but large settlements at the foot of this moun-
Water
potentials of
Montenegro 379
tain
(Risan, Kotor, Herceg Novi)
face serious difficulties in order to provide a regu¬
lar water supply. Therefore, the plan is to supply water from afar, i. e. from a regio¬
nal system.
Karst
springs, used mainly for the water supply of settlements, are cha¬
racterized by extremely small flows during summer, which is the period of the grea¬
test need for water in settlements. The ratio between the characteristic low and high
water of surface flow is more than
1:1000,
and sometimes it stands at
1:2000,
which
complicates the process of water protection and defence from floods. Among the
analyzed problems, the special emphasis is on fact that Montenegro lags far behind
in the use of hydropower potential, despite the rich resources. Montenegro has the
lowest percentage of the use of water powers in the whole region (only about
28%),
although it could meet the needs of over
80%
of electricity consumption on the ba¬
sis of the ecologically most valuable hydropower potential. However, at present this
is unsustainable, especially after the Kyoto protocol and the conference in Copen¬
hagen when the greatest energetic, ecological, economic, as well as political priority
has been given to the renewed energy sources, which is treated as an active measure
of a slowdown of unfavourable processes which cause global climate changes. And
hydropower is a source characterized by the most beneficial ecological and econo¬
mic usage conditions.
Other water sectors are underdeveloped as well. The percentage of the irrigated
land is extremely low. The measures of the water regimes regulation and the water
quality protection are disproportionate to the very needs and possibilities. Rivers are
extremely threatened by the uncontrolled pollution.
The Introduction provides a detailed analysis of water resources condition in the
world. The close interdependence between the use, regulation and protection of tho¬
se resources and sustainable development is pointed out. A very significant differen¬
ce made in an analytic way is between two categories of water: water in the basin
and water that can be estimated as a resource . Water defined as a resource can be
only the water in the basin which fulfils the conditions regarding the use and regu¬
lation of the water regimes. Those necessary conditions are numerous: geotechnical
terms for the constructions of dams and reservoirs, economic, ecological, and cul¬
tural ones (the position of immovable cultural property used for the control of the
conditions for the water use). The whole analysis leads to a very important conclu¬
sion: water defined as resource water is smaller in quantity than water registered as
water in the basin .
A clear methodological distinction between those two categories is of particu¬
lar importance especially for Montenegro, as the situation is favourable regarding
the amount of water in the basin in average conditions, but, on the contrary, it is un¬
favourable if the situation is observed from the aspect of potentials which could be
estimated as water resources. The ignorance of this essential fact represents a cause
of numerous disagreements with some informal groups which oppose the construc¬
tion of necessary hydraulic structures.
There is a very important standpoint, already underlined in the Introduction,
and dominant in the monograph, about the necessity of building reservoirs which
would enable the complete and efficient water resources management in Montene-
380
В-
Đorđević,
G.
Sekulić,
M.
Radulović,
M.
Šaranović
gro.
The rationalization of water consumption should be implemented according to
a plan in all aspects of consumption. The changes of criteria, used to evaluate the le¬
vel of urban development, are stated and according to them high specific consump¬
tion does not imply high standards. At this point the importance and necessity of
strategic planning in the water sector are emphasized as well. The focus is on inte¬
gral development projects in which the segment of the water sector is examined as
an indivisible part of the regulation, protection and use of area of large water basins.
Systematized available data about
orographie
and
hydrographie
characteristics
of Montenegrin
dinţate
are presented in the first chapter. It is pointed out that the
territory of Montenegro is not a homogenous natural-geographic area, but its geolo¬
gical composition, geotectonic and altitude structure, as well as the erosion effects of
external forces caused the formation of particular relief entities: the coast of Monte¬
negro, Deep
karst
plateau, Central valley of Montenegro, High mountain areas and
The North-East area of Montenegro. The basin hydrography within the basins of the
Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea is presented. The western part of the country, due to
its extended deep
karst,
is poor from the
hydrologie
aspect as the rainfall immedia¬
tely flows into the deep
karst
hydrography. This is one of the
hydrographie
paradoxes
as well
-
there are practically no open channels in the area with the highest amount
of rainfall. It is evident that in this territory there are no necessary geophysical con¬
ditions by means of which the water in the basin (appearing as a result of heavy ra¬
infall) can be estimated as a water resource.
The information on climatic and meteorological conditions in Montenegro is
provided in the second chapter. In terms of climatic conditions Montenegro is a very
complex area, with specific variations in time and space due to its geographic positi¬
on, the closeness of the sea, morphological forms
-
mountain ranges which prevent
the deeper penetration of maritime influence into the land, as well as the air flow. In
the south zone the precipitation regime is a type of modified maritime regime, cha¬
racterized by a great amount of rainfall during the winter months, and a small amo¬
unt of rainfall during the warm part of the year. In the continental part precipitati¬
on regime is a modified continental regime, with larger quantities of rainfall in the
spring and autumn period. However, the different precipitation regimes have spe¬
cific advantages as the hydropower system with the hydropower facilities in it can
be used in a more flexible way due to two different regimes. In the final paragraph
of this chapter the unevenness of reliability of the conclusions concerning particu¬
lar climatic elements is highlighted, which appears as a result of different quantity
and reliability of the very available data. Accordingly, the necessity for increasing the
scope of measuring and monitoring is emphasized.
The third chapter
-
Hydrologie
features contains three subchapters. The first
one introduces some basic theses and regularities of
hydrologie
cycle. The second
subchapter and the third one as well describe
hydrologie
phenomena and the cha¬
racteristics of groundwater and surface water in Montenegro.
In the given review the groundwater is classified into specific
hydrologie
entities
(Adriatic
Karst, Karst
of the Internal
Dinarides),
and all the larger deposits of gro¬
undwater are examined separately. The indicators which enable a general
quantifica-
Water
potentials of
Montenegro
381
tion
of the yield
ofthose
source areas are presented. The assessment of the ability of
new groundwater funds is of great importance, as they could contribute to more re¬
liable and economical water supply of the Montenegrin settlements. All the existing
and potential source areas in the
karst
environment and the deposits with
intergra¬
nular
porosity are specified in the added tables. Mineral and thermomineral water
are analyzed as well as the possibilities of the use of water of the highest quality for
the bottling for commercial purposes.
Before providing the very interpretation of
hydrologie
data on surface water, a
critical analysis of available measuring is presented altogether with the stated defi¬
ciencies in terms of insufficient density of
hydrometrie
network, the lack of a syste¬
matic approach and continuity regarding the monitoring, inadequate monitoring as
well, which leads to a conclusion that
hydrologie
study of watercourse in Montene¬
gro is unsatisfactory. The conclusions about strategic decisions concerning the way
of the use of potentials of specific rivers can be drawn, but it is necessary to widen the
scope of research for all thorough designing. The chapter on surface water contains
the most important original and elaborated data which clearly illustrate the
hydrolo¬
gie
features of watercourses and lakes in Montenegro. The regiments of low and high
water are interpreted and presented as well as the characteristic runoff amounts. The
hydrologie
balance is provided as well as the evaluation of the general hydrosystem
in Montenegro.
In the process of lake evaluations in Montenegro the results of particular signifi¬
cance are those obtained by the examination of the influence of watercourses, which
flow into the lakes at various hydrological regimes and reservoirs along them, on the
water levels in lakes. A thorough analysis of Skadar Lake, characterized by the consi¬
derably great and unfavourable fluctuations, is provided. The special emphasis is on
the fact that the control of the water regime of the river
Morača
within the planned
system would have the positive effects on Skadar Lake. This is a real fact as nowadays
the system on the
Morača
has been unjustifiably disputed precisely by the threats to
ecosystems of Skadar Lake, which is completely inaccurate.
The key elements of water balance of Montenegro, presented in the table
3. 3. 6.
4.1.
in this monograph, are systematized into two catchments areas and they are the
following:
a) The basin of the Black Sea: the area of the basin in Montenegro:
7.545
km2; the
area outside Montenegro:
464
km2, the amount of rainfall on the basin in Montene¬
gro: 10.759xl06 m3, the rainfall volume outside the Montenegrin borders: 453xlOs m
the total rainfall volume:
ШІЗхіО6
m3, the total volume of water runoff: 7855xlO6 m3.
b) The basin of the Adriatic Sea: the area of the basin in Montenegro:
6.626
km2; the area outside Montenegro:
225
km2, the amount of rainfall on the basin in
Montenegro:
14.315ХІ06
m3, the rainfall volume outside the Montenegrin borders:
46ІХІ06
m3, the total rainfall volume: 14776xlO6 m the total volume of water ru¬
noff: 11.814xl06m3.
The sea of Montenegro, being one of the most important natural resources of
this country, is a special topic of the chapter. The natural characteristics of the coa¬
stal sea and open sea are presented concisely. The general opinion is that the explo-
382
В.
Đorđević,
G.
Sekulić,
M.
Radulović,
M.
Šaranović
red level of a part of the coast which belongs to Montenegro does not meet the needs
of use and protection of natural resources. This particularly refers to the configura¬
tion of seabed, sea current and waves.
In the fourth chapter the whole situation regarding water supply of settlements
and industries is presented. The high rates of specific water consumptions in settle¬
ments are introduced and the obligatory modifications of the consumption norms
are emphasized as well as their successive reduction to the values recommended by
the
EU.
This will result in the decrease of total amount of need and economical wa¬
ter consumption by using the available water sources. The general strategy suggests:
the decrease of specific water consumptions, the decrease of loss in the waterworks,
the
recirculation
of water in technological processes, the selection of more econo¬
mical technologies in terms of resources. The realization of the Coastal waterworks,
for the purpose of water supply of settlements in the coastal zone, has been in pro¬
gress and it has been expected that its completion, in the last second phase, will pro¬
vide
1700
1/s of water, which would ensure the permanent water supply of this area.
After the careful analysis of the use of water potentials for irrigation, the basic
conclusion drawn from the fifth chapter is the following: there is a disproportion
between the currently irrigated agricultural land and those areas suitable for irriga¬
tion. The currently irrigated agricultural land is the area of only
18.000
ha, which is
just
3%
of the total agricultural surface. On the other hand, the land suitable for irri¬
gation is the area of almost
150.000
ha.
In the sixth chapter it is stated that fresh-water fishery is an underdeveloped in¬
dustry in Montenegro, despite the significant natural resources. The seventh chap¬
ter presents the fact that nowadays sailing on the rivers and the seas is in fact negli¬
gible. But, objectively, it must be admitted that the sailing is not feasible due to the
particular natural conditions.
The chapter
8
deals in details with the possibilities of use of watercourse hydro-
power potentials. In order to do a correct analysis of potentials, it is pointed out that
some important categories of watercourse hydropower potential should be taken in¬
to consideration when planning: gross potential, technically usable potential and
economically usable potential. A review of gross hydropower potential in nine large
watercourses is given and it totals
9.846
GWh per year. The total potential of Monte¬
negro is calculated when the estimated gross potential in smaller watercourses is ad¬
ded. On the basis of the abovementioned review, the unevenness of watercourses po¬
tential is easily noticed. The river
Tara
has the greatest potential, and the
Zeta,
Mo-
rača, Lim
and
Piva
are right behind. A specific quality
ofthat
potential represents a
possibility of runoff regulation by means of building reservoirs along the main wa¬
tercourses, which will result in efficient control of electric power production.
In a special part of this chapter a review of realized hydropower objects of larger
capacities is presented. In terms of the available potentials, a particular part is de¬
dicated to the survey of potentials of Montenegro within the objects outside its bor¬
ders, i. e. of the abilities of lower courses of the
Piva, Tara
and
Lim.
The potentials of
the
Trebišnjica
River basin are considered.
Water
potentials of
Montenegro
383
As far as small hydroelectric power plants are regarded, it is categorically asse¬
ssed that they can be used only as an additional source and not as the main sour¬
ce of hydropower, because they can be used for the realization of only
7%
of hydro-
power. It is pointed out that some alleged ecological groups in the country are mista¬
ken when claiming that energetic problems can be solved only by means of the con¬
struction of small hydroelectric power plants. This type of approach is completely
wrong, and the claim that the large power plants are harmful from the ecological po¬
int of view, while the small ones are acceptable, is especially incorrect. Usually it is
completely opposite. Therefore, small hydroelectric power plants shouldn t be con¬
structed on the rivers where such interventions would cause the decrease in the eco¬
logical values of watercourses and the distortion of the
géomorphologie
forms of the
canyon. Much more ecological damage would be caused in comparison to the achie¬
ved modest energetic result of the objects.
In the final review of the possibility of use of Montenegrin hydropower potential,
in addition to the aforesaid data on available hydropower potential, it is emphasized
that the state strategy of the highest level should be the prompt construction of lar¬
ge and medium hydroelectric power plants, especially those containing reservoirs of
the annual equalization. In the following part the basic conceptions concerning this
strategy are thoroughly described.
In the separate chapter
(8.8)
the hydropower soultions in Montenegro are pre¬
sented in details and it is assessed that they could be regarded as potential in the
newly-created spatial, geopolitical, ecological and other conditions. For all impor¬
tant watercourses, the natural conditions for the use of their water powers are gi¬
ven first, and then technical solutions for the use of hydropotential are provided as
well. Introducing some new and relevant information, different possibilities of solu¬
tions with all their advantages and disadvantages are thoroughly analyzed. The spe¬
cial place in this analysis belongs to three river basins: the
Piva, Tara
and
Morača
as their potentials are the greatest and the possibility of their realization is the most
acceptable.
The technical solutions for the exploitation of hydropower potentials in all ri¬
vers are given. The alternative solutions are provided for the majority of rivers. Thus,
the situation concerning the
Lim
River is analyzed from two aspects: the first one
refers to larger facilities, which would require the major operations within the area,
and the second one refers to the cascade system with low steps. The second variati¬
on includes the structures which practically remain in the main channel and there¬
fore it fits best into the social, urban and
trafile
environment. The reservoirs are pla¬
ced into lateral valleys, so that the necessary flow regulation and the regulation of
water regimes are done after all. In the case of the
Tara
two options are considered:
the transfer of a part of water into the
Morača,
and the use of resources from its na¬
tural water flow. All these options imply that the part of the flow used for rafting and
tourism is to be used only for those purposes, while the regulation of water regimes
is accomplished by the use of the reservoir
Ljutica.
During the warm part of the ye¬
ar, this reservoir exclusively operates in order to improve the ecological conditions in
the downstream part of the
Tara,
used at that specific period only for tourist and re-
384
-В.
Đorđević,
G.
Sekulić,
M.
Radulović,
M.
Šaranović
creational
purposes.
As far as
the
situation on
the
Morača
is concerned, two options
with different normal top water levels of the main reservoir Andrijevo are analyzed.
The ninth chapter is focused on the defence against the harmful effects of wa¬
ters. Specific phenomena are discussed, the states and consequences are determined;
the suggestions of solutions concerning floods, erosion processes and land draina¬
ge are given.
-
In chapter
10
the basic data on sources of surface water pollution and groundwa-
ter pollution are presented, as well as those on the quality of those waters, drainage
systems, treatment and disposition of waste water and atmospheric water of settle¬
ments and industries. A very important part of this chapter considers the water pro¬
tection measures, emphasizing the principle of integral protection. The water pro¬
tection should be done on the level of basins within the frames of integral systems of
the management, use and protection of waters and development of the given region.
The protection should be carried out by the use of combination of technological, wa¬
ter management, organizational and economic measures. All three groups are very
important. Technical measures are used for the realization of the basic principle of
protection: the water treatment at the very source of pollution. Water resources me¬
asures refer to the regulation of water regimes of low water by the discharge of cle¬
ar water from the reservoirs (so-called improvement of low waters). Organizational
and economic measures, being a part of the state policy, refer to the decrease of the
water pollution level by the influence of the normative measures, the measures of fis¬
cal policy (the prohibition of use of hazardous substances, the substitution of the su¬
bstances harmful for the water quality for some others, the stimulation of protecti¬
on measures by means of the measures of fiscal policy).
The eleventh chapter incorporate the statements provided in the previous chap¬
ters and it explains systematically the integral approach within the water resour¬
ces management. That approach implies that all projects in the water sector must
be solved as the segments of larger integrated projects of the development, use and
protection of specific area. The necessity for the proposition of a target structure of
a planned system is very systematically explained. By means of integral approach
some aims are defined and fulfilled: social, economic-developmental, cultural and
energy aims, then the aims of area planning, traffic aims, water resources aims and
ecological aims. Ecological aims are particularly elaborated, which is completely
justified because different present interpretations in public can be found. Also, it
is emphasized that the environment cannot be successfully protected without an
adequate economic development and that the poverty is a factor which causes the
environment destruction. Likewise, it is pointed out that the version „do not build
the system must be compared ecologically to integral development project, which
contains in itself reservoirs or hydroelectric power plants. The alternative „do not¬
hing is very often the most unfavourable one for ecosystems and the environment.
The protection of water ecosystems implies active management of those systems. The
management provides the regulation of water regimes and the creation of new terms
for the enlargement of biological diversity of water ecosystems and coastal ones as
well. If the ecological goals are clearly defined in the phase of planning of integral
Water
potentials of
Montenegro 385
systems, the systems can be fitted into the ecological surroundings harmoniously by
the application of some appropriate technical solutions. The same thing can be appli¬
ed to the cultural environment (the monuments of culture and arts). It is highly li¬
kely to find technical solutions for the realization of permanent protection and re¬
novation of the cultural monuments by means of adequately determining the goals
of protection and renovation of cultural property. The job of the planners of all wa¬
ter resources systems is not only to find new integral technical solutions, by means of
which all the goals of a complex target structure can be fulfilled, but also to provide
an information base as well as arguments necessary for the public education concer¬
ning the effects of systems and the possibilities of their harmonious fitting into the
surroundings by the use of adequate protection measures.
In the next part previously and scientifically explained needs for an approach of
integral system realization are further explored altogether with the very approach.
That approach is explained through the estimation of integral development projects
concerning the basins of the
Drina
and
Morača,
and even more specifically, of all
larger Montenegrin rivers. Those analyses show that all integral systems are not only
profitable development projects, but at the same time they are projects which si¬
gnificantly contribute to the development and protection of an area. The analysis
is corroborated by the additional review of criteria for guaranteed flow discharge
downstream from the planned dams and water intake with a new method suggested
(so-called GEP
-
Guaranteed Ecological Project). A part of special interest within
this chapter is an overview of experience all around the world regarding the coordi¬
nation between hydraulic objects and the surroundings. The analysis of those exam¬
ples clearly points out the fact that in various countries the coordination betwe¬
en water infrastructure development and the aims of the environment protection is
successful. Therefore, hydraulic objects are considered to be the most significant de¬
velopment projects of the whole society which will fulfil a broad spectrum of aims
regarding the planning, use and protection of the area. The examples from the world
practise are given which demonstrate the great development projects in the water
sector when these were the main development lever for getting out of the crises and
the transition into faster development cycle of the country.
The international frame for strategic orientation in the water section and the po¬
sition of Montenegro in it is the topic of the last nineteenth chapter. A review of con¬
ventions, agreements, instructions and other regulations of the
EU as
well as decla¬
rations adopted at conferences of the UN and other international conferences is gi¬
ven. Montenegro adopted some of these documents, while the rest of them will be
a matter of discussion and adoption in the process of joining the European Union.
|
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| geographic | Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Montenegro |
| id | DE-604.BV039141356 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:59:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788672152616 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024159376 |
| oclc_num | 745512575 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Crnogorska Akad. Nauka i Umjetnosti |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Prirodnih Nauka Posebna izdanja / Crnogroska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti |
| spelling | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore Branislav Đorđević ... Water potentials of Montenegro Podgorica Crnogorska Akad. Nauka i Umjetnosti 2010 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Prirodnih Nauka 32 Posebna izdanja / Crnogroska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti 74 PST: Water potentials of Montenegro. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd rswk-swf Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd rswk-swf Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 gnd rswk-swf Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 g Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 s DE-604 Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 s Đorđević, Branislav Sonstige oth Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Posebna izdanja Odjeljenje Prirodnih Nauka ; 32 (DE-604)BV011375646 32 Crnogroska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Posebna izdanja 74 (DE-604)BV010626750 74 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024159376&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024159376&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124439-4 (DE-588)4026309-5 (DE-588)4040163-7 |
| title | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore |
| title_alt | Water potentials of Montenegro |
| title_auth | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore |
| title_exact_search | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore |
| title_full | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore Branislav Đorđević ... |
| title_fullStr | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore Branislav Đorđević ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore Branislav Đorđević ... |
| title_short | Vodni potencijali Crne Gore |
| title_sort | vodni potencijali crne gore |
| topic | Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserreserve Hydrologie Montenegro |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024159376&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024159376&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011375646 (DE-604)BV010626750 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT đorđevicbranislav vodnipotencijalicrnegore AT đorđevicbranislav waterpotentialsofmontenegro |