Seljak i zadruga u ravnici:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Novi Sad
Mediterran Publ.
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Academica
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Peasant and cooperative in the plains |
| Beschreibung: | 220 S. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788686689337 |
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PEASANT AND COOPERATIVE
IN THE PLAINS
(SUMMARY)
Sociology is the science that deals with modern societies, and that is
why rural sociology appeared exactly at the time when a global society,
through the processes of modernization, had been trying to integrate
peasant societies in the areas of economy (market), politics (citizen) and
way of life (spreading of urban way of life). These processes brought lots
of changes; Henry Mendras, Sreten
Vukosavljević
and other authors wrote
about them. A very important one was the change of the form of coopera¬
tion among farmes: while the traditional forms of cooperation started to
be less and less important, new forms appear. The most important among
these new forms was, no doubt, an agricultural cooperative.
With dissolving of the feudal order, peasants found themselves at the
market, where the main actors were big commercial companies, power¬
ful food industry and owners of large estates. The alternative to quick
decay seemed to be only long-term economic exploitation and indebt-
ness. Therefore, the only way out for peasantry, was and still is
-
forming
agricultural cooperatives.
Transformation of a relatively numerous stratum of peasantry into a
less numerous, but socially influential stratum of modern agruculturalists
(farmers) and development of cooperatives have been social processes
that support each other, and have been in a relationship we sometimes
call "a hen and an egg". That is why development of agricultural coopera¬
tives has been one of the indicators of the process of modernization of a
society.
Cooperatives have been a modern product, first to appear in developed
countries of the West. Cooperative movement, which started in England
in the middle of the 19th century, today is highly institutionalized. Inter¬
national Cooperative Alliance
(ICA),
establish in
1895,
has held over thir¬
ty meetings; it consists from over two hundred of national organizations,
with over
750
million members from ninety countries. Cooperatives in
218
Сељак
и задруга
з равници
rural areas (agricultural, farmers') have been an important factor of agri¬
culture in the most powerful societies. The first cooperatives among the
American farmers had been formed in the beginning of the 19th century;
cooperative movement flourished during the first two decades of the 20th
century. In the beginning of the third millennium, there were more that
three thousand farmers' cooperatives, with almost three million members.
Their turnover was over a hundred billion of dollars a year.
The agricultural and all the other rural cooperatives in the USA and the
EU
are based on private property. Land and machinery stay in possession
of farmers who, united in cooperatives, often organize small industrial
plants for food-processing (milk and meat, mostly). These industrial plants
work on clear capitalistic principles: the owners are farmers-members of
cooperatives, while employees work for wages. In
Danemark,
almost com¬
plete dairy and meat-processing industry is owned by cooperatives. Ag¬
ricultural cooperatives are means that can be used for increasing of total
social power of rural areas (economic, social and cultural resources).
The cooperative movement in Serbia has a long and respectable tradi¬
tion. During the last two decades of the 19th century, agricultural coop¬
eratives appeared both in the Kingdom of Serbia and in Northern Serbia
(Vojvodina). An
evolutionary development of agricultural cooperatives
was stopped after new political elite (communists) took the power after
the World War Two. The elite intended to create a completely new, differ¬
ent social system. The spontaneous cooperative movement in Serbia not
only completely destroyed, but also seriously compromised by forming
of quasi-cooperatives under state (party) control. While Western Europe
saw the process of "the end of peasantry" (Mendras), Southeastern Europe
witnessed
"Ле
twilight of peasantry" (Veselinov).
The break-up of socialist system
(1989)
brought changes in the area
of agricultural cooperatives, too. Lots of so-called "basic organizations
of cooperation", i.e. state-controlled cooperatives, managed to separate
themselves from large agricultural-industrial companies and to continue
their existence as cooperatives (this was best seen
Vojvodina).
At the same
time, a new laws on cooperatives were adopted
(1989, 1990
and
1996),
which enabled, for the first time after almost half a century, a formation
of cooperatives "bottom-up".
"Old" cooperatives, restored from big state companies, are the part of
socialist legacy. Mostly, they are really investment-oriented firms, not co¬
operatives; main actors in them are management and employees, while
members are marginalized and have the same rights as all the other part¬
ners. The transformation of "old" cooperatives into real cooperatives did
not succeded, because they have been investment-oriented firms with
Peasant and Coopetarive in the Plains
219
social (state) property. Few of them managed to transform into share¬
holders' companies; many of them failed completely and were sold. The
future of these cooperatives is uncertain.
"New" agricultural cooperatives, called aWprivate" cooperatives, have
been formed since
1990.
We can recognize two types.
The first type consists of those "new" cooperatives that are, in fact, just
a mask for private commercial companies. Membership in these coopera¬
tives is more or less formal, without serious influence and with the same
rights as all the other partners. A cooperative is controlled by a manager,
who acts as a private owner. If the announced law changes take place,
these "cooperatives" will be transformed into investment-oriented firms,
without the change of their social essence.
The second type is represented with real peasant cooperatives, where
the manager is elected by members, and not the other way round. Num¬
ber of partners is smaller; members mutually cooperate a lot. There is no
doubt that these cooperatives are able to enlarge economic, social and
cultural capital of rural communities. Their existence represents a hope
that it is possible to build a strong system of agricultural cooperatives in
Serbia, which could contribute to integral rural development.
The fact that in socialist Yugoslavia the political elite gave up the at¬
tempt to collectivize agriculture
(1953)
enabled the Serbian peasantry to
preserve its entrepreneurial spirit. Although the modernization of peasant
agriculture was limited (the existence of "agrarian maximum"; for many
years
pesants
could not buy agricultural machinery; no social security
and health insurance for peasants; exploitation of pesantry by socialist
companies, etc), the Serbian peasants stayed the owners of their estates
and were forced to think as owners, managers and entrepreneurs, and
not only as workers. Differently, their counterparts in the other European
socialist countries with completely collectivized agriculture (here we pre¬
sented the case of Romania) were transformed into workers of kolkhoz,
who did not think any more in the way peasants do, but tried to work as
less as less possible and wait for their guaranteed (small) wages. Among
other things, the entrepreneurial spirit of peasantry in these societies was
seriously harmed: as kolkhoz workers, they were not in situation to make
any decisions and to take a risk of any kind
-
others (state representa¬
tives) thought for them and make decisions for them.
This difference appeared to be a very important one in the period after
the break-up of "hard" communism
(1989).
In the extremely difficult so¬
cial circumstances (wars, UN sanctions, inflation, NATO aggression, etc),
the preserved entrepreneurial spirit of the Serbian peasantry contributed
a lot to the survival of the Serbian society during the last decade of the
220
Сељак
и задруга
з равници
20lh century. Big and medium peasant estates of today, together with re¬
newal of cooperative movement, can be seen both as a result and expres¬
sion of the entrepreneurial spirit of the Serbian peasantry.
This entrepreneurial spirit of peasantry, peasantry that transforms more
and more into modern agriculturalists, should be seen as resource, as a
form of cultural capital in rural areas. This sort of cultural capital seems
(with cooperative movement as one of its results) extremely important
in the era of globalization, when small agricultural producers have been
confronted with large multinational companies that control both agricul¬
tural input production and the market of agricultural products.
However, the fact that there are still "old" agricultural cooperatives in
Serbia, as well as "new" cooperatives of the first type, tells us that our agri¬
cultural cooperatives are not the same as those in the developed western
societies. Although the Serbian peasantry has been much more modern¬
ized than peasantry in the societies that had collectivized agriculture, it
still has lots of "real" peasants. If we add the appearance of a number of
large capitalist estates (especially in
Vojvodina),
could we then say that the
Serbian society is not becoming a modern society, but a peripheral one, a
society with weak middle strata, a society of big social differences, a soci¬
ety with permanent and, occasionally, sharp and open conflicts, a society
of "permanent transition"? If this is the case, is it an inevitable process or
this process can be stropped and re-directed? Although social actors (let
us here recall a thought of a famous social scientist) create history only
in the given circumstances, they still create it and they are responsible for
the future of the society they are members of. This is even more
impor¬
tante
because the outsiders (in the relation to a given society
-
in out case
the Serbian one), contrary to the official proclamations, have been trying
to form their surrounding according to their needs, paying no attention
at all to other societies' interest. In other words, our survival, apart from
being in God's hands, mainly depends on us and on our deeds.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
САДРЖАЈ
ПРЕДГОВОР
11
ПОСТСОЦИЈАЛИСТИЧКА
ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ,
ДРУШТВЕНА СТРУКТУРА И
ЗЕМЉОРАДНИЧКЕ
ЗАДРУГЕ
13
HACTAHAK
И
ДАНАШЊЕ СТАЊЕ
ЗАДРУЖНОГ ПОКРЕТА
33
НЕКИ
ОСНОВНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАДРУГАРСТВА
45
ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНЕ
ЗАДРУГЕ У САД И ЕУ
61
ЗЕМЉОРАДНИЧКЕ
ЗАДРУГЕ КОД НАС
81
КОЛЕКТИВИЗАЦИЈА
И
„ПОДРУШТВЉАВАЊЕ"
ПОЉОПРИВРЕДЕ
KAO
ОБЛИЦИ
ПОДРЖАВЉЕЊА
ЗЕМЉОРАДНИЧКИХ
ЗАДРУГА
103
ЗЕМЉОРАДНИЧКЕ
ЗАДРУГЕ У
ВОЈВОДИНИ:
ШТА
СЕ ПРОМЕНИЛО
123
ПРАВО
И ЗАДРУГЕ
169
СЛОМ КОЛЕКТИВИЗОВАНЕ
ПОЉОПРИВРЕДЕ
И ЗАДРУГАРСТВО
183
СЕЉАШТВО,
ЗАДРУГЕ И ОПСТАНАК ДРУШТВА
201
БИБЛИОГРАФИЈА
207
PEASANT AND COOPERATIVE IN THE PLAINS
217 |
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| spelling | Šljukić, Srđan Verfasser aut Seljak i zadruga u ravnici Srđan Šljukić Novi Sad Mediterran Publ. 2009 220 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Academica 9 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Peasant and cooperative in the plains Wirtschaft Landwirtschaftsgenossenschaft (DE-588)4073997-1 gnd rswk-swf Serbia / Economic conditions Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Landwirtschaftsgenossenschaft (DE-588)4073997-1 s DE-604 Biblioteka Academica 9 (DE-604)BV036085214 9 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147315&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147315&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šljukić, Srđan Seljak i zadruga u ravnici Biblioteka Academica Wirtschaft Landwirtschaftsgenossenschaft (DE-588)4073997-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073997-1 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici |
| title_auth | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici |
| title_exact_search | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici |
| title_full | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici Srđan Šljukić |
| title_fullStr | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici Srđan Šljukić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici Srđan Šljukić |
| title_short | Seljak i zadruga u ravnici |
| title_sort | seljak i zadruga u ravnici |
| topic | Wirtschaft Landwirtschaftsgenossenschaft (DE-588)4073997-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Landwirtschaftsgenossenschaft Serbia / Economic conditions Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147315&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024147315&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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