Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v.: [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"]
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
"Indrik"
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. |
| Beschreibung: | 402 S., [4] Bl. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785916741155 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. |b [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] |c I. E. Zajceva, T. G. Saračeva |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b "Indrik" |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 402 S., [4] Bl. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PST: Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Saračeva, Tatʹjana Grigorʹevna |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Оглавление
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
ГЛАВА
1.
История изучения археологических памятников и ювелирного дела «Земли вятичей».
Общая характеристика источника
1.1.
Археологическое изучение курганных древностей вятичей
. 11
1.2.
Города северо-восточной части Черниговского княжества
в письменных источниках и исторических исследованиях
. 11
1.3.
Археологическое исследование городов северо-востока Черниговского княжества
. 16
1.4.
История изучения ювелирного дела «Земли вятичей»
. 22
1.5.
Общая характеристика источника
. 27
ГЛАВА
2.
Производственные комплексы и обработка цветных металлов
2.1.
Комплексы и находки Серенска
. 35
2.1.1.
Детинец
. 35
2.1.2.
Окольный город
. 65
2.2.
Слободка. Обработка цветных металлов
. 66
2.3.
Спас-Городок. Обработка цветных металлов
. 67
2.4.
Цветная металлообработка в других городах «Земли вятичей»
. 70
2.5.
Свидетельства ювелирного дела на сельских поселениях «Земли вятичей»
. 72
ГЛАВА
3.
Инструментарий ювелиров
3.1.
Особенности изучения ювелирных инструментов
. 77
3.2.
Приспособления для плавки металла и литья
. 77
3.2.1.
Тигли
. 77
3.2.2.
Литейные формы
. 78
3.2.3.
Модели для изготовления литейных форм
. 89
3.3.
Инструменты для механической обработки металла
. 94
3.4.
Инструменты для нанесения декора и окончательной отделки поверхности изделий
. 104
ГЛАВА
4.
Химический состав металла ювелирных изделий
4.1.
Подготовка аналитических данных и основные задачи исследования
. 111
4.2.
Автоматическая классификация объектов
. 112
4.3.
Классификация объектов по заранее определенным параметрам
. 115
4.4.
Общее и особенное в цветном металле городской и курганной выборок вятичей
. 125
4.5.
Металл «Земли вятичей» в контексте металлов и сплавов окружающих территорий
. 126
ГЛАВА
5.
Технология изготовления ювелирных изделий
5.1.
Общие сведения о приемах цветной металлообработки
. 129
g
Оглавление
5.2.
Методы исследования
. 130
5.2.1.
Трассологическое изучение
. 131
5.2.2.
Микроструктурное изучение и технологические схемы изготовления украшений
. 144
5.2.3.
Соотношение технологических схем с типами сплавов
. 151
5.3.
Технология исполнения декора
. 158
5.4.
Технология обработки поверхности изделий
. 159
5.5.
Особенности технологии изготовления различных категорий ювелирных изделий
. 163
5.5.1.
Головные украшения
. 163
5.5.2.
Шейные украшения
. 185
5.5.3.
Украшения рук
. 209
5.5.4.
Детали одежды и поясная гарнитура
. 245
5.5.5.
Накладки
. 252
5.5.6.
Предметы личного благочестия и церковная утварь
. 253
5.5.7.
Предметы вооружения
. 261
5.5.8.
Бытовые предметы
. 262
5.6.
Особенности приемов вятичской металлообработки и динамика
их использования
. 263
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ.
Общее и особенное в развитии ювелирного дела на городских
и сельских памятниках «Земли вятичей». Предполагаемые пути движения
изделий от изготовителя к потребителю
. 267
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
Приложение
1.
Литейные формы Серенска
. 277
Приложение
2.
Результаты анализа химического состава металла находок
с вятичской территории
. 301
Приложение
3.
Результаты микроструктурного изучения ювелирных изделий
. 325
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 381
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
. 397
SUMMARY
. 399
Summary.
Jeweller's craft of the «Land of Vyatichi»
in the second half of the
11™ — 13™
centuries
Jewelleries by right can be considered as one of the
brightest manifestations of material culture of ancient
epochs. They give impression both about artistic traditions and aes¬
thetic tastes of consumers and about mastership and professional
skills of craftsmen-jewellers. In the end of the 19th cent., female
adornments known from Ancient Russian burial mounds together
with some details of burial rites made it possible for
A.A.
Spitsyn to
identify settlement areas of East Slavic tribes which corresponded
to the data of chronicles. On the base of temporal seven-lobe rings
and lattice finger rings, he described the borders of settlement of
Vyatichi (Spitsyn,
1899).
Bright and relatively rich burial stock of burial mounds of Vy¬
atichi attracted attention of historians and archaeologists rather
early. By now, they have excavated more than
3 000
burial com¬
plexes and the quantity of adornments found there has exceeded
10 000 —
and it is growing with every field season. Beside burial
monuments, in the "Land of Vyatichi" they researched a lot of set¬
tlements of the Ancient Russian period. On some of then they reg¬
istered evidences of nonferrous metal working.
Among all the monuments a special place is taken by Ser-
ensk
—
a small ancient settlement in the basin of the Upper Oka
River. The abundance and variety of findings there surprise and
demand an explanation. The cultural layer of the fortified part of
Serensk (Detinets) takes
2.5
hectare and is full of iron common
life objects, agricultural tools, fragments of armaments and ar¬
mours, pieces of glass bracelets (more than
8 000
pieces are col¬
lected), nonferrous metals items (about
2 000
objects). Among the
latter ones, adornments dominate which are typical for the Vyat¬
ichi dress, i.e. similar to those found in burial mounds.
In the settlement they found remnants of nonferrous and fer¬
rous metal working: production constructions, tools, waste mate¬
rial, rejects and raw materials. Many years of archaeological re¬
searches put a small and lost in the woods settlement of Serensk
in a row with the biggest Ancient Russian towns with developed
crafts. It gives a possibility to consider it as one of the sites of pro¬
duction of metal adornments of the Vyatichi circle of antiquities.
Materials of two other settlements with evidences of nonferrous
metal working situated not fat from Serensk
—
Slobodka and Spas-
Gorodok
—
allow to make a comparative analysis of the develop¬
ment of jewellery production in various centers and to describe
peculiarities of each monument.
In spite of the fact that jewelleries of Vyatichi attracted at¬
tention of researches as early as in the first half of the 19th cent.,
the most part of publications covers morphology, typology and
chronology of adornments. Those extremely rich collections have
not been put under mass technological and chemical analyses yet,
though the necessity of them was obvious for long.
A circle of issues set by us covers both technological and cul¬
tural historical problems. The main task is a detailed and overall
consideration of the jewellery production existed in town centers
of the "Land of Vyatichi"
—
Serensk, Slobodka and Spas-Gorodok,
an integrated morphological and technological examination of
finished products by town and countryside jewelers as well as a
comparative historical analysis of town and countryside materials.
The main directions of the research are the following:
1)
analysis of archaeologically known production workshops,
remnants of raw materials as well as rejects and unfinished objects
found in settlements;
2)
examination of universal and specialized jewellery tools
and devices through traces of technological treatments on ready
products and on the base of those objects found in excavations;
3)
characteristic of metals and alloys available for the Vyatichi
jewelers and identifying the ways of the supply of raw materials;
4)
reconstruction of jewellery technologies
,
methods of metal
working and the dynamic of their usage;
5)
consideration of issues of organization of the jewellery
craft of various levels in Ancient Russia.
Carrying out of such research became possible thanks to a
wide implementation of natural-science methods of analyses of
Ancient alloys and technologies of production into archaeology.
The main methods of the study are the following: X-ray fluorescent
and optic-emissive spectral, trace and
microstructure
analyses of
findings. Studying of other big town centers of Ancient Russia ful¬
filled on the base of the same methods give a chance to compare the
received results and evaluate the craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" as
an integral part of the Ancient Russian jewellery business.
The research consists of an introduction,
5
chapters, a conclu¬
sion,
3
attachments,
43
tables and
181
illustrations.
In the chapter
1
we consider the archaeological studying of an¬
tiquities from burial mounds of Vyatichi and towns of the north-east
of the Princedom of Chernigov, the history of studying of the Ancient
Russian jeweller's craft in a whole and in the "Land of Vyatichi" par¬
ticularly and we give a general characteristic of the sources.
The examined collection of items from burial mounds consists
of
1870
objects. It includes all the variety of metal adornments of Vy¬
atichi classified in
13
categories. In the material from burial mounds
temporal rings dominate. There is a significant quantity of finger
rings; as for pendants and bracelets, they are more or less equal in
number. The reliable chronology of burial complexes of Vyatichi al¬
lows to trace the main courses of development of the Vyatichi metal
ornaments through a long period of time. One adornments were
used from the second half of the 11th till the middle of the 13th cent.,
others have narrower periods. But even those types of products
which had existed for long, were frequently changed
—
evidently,
according the tastes of consumers and the fashion trends.
There are
1400
examined objects found in towns. In the set¬
tlement of Serensk (the fortified settlement and the surrounding
town) they found
1280
finished objects and their fragments (we
do not take into account bronze instruments, scraps of plates and
fragments of metal vessels). Bracelets, finger rings and temporal
rings dominate in the selection (more than
70%).
In the settlement
of Slobodka they found
63
objects of precious and nonferrous met¬
als not counting fragments of metal vessels, metal splashes and
drops. Taking into account the distribution of findings on a square
meter of the excavated place, we may conclude that it is
34
times
less than in Serensk.
400
Summary
In Spas-Gorodok they collected
48
objects of precious and
nonferrous metals not counting instruments, fragments of plates
and vessels and scraps of sheet copper as well as silver payment
Grivna in the shape of a stick. On a square meter of the excavated
place there were
4.4
times less findings as in Serensk and
7.6
times
more than in Slobodka.
The comparative historical analysis of findings from settle¬
ments and burial monuments allows to consider thoroughly the
jeweller's art of Vyatichi as a whole and integral system. Town ma¬
terials provided a valuable source for studying the jewellery pro¬
duction, and serial findings in burial mounds allowed to trace the
dynamic of usage of technological methods through two centuries.
Thanks to a broad involvement of various material, we can char¬
acterize production complexes, tools, raw materials of jewelers,
waste materials and ready products, i.e. jewelleries.
The chapter
2
offers a characteristic of nonferrous metal-
working production complexes. Jewellery workshops and single
findings of production type were found during the excavations at
20
sites on the territory. At that, the developed jewellery produc¬
tion was registered in two towns only which were very different
in their significance: in a small and lost in the woods fortress of
Serensk and in the capital of the Princedom of Ryazan'
—
Ancient
Ryazan'.
In the fortified settlement of Serensk three workshops are
examined where jewellery works took place. Findings connected
to the jewellery production were made also on the territory of the
surrounding town, but they were single and did not form any com¬
plexes. To demonstrate a level of development of the workshops of
Serensk, let's examine one of the complexes of the first half of the
ІЗ"1
cent.
The complex
1
took place on the site of about
750
m2. Rem¬
nants of six constructions were registered there. In one of them
there was a production forge, in three others there were furnaces
and findings connected to the craft activity. The analysis of ma¬
terials from the complex
1
allows to say about a diversified char¬
acter of the workshop. They worked there with all the spectrum
of metals: from black to precious ones. Beside adornments, they
produced locks and keys, pieces of armaments and armours.
On the territory of the workshop they collected numerous
jewellery tools: a miniature anvil
—
stuffer warp,
20
bronze cast
matrixes for stamping various objects of female dress: Kolts (An¬
cient Russian pendants for headdress, placed near temples), pen¬
dants, beads etc. Two more matrixes were found just near the site
of the workshop.
In the workshop there were
6
chisels, miniature iron spring
scissors, a bow drill,
4
blades,
2
soldering irons, a crossbar, a
grinder,
4
jewellery vices with L-shaped jaws and
a pincer
with flat
jaws, a complete cone-shaped capsule with round bottom,
3
flaps
of slate casting moulds one of which was in the construction where
the forge was. A half of the second flap of the same mould was
found among materials of the "stock".
Raw materials. Three small pieces of silver of irregular shape
and pieces of lead were found. Single small fragments of silver
were spread unsystematically on all the territory of the workshop.
A fragments of a thick plate and fractions of candlesticks as well as
numerous scraps of wire and
13
samples of cast rod of various sec¬
tion,
2
small bundle of narrow
(1.5
mm) band of nonferrous metal,
pieces of spiral plaits of
2, 3
and even
2x4
and
3x3
wires (more
than
70
objects), fragments of metal adornments can be character¬
ized as raw materials.
On the territory of the workshop, both in its constructions and
out oa them, they found numerous fragments of copper plates of
cut vessels (more than
100
samples). They were no concentrated
in one place but spread overall the site. Beside shapeless pieces,
there are many plates of regular geometrical shapes. They were,
perhaps, cur purposefully for further reworking.
Products. Craftsmen of the workshop made adornments of
silver and bronze. A finding of four gold objects near one of the
constructions (a destroyed hidden treasure?) has obvious con¬
nection to the workshop. On the territory of the workshop they
found several silver adornments, evidently, produced there. Beside
silver, masters worked with more democratic bronze. They made
bracelets, finger rings, pendants and temporal rings. Production
of twisted wire bracelets was of the largest scale.
So, jewelers of a big diversified workshop specialized in pro¬
duction of adornments of the princes' circle and for common citi¬
zens as well as for local countryside population. Almost complete
absence of rejects testifies masters' regard for raw materials and
remelting of abortive objects.
The complex
1
functioned in the first half of the 13th cent.;
it was destroyed by fire. Later there were utility structures on its
place. In Serensk they examined also a workshop of the second
half of the 13th cent. Its materials are of special importance be¬
cause they provide a chance to trace a continuity of the jewellery
production in one centre through a long period of time. If pro¬
duction complexes of Serensk of the pre-Mongolian period were
diversified, that workshop was a specialized one. The central place
in its activity was taken by production of twisted and cast bracelets
and, perhaps, encolpion crosses.
A detailed observation of material from the workshops of Se¬
rensk allows us to say that the town was a big centre of jewellery
production. Studying of the complex of materials connected to
nonferrous metal working in Slobodka and Spas-Gorodok led us to
the conclusion about a modest scale of production there. The main
part of adornments was taken to Slobodka from other places. The
assortment of objects found on the site is typical for the antiqui¬
ties of Vyatichi. On the territory of Spas-Gorodok they excavated a
complex specialized in ferrous and nonferrous metalworking.
The developed jewellery production existed in the capital of
the Princedom of Ryazan'. In the town of Ancient Ryazan' they
excavated bright complexes specialized in nonferrous and pre¬
cious metal working of the pre-Mongolian period. In other towns
of Vyatichi evidences of nonferrous metalworking are more mod¬
est. Single findings of tools, rejects, waste materials connected to
adornments production were also found in the countryside but no
production complexes were found.
The analysis of archaeological evidences of nonferrous metal¬
working in towns and rural settlements of the 'Land of Vyatichi"
proves that the jeweller's art was not a right of town craftsmen only.
Obvious evidences of production of the Vyatichi adornments were
nor registered even in towns where the jewellery workshops had
been excavated. An exclusion is in materials of Serensk; its masters
served, obviously, not only to the dwellers of the fortress. Among
theirs products there is a large percentage of adornments rather
similar to those found in burial mounds. It is out of question that
Serensk was not the only centre of production of the Vyatichi adorn¬
ments, at least, because many characteristic types of products had
been formed several decades before the laying of the fortress.
We should take into account the fact that the most part of
adornments of the Vyatichi circle were casted in clay forms or made
of wire workpieces. Clay forms on the territory of Ancient Russia
are known as single findings, that is why we can hardly wait for
finding of such forms for the Vyatichi adornments. Indisputable
testimonies of production are still jewellery tools, rejects and half-
finished products excavated in settlements in the context of other
findings of production character. There is an obvious necessity of
a thorough analysis of such evidences of nonferrous metalworking
while they will be received further.
Summary
401
In the chapter
3
we observe tools of the Vyatichi craftsmen
both found in the process of excavations in settlements and recon¬
structed on the base of traces of technological methods on finished
products. They can be classified into three big groups: devices for
melting and casting metal; tools for mechanical treatment prod¬
ucts; instruments for setting decoration and final polishing.
A detailed analysis of jewellery tools used by town and rural
jewelers of the "Land of Vyatichi" proves that rural craftsmen used
devices designed, first of all, for making mass products with sim¬
ple technologies. The most part of objects were cast. Masters pre¬
ferred cast forms of primitive construction: plastic split-face and
one-piece ones without sledge pin. There was an obvious tendency
of countryside jewelers to use the most optimal and simplified
production technology and to make serial products. Particularly,
it was based on creation of cast forms on the impression of mod¬
els, that allowed to produce a number of similar castings. Masters
rarely used rasp-files and abrasive materials to take away produc¬
tion defects which stayed usually on ready objects.
The level of mastership of jewelers working in Slobodka and
Spas-Gorodok, their general tendency of work were not far from
those of rural craftsmen: they also produced mainly standard
goods with simple technology. Serensk stood out against a back¬
ground. Jewellery tools found in it is various. We can declare for
certain that the collection of jewellery tools excavated in Serensk is
one of the biggest one in the territory of Ancient Russia. Beside de¬
vices for production of non-expensive objects for mass consumers,
there are specialized jewellery instruments designed for exquisite
and qualified works in the technologies of smithery, chasing and
stamping; they could be used for creation adornments on the level
of precious hidden treasures.
The chapter
4
covers the studies in the chemical compositions
of nonferrous metals. The database of the Vyatichi adornments with
known composition of metals includes
667
items now. Analyses were
made with different methods in different labs. Comparative study¬
ing of findings from Serensk, Spas-Gorodok and burial mounds of
Vyatichi shown an obvious similarity of variants of alloys used by
town and rural jewelers of the region. It proves the existence of the
general jewellery tradition characterized with a broad usage of tin
and tin-lead bronzes. A difference is marked in the concentration
of foundry alloy. In town selection the most typical is an alloy with
1-10%
of tin and
0.5-2%
of lead. The most part of ornaments of the
Vyatichi circle was made of it: lattice finger rings, twisted bracelets
of wire, seven-blades temporal rings as well as adornments of gen¬
eral Russian type: plate bracelets, ball-shaped small bells and so on.
Beside broad usage of tin-lead bronze with a small percentage of
foundry alloys, in Serensk they made ornaments of "pure' copper
and tin bronze with a percentage of lead less than
0.5%.
A favorite alloy of jewelers of Serensk has direct analogies in
material of burial mounds, so, we can speak about Serensk as one
of centers of production of the Vyatichi adornments whose con¬
sumers were also among countryside population.
While jewellers of Serensk preferred low-tin bronzes, rural
masters actively used alloys with middle or high percentage of tin
for similar objects. They fitted for production of adornments but
they were not universal from the technological point of view.
Material used by jewelers of Serensk looks more "pure" in com¬
parison to the selection from burial mounds. Double alloys were
perform in higher percentage in the town massive. Multi-compo¬
nent alloys take a big place in materials from burial mounds but
they almost were not performed in pre-Mongolian town layers. An
analysis of all those materials allows us to consider that jewelers of
Serensk used mainly raw materials for production of adornments.
There were copper vessels specially cut into plates of regular geo¬
metrical shapes handy for further working, ingots of
25%
tin bronze
and ingots of lead. Narrow frames of receipts and a small quantity
of objects made of alloys of other compositions testify that masters
rarely used broken pieces or objects out of fashion as raw material.
Repeated traces of remelting were found in the process of the
statistic analysis of the selection of material from burial mounds.
The brightest example is a group of alloys on the base of copper
with low percentage of precious metals the presence of which is
hardly be explained from the technological point of view. In Se¬
rensk that group was not found as well as tin-zinc bronze. It is
frequently performed in places where masters used mixture of
broken ornaments of different composition as a rule: bronze and
brass ones. Rural masters, perhaps, had no constant possibility to
receive fresh and rather "pure" raw material, and used metal circu¬
lated in their circle numerously.
In the chapter
5
we examine the technology of jewellery
production. It consists of
thee
main cycles: shaping, decorating
and final polishing. A source for studying the technology of Vy¬
atichi was a selection of finished objects, half-finished products
and workpieces as well as rejects (more than
3270
objects). The
selection was observed to identify obvious traces (macrosigns) of
technological methods and instruments as well as production de¬
fects. In the cases where it was possible and necessary the micro-
structural analysis was made.
163
objects were examined in the
laboratory of structural analysis of the Department of Archaeol¬
ogy of the Moscow State University under
tlie
supervision of Ph.D.
in history Professor N.V. Ryndina.
Studying the technology of jewellery production proved that
the Vyatichi jewelers used a number of methods of metal working:
various types of casting and pressure treatment, such as smithery,
wire drawing, stamping, twisting, flexure, assembly, decorating,
grinding and polishing of surface. Choosing of a certain method
was defined, first of all, with a shape of a piece of jewellery which
varied constantly. The main trends of the morphological develop¬
ment of ornaments were the following: complication of shape and
ornamentation, enhancing of decorative elements, their additional
patterns, lightness thanks to popularity of openwork decoration,
twisting and plaiting. The jewellery production technology was
the most conservative. A technological scheme once worked out
was used later without significant changes in spite of the transfor¬
mation of shape.
In the second half of the ll"1
—
the beginning of the 12th cent.,
adornments simple in their morphology dominated in the metal
ornaments of Vyatichi. There were wire temporal rings, simple
wire neck, finger rings and bracelets, plate straight finger rings
and plate bracelets. Choice and forming out rational technologi¬
cal schemes of production many adornments were characteristic
features of the development if metal working of that period.
In the 12th cent., the assortment of ornaments grown. Novel¬
ties included chain-like adornments of rounded links,
bipyramidal
beads, bottle-shaped pendants, plaited and plate neckrings, plait¬
ed and pseudoplaited finger rings and onlays. A quantity of objects
of complicated shape increased. There were blade temporal rings,
twisted neckrings, pseudotwisted, plate and faceplate finger rings.
At the same time, a quantity of pendants decreased. In nonferrous
metalworking some technological methods were simplified, for
instance, a quantity of products demanding final polishing after
casting decreased, they used carved and assembled wax models
more rarely. Smithery and stamping used more often, it could be
concluded because a percent of objects produced with those meth¬
ods obviously increased. Masters often used soldering to connect
components and they improved method of twisting.
In the first half of the 13th cent., the assortment of the or¬
naments of Vyatichi became less various: pierced objects, many
types of pendants, neckrings, finger rings, buttons, belt fittings
402
Summary
and beads went out of usage. Adornments complicated in their
morphology were still in demand: blade rings, plate and faceplate
finger rings, twisted neckrings and bracelets. Temporal rings and
bracelets stayed the only types of adornments which did not de¬
crease in their assortment. The technology of metalworking of
that period did not pass through significant changes. Some novel¬
ties could be observed in methods of decorating and final polishing
of surface: they used glass inlays in bracelets more often, gilded
jewelleries appeared.
Casting technologies dominated through all period of exist¬
ence of the antiquities of Vyatichi. It reached a high level as early
as in the second half of the
11* -
the beginning of the 12th cent.
Masters could produce not only flat monolithic items but solid hol¬
low ones, which demanded high skills and mastership in casting.
The assortment and shape of composite objects were the most di¬
verse. They made adornments with ready decoration with casting.
Additional working of such objects was minimal. Cast ornaments
were finished with smithery and flexure. The assortment of those
objects partly repeated that one of adornments completely made
with casting, but jewelleries worked additionally after casting
were not numerous.
Shaping smithery and stamping was used more rarely
—
in
production jewelleries for burial adornments. Although, tech¬
nological studying of jewelleries from Serensk proved that local
masters used a lot of types of smithery in their production: free
smithery on hard and soft anvils, smithery in forms (on an anvil
with a flute, for instance), drawing out and upset forging. They
knew such methods as drilling holes and soldering. A large scale
of smithery methods in jewellery production differs Serensk from
rural Vyatichi materials. The growth of the percentage of forged
items in the
13"' —
14th centuries in comparison to the previous
hundred of years was marked by
E.V.
Koroleva on the base of the
Pskov material.
Deforming methods were usually made in a cold state, hot
treatment registered in single cases. Many adornments were
shaped of wire. To produce it, they drew it metal with specialized
tools; that method provided workpieces of higher quality than
those made with smithery. The cross section of wire was various,
but the most popular was round one. Masters were able to produce
wire of various diameters: from some tenths of mm up to
3-4
mm.
Wire workpieces were transformed into various ornaments, some¬
times, rather complicated in morphology, with simple methods of
plastic deformation.
There was a solid link between the technology of production
and morphological group of objects. The same technology could
be used in production of several types of adornments: finger rings,
bracelets, necklaces. One technological scheme was used in produc¬
tion of blade temporal rings, latticed finger rings, twisted and plate
necklaces, belt rings and buttons. Keeping certain standards was
typical for production of medieval goods in the whole. The brightest
example could be blade temporal rings. Rings of similar shape and
size made with one and the same technological method were found
in monuments situated far from each other. They show the longing
of master for the most exact copying of a certain sample.
Choosing of the way of decorating of objects depended on the
production technology. Metal objects were decorated mainly with
burins and a tooth gear. Additional working of surface of jewel¬
leries was minimal; there are often traces of production defects on
finished objects. Surface of a few objects was covered with silver
amalgam; there are much more tinned items. That method of tin¬
ning objects of alloys on the base of copper made them look like
silver ones. The same appearance could be seen in objects casted of
bronze with high percentage of tin in the alloy. The Vyatichi jewel¬
ers put covering on different stages of production: before shaping
(objects of wire) or in the final stages (cast or forged items). They
used several methods of tinning. Some articles were covered on
selected parts only while unseen components were lest without
covering for the sake of economy of tin. In the second half of the
ll"1
—
the beginning of the 12th cent., the Vyatichi jewelers mas¬
tered methods of tinning and defined types of objects for it.
Tinned items differ from bronze ones with brighter colour.
They played, perhaps, the same role as silver ornaments in metal
adornments of town women.
In the first half of the 13th cent., the jewellery workshops of Se¬
rensk produced adornments for festive dress of rich town females:
silver Kolts and faceplate finger rings with niello. Three-bead tem¬
poral rings and, evidently, hinged bracelets. Among town adorn¬
ments there were bracelets of cast rod of various cross sections.
An interesting input of local jewelers to the assortment of Ancient
Russian adornments was creation of cast bracelets with relief or¬
namentation and rows of small rings along their long sides. Those
bracelets united a Finno-Ugric tradition of sounding adornments
and Ancient Russian fashion for hinged and plate bracelets with
herbal ornaments. Another original invention of local jewelers was
a model of salient oval pendants decorated with rather big balls.
For countryside customers town jewelers made lattice finger
rings, bead and blade temporal rings, coin-shaped and cross-
shaped pendants, small crosses and other items. But the most mass
production was manufacturing of twisted and plaited wire brace¬
lets. In the town workshops they kept a complete cycle of bracelets
production: from drawing wire to final polishing.
For the jewellery technology of Vyatichi it was typical to use
methods providing a lot of standard objects. First of all, there were
cast objects and articles of wire. They are bright examples of mass
production, sometime, of rather low quality, designed for the de¬
mands of a broad market. Evidences of nonferrous metalworking
in the countryside prove that a part of adornments found in burial
mounds could be produced by local craftsmen. But it is more likely
that the main volume of ornaments came to countryside population
from the town workshops. On the territory of the "Land of Vyat¬
ichi" they found several series of objects made in one and the same
workshop in different groups of burial mounds at the distance of
12-15
km one from another. Numerous findings of adornments
with defects lead us to the conclusion that contacts of manufactur¬
ers with consumers were not direct, for instance, through special
wandering truck sellers who visited villages. Such method of dis¬
tribution of truck is well-known from the ethnographic sources of
the 19th cent.
The problem of the reconstruction of the ways of delivery of
jewelleries to the Ancient Russian countryside stimulates an is¬
sue of the place of their production. The examined adornments
have their peculiar features typical for town free and manor craft:
standard products, their characteristics as goods, optimal tech¬
nologies of production. Besides, in town there were the same types
of ornaments as those found in burial mounds. Adornments simi¬
lar in shape went from town workshops both to the town market
and to a broader zone. It seems rather possible that the production
of mass jewelleries was not an additional source of money for town
jewelers but a purposeful work on the demand of the owner of a
workshop who organized their distribution. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zajceva, Irina E. 1966- Saračeva, Tatʹjana Grigorʹevna |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1013200225 (DE-588)1013216717 |
| author_facet | Zajceva, Irina E. 1966- Saračeva, Tatʹjana Grigorʹevna |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Zajceva, Irina E. 1966- |
| author_variant | i e z ie iez t g s tg tgs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039111365 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)745482856 (DE-599)BVBBV039111365 |
| era | Geschichte 1000-1300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1000-1300 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4016928-5 Festschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Festschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV039111365 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-24T01:00:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785916741155 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022654988 |
| oclc_num | 745482856 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 402 S., [4] Bl. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | "Indrik" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zajceva, Irina E. 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1013200225 aut Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] I. E. Zajceva, T. G. Saračeva Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries Moskva "Indrik" 2011 402 S., [4] Bl. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. Geschichte 1000-1300 gnd rswk-swf Wjatitschen (DE-588)7849514-3 gnd rswk-swf Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4016928-5 Festschrift gnd-content Wjatitschen (DE-588)7849514-3 s Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 s Geschichte 1000-1300 z DE-604 Saračeva, Tatʹjana Grigorʹevna Verfasser aut Nikolʹskaja, Tatʹjana N. 1919-2001 (DE-588)1013216717 hnr Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022654988&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022654988&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zajceva, Irina E. 1966- Saračeva, Tatʹjana Grigorʹevna Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] Wjatitschen (DE-588)7849514-3 gnd Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7849514-3 (DE-588)4052945-9 (DE-588)4016928-5 |
| title | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] |
| title_alt | Jeweller's craft of the "Land of Vyatichi" in the second half of the 11th - 13th centuries |
| title_auth | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] |
| title_exact_search | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] |
| title_full | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] I. E. Zajceva, T. G. Saračeva |
| title_fullStr | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] I. E. Zajceva, T. G. Saračeva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] I. E. Zajceva, T. G. Saračeva |
| title_short | Juvelirnoe delo "zemli vjatičej" vo vtoroj polovine XI - XIII v. |
| title_sort | juvelirnoe delo zemli vjaticej vo vtoroj polovine xi xiii v svetloj pamjati tatʹjany nikolaevny nikolʹskoj issledovatelʹja zemli vjaticej |
| title_sub | [svetloj pamjati Tatʹjany Nikolaevny Nikolʹskoj, issledovatelʹja "Zemli vjatičej"] |
| topic | Wjatitschen (DE-588)7849514-3 gnd Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wjatitschen Schmuck Festschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022654988&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022654988&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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