Smart grids:
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Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Wiley
2012
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Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIX, 358 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9781848212619 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: SmartGrids
Autor: Hadjsaīd, Nouredine
Jahr: 2012
Table of Contents
Foreword.......................................... xv
Ronnie Belmans
Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives........ 1
Nouredine Hadjsaid and Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere
1.1. Introduction.................................... 1
1.1.1. The new energy paradigm......................... 1
1.2. Information and communication technologies serving
the electrical system................................. 5
1.3. Integration of advanced technologies..................... 7
1.4. The European energy perspective....................... 10
1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector).............. 15
1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids.............. 16
1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids........................... 17
1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept.............. 18
1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids................... 18
1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids.................... 19
1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks:
towards smarter grids............................... 20
1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives............... 21
1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the
SmartGrid concept.................................. 22
1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid............. 23
1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts........ 23
1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and
sociological challenges.............................. 28
1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development
of SmartGrids..................................... 30
vi SmartGrids
30
1.13. Conclusion...................................
1.14. Bibliography..................................
Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer:
the Paradigm Shift 33
Catherine Failliet
2.1. Key trends.................................... 33
2.1.1. The crisis................................... 33
2.1.2. Environmental awareness......................... 35
2.1.3. New technologies.............................. 35
2.2. The evolution of the individual s relationship to energy......... 37
2.2.1. Curiosity................................... 37
2.2.2. The need for transparency......................... 38
2.2.3. Responsibility................................ 38
2.3. The historical model of energy companies................. 39
2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly.................... 39
2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge.................. 40
2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships.................. 40
2.4. SmartGrids from the customer s point of view............... 42
2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution.................... 42
2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem...... 45
2.4.3. The consumers reluctance........................ 47
2.5. What about possible business models?.................... 49
2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz... and the search for a
business model................................... 49
2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation...... 52
2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders.................... 54
2.6. Bibliography................................... 56
Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids........ 57
Herve Mignon
3.1. A changing energy context: the development
of renewable energies............................. 58
3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption......... 62
3.3. New challenges............................. 68
3.4. An evolving transmission grid......................... 72
3.5. Conclusion............................ 76
3.6. Bibliography......................... 77
Table of Contents vii
Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems.......... 79
Jean-Louis Coullon
4.1. Introduction.................................... 79
4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies .... 80
4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production........ 81
4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process. ... 83
4.3. Demand response................................ 87
4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles........ 90
4.4.1. New storage methods........................... 90
4.4.2. Microgrids.................................. 91
4.4.3. Electric vehicles............................... 92
4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections............. 92
4.6. Grid reliability analysis............................. 94
4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis...................... 94
4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor
measurement units................................. 95
4.6.3. Dynamic limits............................... 97
4.6.4. Self-healing grids.............................. 98
4.7. Smart asset management............................ 99
4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs..................... 102
4.8.1. The need for pilot projects........................ 102
4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability.............. 103
4.8.3. Renewables................................. 103
4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency.............. 103
4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation............................ 104
4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks....................... 104
4.9. Standards...........r.......................... 105
4.9.1. The case of smart grids.......................... 105
4.9.2. Work in progress.............................. 106
4.9.3. Cooperation................................. 107
4.10. System architecture items........................... 107
4.10.1. Broaden the vision............................ 108
4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration.............. 112
4.10.3. Developing integration tools...................... 112
4.11. Acknowledgements.............................. 113
4.12. Bibliography.................................. 113
Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart
of the SmartGrid Revolution............................. 115
Pierre MALLET
5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of
electrical distribution grids............................. 116
viii SmartGrids
117
5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity.............. jj
5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy.......... 1|°
5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids.................. °
5.5. SmartLife..................................... jj
5.6. Smart Operation.................................
5.7. SmartMetering.................................. j2*
5.7.1. The Linky project.............................. 121
5.7.2. New services for customers........................ !22
5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management .... 122
5.8. Smart Services.................................. 123
5.9. Smart local optimization............................ 123
5.9.1. Distributed generation........................... 124
5.9.2. Active management of demand...................... 126
5.9.3. Means of distributed storage....................... 126
5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles.................. 127
5.9.5. Local optimization of the system..................... 128
5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids....... 128
5.11. Bibliography.................................. 129
Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration
of Distribution Grids.................................. 131
Marie-Cecile Alvarez, Raphael Cake and Bertrand Raison
6.1. Introduction.................................... 131
6.2. The structure of distribution grids...................... 133
6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations............ 133
6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids......................... 135
6.2.3. Types of conductor............................. 138
6.2.4. Underground/overhead........................... 139
6.2.5. MV/LV substations............................. 140
6.3. Planning of the distribution grids....................... 140
6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering.................... 141
6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures.......... 143
6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid.................... 143
6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning................... 148
6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure...... 155
6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid.............. 162
6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure .... 164
6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses............. 166
6.4.1. The problem of copper losses....................... 166
6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem........ 169
6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization...................... 176
6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration...... 181
Table of Contents ix
6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids............. 191
6.5. Bibliography................................... 193
Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools.......... 197
Yvon Besanger, Bertrand Raison, Raphael Caire and Tran-Quoc Tuan
7.1. Introduction.................................... 197
7.2. Voltage control.................................. 198
7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks....... 198
7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks........... 199
7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with
dispersed generation................................ 199
7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion........................ 210
7.3. Protection schemes............................... 211
7.3.1. MV protection scheme........................... 212
7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes......................... 214
7.3.3. Fault characteristics............................ 215
7.3.4. Power outages................................ 216
7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of
protections of the feeder.............................. 217
7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project .... 221
7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project..................... 221
7.4.2. Demonstrator description......................... 221
7.4.3. General self-healing principles...................... 224
7.4.4. Some results................................. 227
7.5. Reliability..................................... 231
7.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation............. 232
7.5.2. Conclusion on reliability.......................... 239
7.6. Bibliography................................... 240
Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into
Distribution Networks................................. 243
Florent Cadoux and George GROSS
8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport.............. 244
8.1.1. An increasingly credible technology.................. 244
8.1.2. Example: theFluenceZE......................... 244
8.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network?........ 245
8.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid............... 246
8.2 Vehicles as active loads ............................ 246
8.2.1. Energetic services.............................. 247
8.2.2. Frequency regulation............................ 248
8.2.3. Load reserve and shedding........................ 248
8.2.4. Other services................................ 249
x SmartGrids
... ..... 250
8.3. Economic impacts.......................... fl
8.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market............... ^u
8.3.2. New business models...........................
8.3.3. Market integration.............................
8.4. Environmental impacts.............................
8.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources.................... l^1
8.4.2. Energetic efficiency............................ 253
8.4.3. Other advantages.............................. 253
8.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts.................... 254
8.5. Technological challenges............................ 254
8.5.1. Architecture................................. 255
8.5.2. Communication infrastructure...................... 255
8.5.3. Control strategy............................... 256
8.5.4. Feedback................................... 256
8.6. Uncertainty factors............................... 257
8.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption......................... 257
8.6.2. Viability of demand management.................... 257
8.6.3. Technological factors........................... 258
8.6.4. Economic factors.............................. 258
8.7. Conclusion.................................... 259
8.8. Bibliography................................... 259
Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies
Will Shape SmartGrids................................. 263
Gilles Prtvat
9.1. Introduction.................................... 263
9.2. Control decentralization............................ 264
9.2.1. Why smart grids will not be intelligent networks .......... 264
9.2.2. From the home area network to the smart home grid :
extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home . . 265
9.2.3. The smart home grid for the local optimization of
energy efficiency.................................. 267
9.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous
control of subnetworks.............................. 270
9.3. Interoperability and connectivity....................... 270
9.3.1. Utility computing : when the electrical grid is a model
for information technologies........................... 270
9.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical
layer to information models........................... 271
9.4. From synchronism to asynchronism..................... 273
9.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism..... 273
9.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity......... 274
Table of Contents xi
9.4.3. From data packets to energy packets.................. 275
9.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids........................ 277
9.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and
physical networks: sensors............................ 277
9.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud...... 278
9.6. Conclusion.................................... 279
9.7. Bibliography................................... 280
Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and
Management of the Grid................................ 281
Herve Barancourt
10.1. Introduction................................... 281
10.1.1. Classification of the information systems............... 281
10.1.2. Approach.................................. 283
10.2. The metering information system...................... 283
10.2.1. Presentation of the metering system.................. 283
10.2.2. Architecture of the metering system.................. 286
10.2.3. The manipulated data........................... 291
10.2.4. The deployment of a metering system................. 293
10.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid...... 295
10.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network....... 295
10.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych.......................... 296
10.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system............. 297
10.4.1. Two approaches.............................. 297
10.4.2. The pro sumer s information..................... 298
10.4.3. Summary.................................. 299
10.5. Bibliography.................................. 300
Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach. ... 301
Jacques Percebois
11.1. Demand response : a consequence of opening the electricity
industry and the rise in environmental concerns................. 302
11.1.1. The specific features of electricity................... 302
11.1.2. The impact of introducing competition................ 303
11.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing C02 emissions..... 306
11.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to
avoid the risk of failure during peaks...................... 306
11.2.1. Coping with failures........................... 306
11.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest .... 307
11.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices......... 308
11.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity........ 311
11.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal.................... 311
xii SmartGrids
11.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters?........... 314
11.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation?........... 314
11.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids-the results.............. 317
11.5. Bibliography..................................
Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321
DidierLAFFAiLLE
12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids................. 321
12.1.1. Must R D expenditure be submitted to an
incentive mechanism?............................... 322
12.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids?...... 323
12.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs
and to what extent?................................. 323
12.1.4. Should cooperation be established?.................. 323
12.2. Regulation and economic models...................... 324
12.3. Evolution of the value chain......................... 326
12.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together?........ 326
12.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in
the value chain?................................... 328
12.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids........... 329
12.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the
deployment of SmartGrids within Europe?.................. 329
12.4.2. What variation is there in France?................... 331
12.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids.......... 333
12.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public
interest in their investment decisions?..................... 334
12.5.2. The Linky smart meter.......................... 334
12.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids?............. 337
12.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used
to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids?............ 337
12.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable
for the consumer?................................. 338
12.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate
the development of a SmartGrid system?.................... 338
12.6. The business models are yet to be created................. 339
12.7. The standardization of SmartGrids..................... 340
12.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently
developing the electrical system?........................ 340
12.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability
in SmartGrids?............................... 342
12.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for
SmartGrids in Europe?..................... 344
Table of Contents xiii
12.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue
for the European sector?.............................. 346
12.8. Conclusion................................... 347
12.9. Bibliography.................................. 348
List of Authors...................................... 351
Index............................................ 355
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illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:59:47Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781848212619 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024155870 |
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spelling | Smart grids ed. by Nouredine Hadjsaīd ... SmartGrids 1. publ. London [u.a.] Wiley 2012 XIX, 358 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 gnd rswk-swf Energieversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4631982-7 gnd rswk-swf Energieversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4631982-7 s Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 s DE-604 Hadjsaīd, Nouredine Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024155870&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Smart grids Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 gnd Energieversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4631982-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)7708028-2 (DE-588)4631982-7 |
title | Smart grids |
title_alt | SmartGrids |
title_auth | Smart grids |
title_exact_search | Smart grids |
title_full | Smart grids ed. by Nouredine Hadjsaīd ... |
title_fullStr | Smart grids ed. by Nouredine Hadjsaīd ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Smart grids ed. by Nouredine Hadjsaīd ... |
title_short | Smart grids |
title_sort | smart grids |
topic | Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 gnd Energieversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4631982-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Intelligentes Stromnetz Energieversorgungsnetz |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024155870&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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