Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | Bulgarian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Varna
Dangrafik-Varna
2010
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 191 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9789549418521 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804147963931394048 |
---|---|
adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ:
Предговор
/ 7
Глава
1.
ВАРНЕНСКИЯТ ХАЛКОЛИТЕН НЕКРОПОЛ
-
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ
ДАННИ И СОЦИАЛНО-ИКОНОМИЧЕСКИ КОНТЕКСТ (Владимир Славчев)
/ 9
1.1.
Културно-историческа обстановка в североизточната част на Балканския
полуостров през втората половина на
V
хил. пр. Хр.
/ 9
1.2.
Варненският неропол
/13
1.2.1.
История на проучването
/13
1.2.2.
Видове гробни съоръжения
/16
1.2.3.
Мястото на Варненския некропол сред паметниците на късния енеолит на
Балканите и неговото значение за европейската
праистория
/ 24
1.2.4.
Нови резултати и перспективи в изследването на находките
от Некропола
/ 28
1.2.5.
Нови насоки в интерпретацията на къснохалколитното общество
/ 29
1.3.
Съдбата на къснохалколитните общности, населявали Североизточните
Балкани
/31
Глава
2.
ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛНИ РЕЗУЛТАТИ ОТ АНАТОМИЧНОТО ПРОУЧВАНЕ
НА КОСТИТЕ ОТ ВАРНЕНСКИЯ ХАЛКОЛИТЕН НЕКРОПОЛ (ГРОБОВЕ
№ 1 - №
1
79)
(Георги Маринов)
/ 33
2.1.
Основни цели и задачи на проучването на костите от Варненския халколитен
некропол
/ 33
2.2.
Обща характеристика на погребенията, в които се откриха човешки кости
/ 36
2.3.
Възрастова и полова характеристика на погребаните в некропола
/ 36
2.4.
Положение на скелетите в гробовете
/ 39
2.4.1.
Скелети в изпънато положение
/ 43
2.4.2.
Скелети в сгънато положение
/ 48
2.4.3.
Разрушени скелети
/ 54
2.4.4.
Разрушени скелети със съмнения за ритуални действия върху трупа
или скелета
/ 54
2.5.
Някои резултати от антропологичното проучване на костите
/ 56
Глава
3.
ОБЩО ОПИСАНИЕ И КЛАСИФИКАЦИЯ НА ЗЛАТНИТЕ ПРЕДМЕТИ
ОТ ВАРНЕНСКИЯ ХАЛКОЛИТЕН НЕКРОПОЛ (Руси Русев, Йордан Бояджиев)
/ 58
3.1.
Общи характеристики на златните предмети
/ 58
3.2.
Класификация на предметите по вида на металообработката
/ 81
Глава
4.
СЪСТАВ, СТРУКТУРА И СВОЙСТВА НА ЗЛАТОТО ОТ ВАРНЕНСКИЯ
ХАЛКОЛИТЕН НЕКРОПОЛ (Руси Русев, Йордан Бояджиев)
/ 84
4.1.
Използвани сплави. Съпътствуващи легиращи елементи
/ 84
4.1.1.
Възможно ли е използваното злато за изработка на предметите от Варненския
халколитен некропол да е местно?
/ 84
4.1.2.
Химичен състав на златните предмети от Варненския халколитен
некропол
/ 87
4.2.
Равновесни диаграми на
Au-
Ag, Au-Cu, Ag-Cu
и
Au-Ag-
Cu.
Сплави и иденти¬
фициране на златните сплави, от които са изработени предметите
/ 93
4.2.1.
Фазова
диаграма
Au-Ag / 93
4.2.2.
Фазова
диаграма
Au-Cu. / 94
4.2.3.
Фазова
диаграма
Ag-Cu / 94
4.2.4.
Фазова
диаграма
Au-Ag-Cu / 95
4.3.
Фазов състав и плътност на сплавите
/ 96
4.3.1.
Методики на изследванията
/ 96
4.3.1
Л
.
Метод на рентгенов дифракционен фазов анализ
/ 96
4.3.1.2.
Метод за определяне на реалната плътност
с
измерване на обема и
масата
/ 98
4.3.1.3.
Комбиниран метод за определяне на елементния състав на еднофазна сплав
по плътността и параметъра на кристалната решетка.
/102
4.3.2.
Анализ на резултатите за химическия състав на сплавите от Варненския хал-
колитен некропол, получен от фазовия състав и плътността им.
/105
4.4.
Макро, микро
и субструктура на
златото от Варненския халколитен
некропол
/111
4.4.1.
Металографски анализ на уникални археологически метални находки
/112
4.4.1.1.
Макроструктурен и фрактографски анализ
/112
4.4.1.2.
Микроструктурен
анализ
/ 113
4.4.1.3.
Изготвяне на реплики
за микроструктурен
анализ
/114
4.4.1.4.
Микротвърдост на материалите
/114
4.4.2.
Структура на златните предмети от Варненския халколитен некропол от гру¬
пата на изковките
/114
4.4.3.
Структура на златните предмети от Варненския халколитен некропол от
групата на отливките
/117
4.4.4.
Структура на златните предмети от Варненския халколитен некропол от
групата на отливки
с
последваща пластична обработка (коване)
/119
Глава
5.
ВЪЗСТАНОВКА НА МЕТАЛООБРАБОТКАТА В ПРАИСТОРИЧЕСКА¬
ТА ЕПОХА (Руси Русев, Йордан Бояджиев)
/122
5.1.
Суровинни източници на златото
/122
5.1.1.
Рудни източници
/123
5.1.2.
Разсипно злато
/123
5.1.3.
Сравнителен анализ на качествата на златото от Варненския халколитен не¬
кропол
с
разсипното злато, събрано от поречията на Източна и Централна България
/124
5.2.
Металолеене на златото в праисторически условия
/134
5.2.1.
Формовъчни, сърцеви и огнеупорни материали
/135
5.2.2.
Примитивна технологична и инструментална екипировка
/ 138
5.2.3.
Леене на златото
/ 140
5.3.
Пластична обработка на златото в праисторически условия
/144
5.3.1.
Способи на пластична обработка
/ 144
5.3.2.
Примитивен инструментариум
/ 144
5.4.
Механична обработка
/146
5.4.1.
Видове обработки и операции. Инструменти и материали за механично
обработване
/146
5.4.2.
Възстановка на прилаганите примитивни методи на механично обработване
-
изрязване, пробиване, шлифоване, полиране
/148
Глава
6.
РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЕТАЛООБРАБОТКАТА, ЗАПОЧНАЛА ПО ВРЕ¬
МЕТО НА ПРАИСТОРИЧЕСКАТА „КУЛТУРА ВАРНА , В ПО-КЪСНИТЕ ЕПОХИ И
ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ (Руси Русев, Йордан Бояджиев)
/ 151
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
/161
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
/179
190
Abstract:
In
the middle of Vth century
ВС
people inhabiting the territory of the
Northwestern coast made intensive development. The most information-rich
and also the most famous monument, revealing the characteristics of our society
in the Late Chalcolithic, is the Varna necropolis, discovered by chance in the
autumn of
1972
when digging. For twenty years (from
1972
to
1991)
in an
area of
7500
m2 a
total of
312
graves were found.The graves can be divided
into two big groups
-
graves that contain human remains and those where the
human remainns are missing. Depending on the position of the open skeleton
the graves with human remains are divided into two subgroups
-
with a skeleton
in a stretched and a skeleton in a bent position. Bright stands the grave of
45-50
years old male (Grave
43),
where a great wealth of burial gifts was found, and
together with his body gold objects, weighing more than
1,5
kg, were buried in
the earth.
The gold objects, found in the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis, are
3078
(of which
2435
beads) and their total weight exceeds
6
kg. The weight and the
quantity of the gold finds from the Varna necropolis exceed several times the
same parameters for all synchronous objects of this precious metal found so
far in the world. The large number of copper objects
-
over
160,
as well as the
presence of several types of devices that do not occur elsewhere, give grounds
to assume that in the area around the nowdays Varna, a manufacturing center for
the processing of copper and gold, from which ready objects were distributed,
operated.
Placer gold or gold ore is the raw material source of the Chalcolithic gold
finds? During the Chalcolithic the most probable source was just the placer gold,
having in mind two factors: the gold-bearing nature of many rivers in Bulgaria and
the inability of people to mine gold in the Chalcolithic. Moreover, the structure
of the cast gold objects investigated contains some impurities which probably
remained in the casting, if powdered material (placer gold
)
was melted.
According to the results from the density measuremen, the gold finds from
the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis can be classified in
7
groups. On the basis of
the density measured, parameter of the crystal lattice of the objects and their
comparing with the materials of placer gold examined, the hypothesis that one of
the most likely sources of gold, of which the objects from the Varna Chalcolithic
necropolis were made, are the areas of
Stara Planina
(Luda Kamchia
River),
Central Forest (the tributaries of the river Tunja) and
Strandja-
Sakar,
can be
made.
The Gold objects from the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis have been
made by two main ways: by plastic deformation technics and by melting
of golden sands and casting in prepared in advance refractory forms. The
191
plastic processing
was done mostly in cold condition of the gold by free
forging and rolling. Thus gold sheet and wire were received, from which
further by cutting, drilling, grinding and other mechanical processes the final
forms of the objects were made. The cast objects required more experience
of the master. The casting was usually applied for pre-configuration of the
object and then plastic deformation or subsequent machining was applied.
Along with the most simple objects as a configuration, in the Varna Chalcolithic
necropolis objects with more complex shape and method of processing were also
found. Their making requires a larger amount of gold, acquired human skills
to heat and melt in special furnaces to temperatures above
11
00°C and cast it
in prepared in advance forms. The people who made these objects obviously
had enough experience, which means that before these objects they made others
alike. Furthermore, in the necropolis series of identical items with the same size
and shape, made with the same tools and routine were also found, i.e. with prior
preparation and use of special (albeit primitive) technological equipment. The
various copper and flint tools, concomitant the gold (axes, knives, chisels, etc..)
are no less unique than the gold itself.
The surveys of the Varna Necropolis complement the evidences for highly
technologically developed culture, imposing increasingly itself in the scientific
circles as the oldest human civilization (Varna civilization) in South-Eastern
Europe.
|
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author_GND | (DE-588)1013431685 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV039129422 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)739836386 (DE-599)BVBBV039129422 |
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era_facet | Vor- und Frühgeschichte |
format | Book |
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geographic | Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 gnd |
geographic_facet | Warna |
id | DE-604.BV039129422 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:59:36Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9789549418521 |
language | Bulgarian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024147806 |
oclc_num | 739836386 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 191 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | Dangrafik-Varna |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata Rusi Rusev ... Varna Dangrafik-Varna 2010 191 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sprache Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Archaeology Archäologie Metallbearbeitung (DE-588)4038872-4 gnd rswk-swf Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd rswk-swf Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 gnd rswk-swf Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 g Metallbearbeitung (DE-588)4038872-4 s Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte z DE-604 Rusev, Rusi Sonstige (DE-588)1013431685 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147806&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147806&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata Archaeology Archäologie Metallbearbeitung (DE-588)4038872-4 gnd Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4038872-4 (DE-588)4128496-3 (DE-588)4107573-0 |
title | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata |
title_auth | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata |
title_exact_search | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata |
title_full | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata Rusi Rusev ... |
title_fullStr | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata Rusi Rusev ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata Rusi Rusev ... |
title_short | Varna - praistoričeski centăr na metaloobrabotkata |
title_sort | varna praistoriceski centar na metaloobrabotkata |
topic | Archaeology Archäologie Metallbearbeitung (DE-588)4038872-4 gnd Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Archaeology Archäologie Metallbearbeitung Metallfund Warna |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147806&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147806&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT rusevrusi varnapraistoriceskicentarnametaloobrabotkata |