Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont
Cengage Learning
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 484, [60] S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781111185701 1111185700 |
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MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities
Autor: Lerner, Janet W
Jahr: 2012
BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xix About the Authors xxvü PART I Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: An Overview 1 1 Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: Characteristics and Directions 1 2 Assessment and the IEP Process 36 3 Clinical Teaching 75 4 Educational Settings and the Role of the Family 108 5 Learning Theories and Teaching Implications 135 6 Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges 167 7 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Related Disorders 200 8 Young Children With Disabilities 227 9 Adolescents and Adults With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 264 10 Medical Aspects of Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 298 PART IV From Theory to Teaching Strategy 11 Spoken Language Difficulties 12 Reading Difficulties 13 Written Language Difficulties 14 Mathematics Difficulties 317 356 403 445 Glossary References Name Index Subject Index G-1 R-1 1-1 I-8 IV
Preface About the Authors XXVII XIX PART I Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: An Overview I 1 Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: Characteristics and Directions Introduction What Are Mild Disabilities? Mental Retardation/lntellectual and Developmental Disabilities 4 • Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 6 • Learning Disabilities 7 • Other Disabilities 7 The Category of Learning Disabilities: A Field in Transition 8 2 3 1 Prevalence of Learning Disabilities 8 • Definitions of Learning Disabilities 9 • Common Elements in the Definitions of Learning Disabilities 11 • Gifted and Talented Children With Learning Disabilities 13 • Characteristics of Learning Disabilities 14 • Characteristics at Different Stages of Life 15 • Some Eminent People With Learning Disabilities 17 • The Cross-Cultural Nature of Learning Disabilities 17 • History of the Field of Learning Disabilities 19 STUDENT STORIES 1.1: Childhood Memories 18 Impact of the Law on Special Education 22 The Categories of Special Education in the Law 22 • The Series of Special Education Laws 23 • The Elementary and Secondary Education ACT (ESEA) 25 • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments (ADAA) (2008) 26 • Role of Case Law 27 New Issues and Directions 27 More Inclusion Placements 27 • Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 28 • Statewide Standards 29 • Assistive and Instructional Technology 29 • Universal Design for Learning 32 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 1.1: Some Overall Strategies 28 STUDENT STORIES 1.2: Computers as an Area of Strength 31 STUDENT STORIES 1.3: Using a Computer 32 I Have a Kid Who ... 33 Chapter Summary 33 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 34 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 34 • Key Terms 34 v
CONTENTS Preface About the Authors XXVII XIX PART I Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: An Overview 1 Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities: Characteristics and Directions Introduction What Are Mild Disabilities? Mental Retardation/lntellectual and Developmental Disabilities 4 • Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 6 • Learning Disabilities 7 • Other Disabilities 7 The Category of Learning Disabilities: A Field in Transition 8 2 3 1 Prevalence of Learning Disabilities 8 • Definitions of Learning Disabilities 9 • Common Elements in the Definitions of Learning Disabilities 11 • Gifted and Talented Children With Learning Disabilities 13 • Characteristics of Learning Disabilities 14 • Characteristics at Different Stages of Life 15 • Some Eminent People With Learning Disabilities 17 • The Cross-Cultural Nature of Learning Disabilities 17 • History of the Field of Learning Disabilities 19 STUDENT STORIES 1.1: Childhood Memories 18 Impact of the Law on Special Education 22 The Categories of Special Education in the Law 22 • The Series of Special Education Laws 23 • The Elementary and Secondary Education ACT (ESEA) 25 • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments (ADAA) (2008) 26 • Role of Case Law 27 New Issues and Directions 27 More Inclusion Placements 27 • Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 28 • Statewide Standards 29 • Assistive and Instructional Technology 29 • Universal Design for Learning 32 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 1.1: Some Overall Strategies 28 STUDENT STORIES 1.2: Computers as an Area of Strength 31 STUDENT STORIES 1.3: Using a Computer 32 I Have a Kid Who ... 33 Chapter Summary 33 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 34 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 34 • Key Terms 34 v
O Contents 2 Assessment and the IEP Process 36 Uses of Assessment Information 38 Determining Eligibility for Special Education Services 38 Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 39 Tiers of Instruction in RTI 39 • Benefits and Concerns About RTI 40 • The Standard Protocol Model and the Problem-Solving Model Approaches to RTI 42 • Progress Monitoring 42 • Curriculum-Based Measurement 44 STUDENT STORIES 2.1: Lucy and the RTI Process 43 The Comprehensive Evaluation 45 Information Obtained in a Comprehensive Evaluation 45 • The Discrepancy Between Intellectual Ability and Academic Achievement 46 STUDENT STORIES 2.2: Ozzie: Using the Discrepancy Construct 47 The Influence of the Law on the Assessment Process 48 The Individualized Education Program (IEP) 48 Stages of the IEP 48 Referral Stages 48 • Assessment Stages 51 • Instruction Stages 53 • Evaluating Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 54 • Special Factors to Consider in the IEP 55 TEACHING TIPS 2.1: Tasks of the Prereferral Instructional Support Team 51 Obtaining Assessment Information 57 Case History 57 • Observation 59 • Standardized Norm-Referenced Tests 60 • Informal Assessment Measures 61 Statewide Testing and Accountability 64 Including Students With Disabilities in Statewide Testing 65 • Accommodations for Statewide Testing 65 • Alternate Assessments for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities 66 STUDENT STORIES 2.3: Accommodations for Statewide Testing 67 Examples of Tests 67 Tests of Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities 68 • Commonly Used Achievement Tests 70 Test-Taking Strategies in the General Education Classroom 70 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 2.1: Test-Taking Strategies in the General Education Classroom 71 I Have a Kid Who ... 72 Chapter Summary 72 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 73 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 73 • Key Terms 74
O Contents 2 Assessment and the IEP Process 36 Uses of Assessment Information 38 Determining Eligibility for Special Education Services 38 Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 39 Tiers of Instruction in RTI 39 • Benefits and Concerns About RTI 40 • The Standard Protocol Model and the Problem-Solving Model Approaches to RTI 42 • Progress Monitoring 42 • Curriculum-Based Measurement 44 STUDENT STORIES 2.1: Lucy and the RTI Process 43 The Comprehensive Evaluation 45 Information Obtained in a Comprehensive Evaluation 45 • The Discrepancy Between Intellectual Ability and Academic Achievement 46 STUDENT STORIES 2.2: Ozzie: Using the Discrepancy Construct 47 The Influence of the Law on the Assessment Process 48 The Individualized Education Program (IEP) 48 Stages of the IEP 48 Referral Stages 48 • Assessment Stages 51 • Instruction Stages 53 • Evaluating Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 54 • Special Factors to Consider in the IEP 55 TEACHING TIPS 2.1: Tasks of the Prereferral Instructional Support Team 51 Obtaining Assessment Information 57 Case Flistory 57 • Observation 59 • Standardized Norm-Referenced Tests 60 • Informal Assessment Measures 61 Statewide Testing and Accountability 64 Including Students With Disabilities in Statewide Testing 65 • Accommodations for Statewide Testing 65 • Alternate Assessments for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities 66 STUDENT STORIES 2.3: Accommodations for Statewide Testing 67 Examples of Tests 67 Tests of Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities 68 • Commonly Used Achievement Tests 70 Test-Taking Strategies In the General Education Classroom 70 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 2.1: Test-Taking Strategies in the General Education Classroom 71 I Have a Kid Who ... 72 Chapter Summary 72 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 73 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 73 • Key Terms 74
Contents 3 Clinical Teaching Clinical Teaching What Is Clinical Teaching? 77 • Qualities of Clinical Teaching 78 Differentiated Instruction Multiple Intelligences 80 • Differentiated Instruction and Teaching Approaches 83 TEACHING TIPS 3.1: Examples of Clinical Teaching STUDENT STORIES 3.1: A Remembrance of a Remarkable Clinical Teacher STUDENT STORIES 3.2: A Fable for Teachers Controlling Instructional Variables Difficulty Level 87 • Space 88 • Time 88 • Language 88 Building Self-Esteem and Motivation 80 81 84 87 89 75 79 77 Self-Esteem 89 • Fostering Motivation 90 • Building Rapport 90 • Sharing Responsibility 91 • Providing Structure 91 • Conveying Sincerity 91 • Showing Success 92 • Capitalizing on Student s Interests 92 STUDENT STORIES 3.3: The Emotional Plight of Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 89 Including Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities in General Education 93 Section 504 Students 93 • Student Diversity In General Education 94 TEACHING TIPS 3.2: Culturally Responsive Teachers 95 Accommodations for Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 95 Increasing Attention 96 • Improving the Ability to Listen 96 • Adapting the Curriculum 97 • Help Students Manage Time 97 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 3.1: Accommodations for the General Education Classroom 96 Effective Instructional Strategies for General Education 98 Peer Tutoring 98 • Explicit Teaching 99 • Promoting Active Learning 100 • Scaffolded Instruction 100 • Executive Functions 101 • Reciprocal Teaching 102 • Learning Strategies Instruction 104 TEACHING TIPS 3.3: Principles of Explicit Teaching 100 TEACHING TIPS 3.4: Guidelines for Promoting Active Learning 101 TEACHING TIPS 3.5: Examples of Executive Functions 102 TEACHING TIPS 3.6: Organization Steps 103 Task Analysis 104 TEACHING TIPS 3.7: Steps of Task Analysis
105 I Have a Kid Who ... 105 Chapter Summary 106 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 106 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 107 • Key Terms 107
Contents 3 Clinical Teaching Clinical Teaching What Is Clinical Teaching? 77 • Qualities of Clinical Teaching 78 Differentiated Instruction Multiple Intelligences 80 • Differentiated Instruction and Teaching Approaches 83 TEACHING TIPS 3.1: Examples of Clinical Teaching STUDENT STORIES 3.1: A Remembrance of a Remarkable Clinical Teacher STUDENT STORIES 3.2: A Fable for Teachers Controlling Instructional Variables Difficulty Level 87 • Space 88 • Time 88 • Language 88 Building Self-Esteem and Motivation 75 89 80 81 84 87 79 77 Self-Esteem 89 • Fostering Motivation 90 • Building Rapport 90 • Sharing Responsibility 91 • Providing Structure 91 • Conveying Sincerity 91 • Showing Success 92 • Capitalizing on Student s Interests 92 STUDENT STORIES 3.3: The Emotional Plight of Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 89 Including Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities in General Education 93 Section 504 Students 93 • Student Diversity In General Education 94 TEACHING TIPS 3.2: Culturally Responsive Teachers 95 Accommodations for Students With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 95 Increasing Attention 96 • Improving the Ability to Listen 96 • Adapting the Curriculum 97 • Help Students Manage Time 97 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 3.1: Accommodations for the General Education Classroom 96 Effective Instructional Strategies for General Education 98 Peer Tutoring 98 • Explicit Teaching 99 • Promoting Active Learning 100 • Scaffolded Instruction 100 • Executive Functions 101 • Reciprocal Teaching 102 • Learning Strategies Instruction 104 TEACHING TIPS 3.3: Principles of Explicit Teaching 100 TEACHING TIPS 3.4: Guidelines for Promoting Active Learning 101 TEACHING TIPS 3.5: Examples of Executive Functions 102 TEACHING TIPS 3.6: Organization Steps 103 Task Analysis 104 TEACHING TIPS 3.7: Steps of Task Analysis
105 I Have a Kid Who ... 105 Chapter Summary 106 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 106 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 107 • Key Terms 107
Contents 4 Educational Settings and the Role of the Family 108 Important Concepts About Educational Settings 109 Least Restrictive Environment 110 Inclusion 110 • The Philosophy of Inclusion 110 • Mainstreaming 111 • Guidelines for Effective Inclusion 111 • Changes in Educational Placements 112 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 4.1: Practical Strategies 112 Continuum of Alternative Placements 113 The Case for the Continuum of Alternative Services 114 Types of Educational Settings 115 Environmental Options 116 Collaboration: Partnerships Between General Education Teachers and Special Education Teachers 121 Collaboration 121 • What the General Education Teacher Needs 121 • What the Special Education Teacher Needs 123 • Coteaching 123 • Strategies to Make Coteaching Work 124 TEACHING TIPS 4.1: Effective Collaboration 122 TEACHING TIPS 4.2: Strategies for Two Teachers Working Together 125 Families and Parents 125 Sensitivity to the Cultural and Linguistic Diversity of Families 126 • Suggestions for Parents 126 • Parents Rights 127 • The Family System 130 • Stages of Acceptance 131 • Parent Support Groups and Family Counseling 132 • Parent-Teacher Conferences 132 STUDENT STORIES 4.1: Parents Thoughts 127 TEACHING TIPS 4.3: Suggestions for Parents and Families 128 I Have a Kid Who ... 133 Chapter Summary 133 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 134 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 134 • Key Terms 134 5 Learning Theories and Teaching Implications 135 The Role of Theory 137 Theories of Learning 137 Developmental Psychology 137 Developmental Variations 138 • Piaget s Maturational Stages of Development 139 • Stages of Learning 141 STUDENT STORIES 5.1: Developmental Theory and Maturation 142 Implications of Developmental Psychology for Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 143 Behavioral Psychology 144
Contents 4 Educational Settings and the Role of the Family 108 Important Concepts About Educational Settings 109 Least Restrictive Environment 110 Inclusion 110 • The Philosophy of Inclusion 110 • Mainstreaming 111 • Guidelines for Effective Inclusion 111 • Changes In Educational Placements 112 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 4.1: Practical Strategies 112 Continuum of Alternative Placements 113 The Case for the Continuum of Alternative Services 114 Types of Educational Settings 115 Environmental Options 116 Collaboration: Partnerships Between General Education Teachers and Special Education Teachers 121 Collaboration 121 • What the General Education Teacher Needs 121 • What the Special Education Teacher Needs 123 • Coteaching 123 • Strategies to Make Coteaching Work 124 TEACHING TIPS 4.1: Effective Collaboration 122 TEACHING TIPS 4.2: Strategies for Two Teachers Working Together 125 Families and Parents 125 Sensitivity to the Cultural and Linguistic Diversity of Families 126 • Suggestions for Parents 126 • Parents Rights 127 • The Family System 130 • Stages of Acceptance 131 • Parent Support Groups and Family Counseling 132 • Parent-Teacher Conferences 132 STUDENT STORIES 4.1: Parents Thoughts 127 TEACHING TIPS 4.3: Suggestions for Parents and Families 128 I Have a Kid Who ... 133 Chapter Summary 133 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 134 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 134 • Key Terms 134 5 Learning Theories and Teaching Implications 135 The Role of Theory 137 Theories of Learning 137 Developmental Psychology 137 Developmental Variations 138 • Piaget s Maturational Stages of Development 139 • Stages of Learning 141 STUDENT STORIES 5.1: Developmental Theory and Maturation 142 Implications of Developmental Psychology for Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 143 Behavioral Psychology 144
Contents e The Behavioral Unit 145 • Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavioral Support 145 • Direct Instruction 146 • Behavioral Analysis 147 • Implications of Behavioral Psychology for Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 148 TEACHING TIPS 5.1: Steps in Behavioral Analysis 147 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 5.1: Behavioral Strategies 148 Cognitive Psychology 149 Cognitive Processing 149 • The Information-Processing Model of Learning 150 STUDENT STORIES 5.2: A School That Considers Cognitive Processes 150 TEACHING TIPS 5.2: Strategies for Improving Memory 154 Cognitive Learning Theories 156 Apprenticeships 157 • Graphic Organizers 157 • Concept Map 157 • Mind Mapping 157 • Metacognition 159 • Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Teaching 161 STUDENT STORIES 5.3: Metacognitive Shopping Behavior 159 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 5.2: Strategies Based on Cognitive Psychology 160 Learning Strategies Instruction 161 Learning Strategies 161 • The Social Interactions of Learning 162 • Interactive Dialogues 163 • Implications of Learning Strategies Instruction 164 I Have a Kid Who ... 164 Chapter Summary 165 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 165 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 166 • Key Terms 166 6 Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges 167 Overview of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges 169 STUDENT STORIES 6.1: Students With Challenges 170 Social Challenges 170 STUDENT STORIES 6.2: Bill: A Student With Social Challenges 172 Emotional Challenges 172 Relationship Between Learning Difficulties and Emotional Challenges 172 • Characteristics of Emotional Challenges 173 Behavioral Challenges 175 Suspensions of Students 175 • Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavioral Supports 176 • Specific Functions of Behavior 179 Strategies to Improve Social Competencies 181 Improving the Student s Self-Perception
181 • Improving Nonverbal Communication 181 • Cognitive Learning Strategies for Social Skills 182 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 6.1: Social Skills 182
Contents e The Behavioral Unit 145 • Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavioral Support 145 • Direct Instruction 146 • Behavioral Analysis 147 • Implications of Behavioral Psychology for Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 148 TEACHING TIPS 5.1: Steps in Behavioral Analysis 147 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 5.1: Behavioral Strategies 148 Cognitive Psychology 149 Cognitive Processing 149 • The Information-Processing Model of Learning 150 STUDENT STORIES 5.2: A School That Considers Cognitive Processes 150 TEACHING TIPS 5.2: Strategies for Improving Memory 154 Cognitive Learning Theories 156 Apprenticeships 157 • Graphic Organizers 157 • Concept Map 157 • Mind Mapping 157 • Metacognition 159 • Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Teaching 161 STUDENT STORIES 5.3: Metacognitive Shopping Behavior 159 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 5.2: Strategies Based on Cognitive Psychology 160 Learning Strategies Instruction 161 Learning Strategies 161 • The Social Interactions of Learning 162 • Interactive Dialogues 163 • Implications of Learning Strategies Instruction 164 I Have a Kid Who ... 164 Chapter Summary 165 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 165 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 166 • Key Terms 166 6 Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges 167 Overview of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges 169 STUDENT STORIES 6.1: Students With Challenges 170 Social Challenges 170 STUDENT STORIES 6.2: Bill: A Student With Social Challenges 172 Emotional Challenges 172 Relationship Between Learning Difficulties and Emotional Challenges 172 • Characteristics of Emotional Challenges 173 Behavioral Challenges 175 Suspensions of Students 175 • Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavioral Supports 176 • Specific Functions of Behavior 179 Strategies to Improve Social Competencies 181 Improving the Student s Self-Perception
181 • Improving Nonverbal Communication 181 • Cognitive Learning Strategies for Social Skills 182 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 6.1: Social Skills 182
TEACHING TIPS 6.1: Strategies for Improving Self-Esteem 183 Strategies for Students With Emotional Challenges 184 Strategies for Students With Behavioral Challenges 184 Developing an Effective Behavioral Intervention Plan 184 • Creating a Positive Classroom Environment 184 • Restructuring Academic Work to Make It User Friendly 189 • Self-Management Strategies 190 • Positive Strategies for Passive Aggressive Behaviors 190 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 6.2: Behavioral Challenges 185 STUDENT STORIES 6.3: A Behavioral Intervention Plan for Jerod 186 TEACHING TIPS 6.2: Strategies for Meeting the Social and Emotional Needs of Students 187 Behavior Management Strategies 192 Contingency Contracting 192 • Time-Out 192 • Cognitive Behavior Modification 194 • Using Reinforcements 194 • Home-School Coordination 195 TEACHING TIPS 6.3: Finding Reinforcers 196 I Have a Kid Who ... 198 Chapter Summary 198 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 199 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 199 • Key Terms 199 7 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Related Disorders 200 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 201 Characteristics of ADHD 202 Symptoms of ADHD 203 • Symptoms of ADHD at Different Ages 204 • Assessment 204 • Types of ADHD 205 • Rating Scales 206 • Eligibility of Children With ADHD for Special Services 208 • Implications of the Law for Children With ADHD 208 • Increase in the Number of Children Identified With ADHD 209 • Educational Settings for Students With ADHD 210 • Response-to-lntervention and Eligibility of Students With ADHD 210 STUOENT STORIES 7.1: Ryan, a Child With ADHD 203 STUDENT STORIES 7.2: The Inattentive Child Without Hyperactivity 206 Treatments for ADHD 210 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Treatment 210 • Multimodal Treatment 211 • Medication 211 • Neurochemistry of Psychostimulant Medications 213 Methods for Teaching Students
With ADHD 213 Increasing Attention 214 • Managing Impulsivity 215 • Reducing Hyperactivity 216 • Accommodations for the General Education Classroom 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.1: Increasing Attention 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.2: Managing Impulsivity 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.3: Managing Hyperactivity 217
TEACHING TIPS 6.1: Strategies for Improving Self-Esteem 183 Strategies for Students With Emotional Challenges 184 Strategies for Students With Behavioral Challenges 184 Developing an Effective Behavioral Intervention Plan 184 • Creating a Positive Classroom Environment 184 • Restructuring Academic Work to Make It User Friendly 189 • Self-Management Strategies 190 • Positive Strategies for Passive Aggressive Behaviors 190 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 6.2: Behavioral Challenges 185 STUDENT STORIES 6.3: A Behavioral Intervention Plan for Jerod 186 TEACHING TIPS 6.2: Strategies for Meeting the Social and Emotional Needs of Students 187 Behavior Management Strategies 192 Contingency Contracting 192 • Time-Out 192 • Cognitive Behavior Modification 194 • Using Reinforcements 194 • Plome-School Coordination 195 TEACHING TIPS 6.3: Finding Reinforcers 196 I Have a Kid Who ... 198 Chapter Summary 198 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 199 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 199 • Key Terms 199 7 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Related Disorders 200 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 201 Characteristics of ADHD 202 Symptoms of ADHD 203 • Symptoms of ADHD at Different Ages 204 • Assessment 204 • Types of ADHD 205 • Rating Scales 206 • Eligibility of Children With ADHD for Special Services 208 • Implications of the Law for Children With ADHD 208 • Increase in the Number of Children Identified With ADHD 209 • Educational Settings for Students With ADHD 210 • Response-to-lntervention and Eligibility of Students With ADHD 210 STUDENT STORIES 7.1: Ryan, a Child With ADHD 203 STUDENT STORIES 7.2: The Inattentive Child Without Hyperactivity 206 Treatments for ADHD 210 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Treatment 210 • Multimodal Treatment 211 • Medication 211 • Neurochemistry of Psychostimulant Medications 213 Methods for Teaching
Students With ADHD 213 Increasing Attention 214 • Managing Impulsivity 215 • Reducing Hyperactivity 216 • Accommodations for the General Education Classroom 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.1: Increasing Attention 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.2: Managing Impulsivity 216 TEACHING TIPS 7.3: Managing Hyperactivity 217
Contents e Autism Spectrum Disorder 217 Types of Autism Spectrum Disorders 219 • Nonverbal Learning Disorders: A Related Condition 221 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 7.1: Students With ADHD 218 STUDENT STORIES 7.3: Temple Grandin 221 TEACHING TIPS 7.4: Supporting Students With Asperger s Syndrome 222 I Have a Kid Who ... 224 Chapter Summary 225 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 225 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 226 • Key Terms 226 8 Young Children With Disabilities 227 The Importance of the Early Years 229 Benefits of Early Intervention 229 • Considerations of Cultural Diversity for Young Children 231 • Young Children At Risk 231 Strategies for Young Children in General Education 232 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 8.1: Young Children With Special Needs 233 How Well Do Children Who Receive Early Intervention Services Transition Into Kindergarten? 233 The Law and Young Children With Disabilities 234 Preschool Children: Ages 3 Through 5 234 • Infants and Toddlers: Birth Through Age 2 235 • Number of Preschool Children Receiving Special Education Services 235 • Educational Environments 236 Head Start: Laws and Programs 237 Developmental Indicators of Problems in Young Children 238 Motor Development and Learning 240 The Importance of Motor Development 241 • Key Concepts of Motor Development 241 • Perceptual Motor Development 243 • Sensory Integration 243 STUDENT STORIES 8.1: Motor Coordination Problems 241 Perceptual Development 245 Perceptual Processing Concept 246 • Overloading the Perceptual Systems 247 • Auditory Perception 247 • Visual Perception 249 • Tactile and Kinesthetic Perception 249 STUDENT STORIES 8.2: Auditory and Visual Perception Difficulties 246 Assessing Young Children 251 Phases of Early Identification and Assessment 251 • Areas of Assessment 253 Early Childhood Programs and Practices 253 Recommended Practices: The Division of Early
Childhood 253 • Using Computer Technology 254
255 Early Intervention Strategies Motor Development Activities 255 • Auditory Processing 258 • Visual Processing 259 • Tactile and Kinesthetic Processing 261 TEACHING TIPS 8.1: Activities for Gross-Motor Development 256 TEACHING TIPS 8.2: Activities for Fine-Motor Development 257 TEACHING TIPS 8.3: Auditory Processing Activities 258 TEACHING TIPS 8.4: Visual Processing Activities 260 TEACHING TIPS 8.5: Tactile and Kinesthetic Processing Activities 261 I Have a Kid Who ... 262 Chapter Summary 262 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 263 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 263 • Key Terms 263 9 Adolescents and Adults With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 264 Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 266 Characteristics of Adolescence 266 • Characteristics of Adolescents With Learning Disabilities 267 STUDENT STORIES 9.1: Tim, an Adolescent With Learning Disabilities 268 Special Issues at the Secondary Level (Middle School and High School) 270 Challenges for Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 271 • Educational Settings in Middle School and High School 271 • Inclusion at the Secondary Level 272 • Effective Inclusion Practices for Secondary Teachers 273 • Performance Standards and High- Stakes Testing 274 • Content-Area Secondary Teachers 276 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 9.1: The Secondary Classroom 273 STUDENT STORIES 9.2: Michael—Trusting One s Strengths 274 TEACHING TIPS 9.1: Test-Taking Tips for Students With Learning Challenges 276 Transition Legislation for Secondary Students 277 Content of the Transition Plan 278 • Developing Transition Plans 278 TEACHING TIPS 9.2: Guidelines for Developing Transition Plans for Secondary Students With Disabilities 279 Approaches to Teaching Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 280 Features of Effective Secondary Programs 280 •
Curriculum Models for Serving Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Mild Disabilities at the Secondary Level 280 • Assistive and Instructional Computer Technology 282 • What Happens to High School Students With Learning Disabilities 282 STUDENT STORIES 9.3: Richard—How Computers Changed My Life 283 STUDENT STORIES 9.4: Dawn and Teach for America 284
255 Early Intervention Strategies Motor Development Activities 255 • Auditory Processing 258 • Visual Processing 259 • Tactile and Kinesthetic Processing 261 TEACHING TIPS 8.1: Activities for Gross-Motor Development TEACHING TIPS 8.2: Activities for Fine-Motor Development TEACHING TIPS 8.3: Auditory Processing Activities TEACHING TIPS 8.4: Visual Processing Activities TEACHING TIPS 8.5: Tactile and Kinesthetic Processing Activities I Have a Kid Who . . . Chapter Summary 262 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 263 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 263 • Key Terms 263 9 Adolescents and Adults With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities Characteristics of Adolescence 266 • Characteristics of Adolescents With Learning Disabilities 267 STUDENT STORIES 9.1: Tim, an Adolescent With Learning Disabilities 268 Special Issues at the Secondary Level (Middle School and High School) 270 Challenges for Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 271 • Educational Settings in Middle School and High School 271 • Inclusion at the Secondary Level 272 • Effective Inclusion Practices for Secondary Teachers 273 • Performance Standards and High- Stakes Testing 274 • Content-Area Secondary Teachers 276 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 9.1: The Secondary Classroom 273 STUDENT STORIES 9.2: Michael—Trusting One s Strengths 274 TEACHING TIPS 9.1: Test-Taking Tips for Students With Learning Challenges 276 Transition Legislation for Secondary Students 277 Content of the Transition Plan 278 • Developing Transition Plans 278 TEACHING TIPS 9.2: Guidelines for Developing Transition Plans for Secondary Students With Disabilities 279 Approaches to Teaching Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 280 Features of Effective Secondary Programs 280 • Curriculum Models for Serving
Adolescents With Learning Disabilities and Mild Disabilities at the Secondary Level 280 • Assistive and Instructional Computer Technology 282 • What Happens to High School Students With Learning Disabilities 282 STUDENT STORIES 9.3: Richard—How Computers Changed My Life 283 STUDENT STORIES 9.4: Dawn and Teach for America 284 256 257 258 260 261 262 264 266
Contents Learning Strategies Instruction 284 Guidelines for Teaching Learning Strategies 285 • Strategies Intervention Model 285 • Steps for Teaching Learning Strategies 287 TEACHING TIPS 9.3: Teaching Learning Strategies 286 Postsecondary Programs 289 College Programs 289 • Legislation for Students With Disabilities in College Programs 290 • Accommodations in College Programs 291 • Professional Licensing and Learning Disabilities 292 • Nondegree Postsecondary Programs 292 STUDENT STORIES 9.5: Darlene, a College Student With Learning Disabilities 290 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 9.2: Suggested Accommodations in College Programs 291 TEACHING TIPS 9.4: Guidelines for Helping College Students With Learning Disabilities 293 Adults With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 294 Literacy Organizations for Adults 295 STUDENT STORIES 9.6: Frank, an Adult With a Learning Disability 294 I Have a Kid Who ... 295 Chapter Summary 296 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 297 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 297 • Key Terms 297 10 Medical Aspects of Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 298 The Value of Medical Information for Educators 300 Neurosciences and the Study of the Brain 301 The Brain: Its Structure and Functions 301 • Recent Brain Research 302 • Advances With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 305 STUDENT STORIES 10.1: Recollections of Individuals With Dyslexia 304 Neuropsychology 308 The Neurological Examination 308 Conventional Neurological Assessment 309 • Examination for Soft Neurological Signs 310 Medical Specialties Involved With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 312 Pediatrics and Family Practice Medicine 313 • Neurology 313 • Ophthalmology 313 • Otology 313 • Psychiatry 313 TEACHING TIPS 10.1: Using Medical Information for Students in the General Education Classroom 314 I Have a Kid Who ... 314 Chapter
Summary 315 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 315 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 315 • Key Terms 316
Contents Learning Strategies Instruction 284 Guidelines for Teaching Learning Strategies 285 • Strategies Intervention Model 285 • Steps for Teaching Learning Strategies 287 TEACHING TIPS 9.3: Teaching Learning Strategies 286 Postsecondary Programs 289 College Programs 289 • Legislation for Students With Disabilities in College Programs 290 • Accommodations in College Programs 291 • Professional Licensing and Learning Disabilities 292 • Nondegree Postsecondary Programs 292 STUDENT STORIES 9.5: Darlene, a College Student With Learning Disabilities 290 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 9.2: Suggested Accommodations in College Programs 291 TEACHING TIPS 9.4: Guidelines for Helping College Students With Learning Disabilities 293 Adults With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 294 Literacy Organizations for Adults 295 STUDENT STORIES 9.6: Frank, an Adult With a Learning Disability 294 I Have a Kid Who ... 295 Chapter Summary 296 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 297 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 297 • Key Terms 297 10 Medical Aspects of Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 298 The Value of Medical Information for Educators 300 Neurosciences and the Study of the Brain 301 The Brain: Its Structure and Functions 301 • Recent Brain Research 302 • Advances With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 305 STUDENT STORIES 10.1: Recollections of Individuals With Dyslexia 304 Neuropsychology 308 The Neurological Examination 308 Conventional Neurological Assessment 309 • Examination for Soft Neurological Signs 310 Medical Specialties Involved With Learning Disabilities and Related Mild Disabilities 312 Pediatrics and Family Practice Medicine 313 • Neurology 313 • Ophthalmology 313 • Otology 313 • Psychiatry 313 TEACHING TIPS 10.1: Using Medical Information for Students in the General Education Classroom 314 I Have a Kid Who ... 314 Chapter
Summary 315 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 315 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 315 • Key Terms 316
Contents PART IV From Theory to Teaching Strategy 317 11 Spoken Language Difficulties 317 THEORIES 319 Spoken Language, Reading, and Writing: An Integrated Language System 319 Forms of the Language System 320 • Language as a Communication Process 321 STUDENT STORIES 11.1: Helen Keller: Language and Learning 322 Teaching Language in the General Education Classroom 323 How Do Children Acquire Language? 324 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 11.1: Teaching Language 324 STUDENT STORIES 11.2: Peter s First Word 325 Components of the Language System 326 Phonology 326 • Morphology 326 • Syntax 326 • Semantics 327 • Pragmatics 327 Types of Language Problems 328 Language Disorders Versus Speech Disorders 328 • Delayed Speech 328 • Poor Phonological Awareness 329 • Temporal Acoustical Processing 331 • Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Word Finding 332 • Language Disorders 332 STUDENT STORIES 11.3: Marsha: A Child With a Language Delay 329 English-Language Learners (ELL) 333 Learning a Second Language 334 • Disproportionality 336 TEACHING TIPS 11.1: Effective Practices for Supporting English-Language Learners 335 Early Literacy and Oral Language 336 Assessing Oral Language 336 Informal Measures 336 • Formal Tests 338 TEACHING TIPS 11.2: Activities to Promote Early Literacy 338 TEACHING STRATEGIES 338 Listening 338 Listening Means Comprehension 340 • Phonological Awareness of Language Sounds 340 • Building a Listening Vocabulary 343 • Understanding Sentences 343 • Listening Comprehension 344 • Critical Listening 344 • Listening to Stories 345 Speaking 345 Stages of Oral Language Development 345 • Problems in Language Acquisition 346 • Activities for Natural Language Stimulation 347 • Activities for Teaching Spoken Language 347 • Activities for Improving the Oral Language of Adolescents 351 l
Contents PART IV From Theory to Teaching Strategy 317 11 Spoken Language Difficulties 317 THEORIES 319 Spoken Language, Reading, and Writing: An Integrated Language System 319 Forms of the Language System 320 • Language as a Communication Process 321 STUDENT STORIES 11.1: Helen Keller: Language and Learning 322 Teaching Language in the General Education Classroom 323 How Do Children Acquire Language? 324 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 11.1: Teaching Language 324 STUDENT STORIES 11.2: Peter s First Word 325 Components of the Language System 326 Phonology 326 • Morphology 326 • Syntax 326 • Semantics 327 • Pragmatics 327 Types of Language Problems 328 Language Disorders Versus Speech Disorders 328 • Delayed Speech 328 • Poor Phonological Awareness 329 • Temporal Acoustical Processing 331 • Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Word Finding 332 • Language Disorders 332 STUDENT STORIES 11.3: Marsha: A Child With a Language Delay 329 English-Language Learners (ELL) 333 Learning a Second Language 334 • Disproportionality 336 TEACHING TIPS 11.1: Effective Practices for Supporting English-Language Learners 335 Early Literacy and Oral Language 336 Assessing Oral Language 336 Informal Measures 336 • Formal Tests 338 TEACHING TIPS 11.2: Activities to Promote Early Literacy 338 TEACHING STRATEGIES 338 Listening 338 Listening Means Comprehension 340 • Phonological Awareness of Language Sounds 340 • Building a Listening Vocabulary 343 • Understanding Sentences 343 • Listening Comprehension 344 • Critical Listening 344 • Listening to Stories 345 Speaking 345 Stages of Oral Language Development 345 • Problems in Language Acquisition 346 • Activities for Natural Language Stimulation 347 • Activities for Teaching Spoken Language 347 • Activities for Improving the Oral Language of Adolescents 351 l
Contents Assistive and Instructional Computer Technology for Oral Language 352 I Have a Kid Who ... 353 Chapter Summary 354 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 354 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 354 • Key Terms 355 12 Reading Difficulties 356 THEORIES 358 The Consequences of Reading Disabilities 358 Reading Strategies for the General Education Classroom 360 Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 360 Dyslexia 360 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 12.1: Reading Strategies 361 STUDENT STORIES 12.1: People With Dyslexia 362 Elements of Reading 363 Phonemic Awareness 364 Phonics and Word-Recognition Skills 364 Phonics 365 • Teacher Knowledge About Phonics 366 • Types of Phonics Approaches 366 • Sight Words 367 • Context Clues 368 • Structural Analysis 368 • Combining Word-Recognition Clues 368 • Fluency 368 • Building a Sight Vocabulary 369 • Automaticity 369 • Recognizing Syllables 369 • Repeated Reading 369 • Other Methods to Improve Reading Fluency 371 • Vocabulary 371 Comprehension 372 Views of Reading Comprehension 373 • Reading Comprehension Depends on What the Reader Brings to the Written Material 373 • Reading Comprehension Is a Thinking Process 374 • Reading Comprehension Requires Active Interaction With the Text 375 • Strategies to Promote Reading Comprehension 375 • Comprehension Activities Before, During, and After Reading 376 • Comprehension of Narrative and Informational Text 377 • Comprehension of Informational Materials 377 TEACHING TIPS 12.1: Strategies to Promote Reading Comprehension 376 The Reading-Writing Connection 378 Early Literacy and Writing 378 Literature-Based Reading InstructionA/Vhole Language Reading Instruction 379 STUDENT STORIES 12.2: Writing Before Reading 380 English-Language Learners (ELL) and Reading 381 Assessing Reading 382 Informal Measures 382 • Formal Tests 383 TEACHING STRATEGIES 383
Contents Assistive and Instructional Computer Technology for Oral Language 352 I Have a Kid Who ... 353 Chapter Summary 354 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 354 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 354 • Key Terms 355 12 Reading Difficulties 356 THEORIES 358 The Consequences of Reading Disabilities 358 Reading Strategies for the General Education Classroom 360 Response-to-lntervention (RTI) 360 Dyslexia 360 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 12.1: Reading Strategies 361 STUDENT STORIES 12.1: People With Dyslexia 362 Elements of Reading 363 Phonemic Awareness 364 Phonics and Word-Recognition Skills 364 Phonics 365 • Teacher Knowledge About Phonics 366 • Types of Phonics Approaches 366 • Sight Words 367 • Context Clues 368 • Structural Analysis 368 • Combining Word-Recognition Clues 368 • Fluency 368 • Building a Sight Vocabulary 369 • Autormaticity 369 • Recognizing Syllables 369 • Repeated Reading 369 • Other Methods to Improve Reading Fluency 371 • Vocabulary 371 Comprehension 372 Views of Reading Comprehension 373 • Reading Comprehension Depends on What the Reader Brings to the Written Material 373 • Reading Comprehension Is a Thinking Process 374 • Reading Comprehension Requires Active Interaction With the Text 375 • Strategies to Promote Reading Comprehension 375 • Comprehension Activities Before, During, and After Reading 376 • Comprehension of Narrative and Informational Text 377 • Comprehension of Informational Materials 377 TEACHING TIPS 12.1: Strategies to Promote Reading Comprehension 376 The Reading-Writing Connection 378 Early Literacy and Writing 378 Literature-Based Reading InstructionA/Vhole Language Reading Instruction 379 STUDENT STORIES 12.2: Writing Before Reading 380 English-Language Learners (ELL) and Reading 381 Assessing Reading 382 Informal Measures 382 • Formal Tests 383 TEACHING STRATEGIES 383
Contents Strategies to Improve Word Recognition Building Phoneme Awareness 384 • Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) 384 • Phonics Methods 385 Strategies to Improve Fluency Repeated Reading 387 • Predictable Books 387 • Neurological Impress Method 387 Strategies to Improve Reading Comprehension 384 386 388 Using Basal Readers 388 • Activating Background Knowledge 388 • Language Experience Method 389 • The K-W-L Technique 389 • Building Meaning With Vocabulary and Concepts 390 • The Reading- Writing Connection 394 • Cognitive Learning Strategies for Reading 395 • Multisensory Methods 396 STUDENT STORIES 12.3: Misunderstanding of Concepts 391 Enjoyment and Appreciation of Reading 397 TEACHING TIPS 12.2: The Fernald Method for Learning Words 398 Assistive and Instructional Technology and Reading 399 Text-to-Speech Programs 400 • Recorded Textbooks and Digital CD-ROMs 400 I Have a Kid Who ... 401 Chapter Summary 401 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 402 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 402 • Key Terms 402 13 Written Language Difficulties 403 The Writing Connection in the Integrated Language System 406 • Early Literacy and Writing 407 • The Writing Process 408 • Principles for Teaching the Writing Process 410 • The Learning Strategy Approach to Writing 411 • Strategies for Writing 412 • Assistive and Instructional Technology for Struggling Writers 415 • Assessment of Written Expression 420 STUDENT STORIES 13.1: Written Language Problems 406 Spelling 420 Developmental Stages of Learning to Spell 421 • Problems Related to Spelling 422 • Invented Spelling 423 • Multisensory Approaches to Spelling 424 • Two Theories of Word Selection for Teaching Spelling 424 • Assessment of Spelling 427 STUDENT STORIES 13.2: Learning the Awful Truth About Spelling 426 Handwriting 428 Manuscript Writing 430 • Cursive Writing 430 • The Left-Handed
Student 431 • Keyboarding or Typing Skills 431 THEORIES Written Expression 405 405
Contents Strategies to Improve Word Recognition 384 Building Phoneme Awareness 384 • Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) 384 • Phonics Methods 385 Strategies to Improve Fluency 386 Repeated Reading 387 • Predictable Books 387 • Neurological Impress Method 387 Strategies to Improve Reading Comprehension 388 Using Basal Readers 388 • Activating Background Knowledge 388 • Language Experience Method 389 • The K-W-L Technique 389 • Building Meaning With Vocabulary and Concepts 390 • The Reading- Writing Connection 394 • Cognitive Learning Strategies for Reading 395 • Multisensory Methods 396 STUDENT STORIES 12.3: Misunderstanding of Concepts 391 Enjoyment and Appreciation of Reading 397 TEACHING TIPS 12.2: The Fernald Method for Learning Words 398 Assistive and Instructional Technology and Reading 399 Text-to-Speech Programs 400 • Recorded Textbooks and Digital CD-ROMs 400 I Have a Kid Who ... 401 Chapter Summary 401 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 402 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 402 • Key Terms 402 13 Written Language Difficulties 403 The Writing Connection in the Integrated Language System 406 • Early Literacy and Writing 407 • The Writing Process 408 • Principles for Teaching the Writing Process 410 • The Learning Strategy Approach to Writing 411 • Strategies for Writing 412 • Assistive and Instructional Technology for Struggling Writers 415 • Assessment of Written Expression 420 STUDENT STORIES 13.1: Written Language Problems 406 Spelling 420 Developmental Stages of Learning to Spell 421 • Problems Related to Spelling 422 • Invented Spelling 423 • Multisensory Approaches to Spelling 424 • Two Theories of Word Selection for Teaching Spelling 424 • Assessment of Spelling 427 STUDENT STORIES 13.2: Learning the Awful Truth About Spelling 426 Handwriting 428 Manuscript Writing 430 • Cursive Writing 430 • The Left-Handed
Student 431 • Keyboarding or Typing Skills 431 THEORIES Written Expression 405 405
Contents TEACHING STRATEGIES 432 Writing Strategies for the General Education Classroom 432 Instruction for Essay Writing Tests 432 TEACHING TIPS 13.1: A Writing Framework 433 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 13.1: Writing Strategies 434 Strategies for Teaching Written Expression 434 TEACHING TIPS 13.2: Teaching the Writing Process 435 Strategies for Using Word Processing 436 Strategies for Teaching Spelling 437 TEACHING TIPS 13.3: The Fernald Method for Teaching Spelling 438 Strategies for Teaching Handwriting 439 I Have a Kid Who ... 442 Chapter Summary 443 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 443 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 443 • Key Terms 444 14 Mathematics Difficulties 445 THEORIES 447 Mathematics Difficulties and Mathematics Learning Disabilities 447 Early Number Concepts and Number Sense 449 One-to-one Correspondence 449 • Counting 449 • Spatial Relationships 449 • Visual-Motor and Visual-Perception Abilities 450 • Concepts of Time and Direction 450 Characteristics of Mathematics Disabilities 451 Information-Processing Difficulties 451 • Language and Mathematics Abilities 452 • Math Anxiety 452 Mathematics Disabilities at the Secondary Level 452 TEACHING TIPS 14.1: Guidelines for Dealing With Math Anxiety 453 Mathematics Standards 454 High Standards and Annual Testing 454 • Mathematics Principles and Standards From the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) 455 Learning Theories for Mathematics Instruction 457 Active Involvement 457 • Progression From Concrete Learning to Abstract Learning 457 • Direct Instruction of Mathematics 458 • Learning Strategies Instruction 459 • Problem Solving 459 STUDENT STORIES 14.1: Active Involvement in Mathematics 457 STUDENT STORIES 14.2: Encouraging a Problem-Solving Attitude 460 TEACHING TIPS 14.2: Some Problem-Solving Examples 461 Assessing Mathematics Achievement 461 Formal Tests 462 • Informal Measures 463
TEACHING STRATEGIES 466
Contents TEACHING STRATEGIES 432 Writing Strategies for the General Education Classroom 432 Instruction for Essay Writing Tests 432 TEACHING TIPS 13.1: A Writing Framework 433 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 13.1: Writing Strategies 434 Strategies for Teaching Written Expression 434 TEACHING TIPS 13.2: Teaching the Writing Process 435 Strategies for Using Word Processing 436 Strategies for Teaching Spelling 437 TEACHING TIPS 13.3: The Fernald Method for Teaching Spelling 438 Strategies for Teaching Handwriting 439 I Have a Kid Who ... 442 Chapter Summary 443 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 443 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 443 • Key Terms 444 14 Mathematics Difficulties 445 THEORIES 447 Mathematics Difficulties and Mathematics Learning Disabilities 447 Early Number Concepts and Number Sense 449 One-to-one Correspondence 449 • Counting 449 • Spatial Relationships 449 • Visual-Motor and Visual-Perception Abilities 450 • Concepts of Time and Direction 450 Characteristics of Mathematics Disabilities 451 Information-Processing Difficulties 451 • Language and Mathematics Abilities 452 • Math Anxiety 452 Mathematics Disabilities at the Secondary Level 452 TEACHING TIPS 14.1: Guidelines for Dealing With Math Anxiety 453 Mathematics Standards 454 High Standards and Annual Testing 454 • Mathematics Principles and Standards From the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) 455 Learning Theories for Mathematics Instruction 457 Active Involvement 457 • Progression From Concrete Learning to Abstract Learning 457 • Direct Instruction of Mathematics 458 • Learning Strategies Instruction 459 • Problem Solving 459 STUDENT STORIES 14.1: Active Involvement in Mathematics 457 STUDENT STORIES 14.2: Encouraging a Problem-Solving Attitude 460 TEACHING TIPS 14.2: Some Problem-Solving Examples 461 Assessing Mathematics Achievement 461 Formal Tests 462 • Informal Measures 463
TEACHING STRATEGIES 466
Contents Mathematics Strategies for the General Education Classroom 466 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 14.1: Mathematics Strategies 467 The Mathematics Curriculum 467 The Sequence of Mathematics: Grades K-8 467 • The Secondary Mathematics Curriculum 468 Principles of Instruction for Students With Mathematics Disabilities 468 Early Number Learning 468 • Progressing From the Concrete to the Abstract 469 • Provide Opportunity for Practice and Review 469 • Teach Students to Generalize to New Situations 470 • Teach Mathematics Vocabulary 470 Activities for Teaching Mathematics 470 Teaching Early Number Skills 470 • Teaching Computation Skills 472 • Teaching Word Story Problems 477 • Secondary Mathematics Strategies 479 Using Technology for Mathematics Instruction 479 Calculators 479 • Computers 480 • Spreadsheets 480 I Have a Kid Who ... 482 Chapter Summary 482 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 483 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 483 • Key Terms 483 Glossary G-1 References FM Name Index 1-1 Subject Index I-8
Contents Mathematics Strategies for the General Education Classroom 466 INCLUDING STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION 14.1: Mathematics Strategies 467 The Mathematics Curriculum 467 The Sequence of Mathematics: Grades K-8 467 • The Secondary Mathematics Curriculum 468 Principles of Instruction for Students With Mathematics Disabilities 468 Early Number Learning 468 • Progressing From the Concrete to the Abstract 469 • Provide Opportunity for Practice and Review 469 • Teach Students to Generalize to New Situations 470 • Teach Mathematics Vocabulary 470 Activities for Teaching Mathematics 470 Teaching Early Number Skills 470 • Teaching Computation Skills 472 • Teaching Word Story Problems 477 • Secondary Mathematics Strategies 479 Using Technology for Mathematics Instruction 479 Calculators 479 • Computers 480 • Spreadsheets 480 I Have a Kid Who ... 482 Chapter Summary 482 • TeachSource Video Case Activity 483 • Questions for Discussion and Reflection 483 • Key Terms 483 Glossary G-1 References R -1 Name Index |-1 Subject Index |-8
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| id | DE-604.BV039110737 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:25:35Z |
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| spelling | Lerner, Janet W. Verfasser aut Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities Janet W. Lerner, Beverly H. Johns Belmont Cengage Learning 2012 XXVII, 484, [60] S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Didaktik (DE-588)4070463-4 gnd rswk-swf Schüler (DE-588)4053369-4 gnd rswk-swf Lernbehinderung (DE-588)4123636-1 gnd rswk-swf Schüler (DE-588)4053369-4 s Lernbehinderung (DE-588)4123636-1 s Didaktik (DE-588)4070463-4 s DE-604 Johns, Beverley H. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022654457&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lerner, Janet W. Johns, Beverley H. Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities Didaktik (DE-588)4070463-4 gnd Schüler (DE-588)4053369-4 gnd Lernbehinderung (DE-588)4123636-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070463-4 (DE-588)4053369-4 (DE-588)4123636-1 |
| title | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities |
| title_auth | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities |
| title_exact_search | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities |
| title_full | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities Janet W. Lerner, Beverly H. Johns |
| title_fullStr | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities Janet W. Lerner, Beverly H. Johns |
| title_full_unstemmed | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities Janet W. Lerner, Beverly H. Johns |
| title_short | Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities |
| title_sort | learning disabilities and related mild disabilities |
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| topic_facet | Didaktik Schüler Lernbehinderung |
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