Za červené Slovensko: štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
Bratislava
Ústav Pamäti Národa
2011
|
| Edition: | 1. vyd. |
| Series: | Edícia Monografie
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 344 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788089335312 |
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Uvod
................................................................7
Vznik*
organizačná štruktúra a vnútorné pomery
.......12
Vznik a organizačná štruktúra
spravodajsko-štátnobezpečnostných zložiek na Slovensku
vrokoch
1945- 1948...........................................12
Politické spravodajstvo a štátna bezpečnosť
.....................67
Kontroly Odbočiek
.............................................77
Morálka a medziľudské vzťahy
..................................91
Vzdelávanie
..................................................101
Spolupráca s inými úradmi
....................................105
Spolupráca s Maďarskom
......................................107
Unifikácia
....................................................112
Agentúra
........................................................131
Ilegálne skupiny a ich konštruovanie bezpečnosťou
.....141
Štefan Chalmovskýaspol
.....................................149
Zabitie Tibora Benkoviča
......................................170
Michal Štefula a
spol.
.........................................
189
Jozef
Bačkor a spol.
...........................................201
Juraj
Racík a spol.
.............................................208
Takzvané slovenské sprisahanie
................................209
Skupina v bezpečnosti
.........................................272
Prevrat
...........................................................275
Záver
.............................................................297
Zoznam použitých skratiek
..................................302
Pramene a literatúra
..........................................304
Summary
........................................................308
Henny
register
.................................................316
Obrazová príloha
...............................................329
Summary
At the end of World War
2
Czechoslovak state was reunited due
to the previous political arrangements of Czechoslovak government
in exile and the agreement of the victorious coalition to consider the
reunification of the republic as one of its goals. However, Czecho¬
slovakia was not reunited in its pre-war democratic form. Its leading
political representatives agreed that the political regime of the reunited
republic should be different. Thus a complete change of political
regime in comparison with the Czechoslovak republic
1918 - 1938
was done. The latter was a liberal democracy with many political
parties active. After the re-creation of Czechoslovakia in
1945
only
few political parties were allowed to exist. In Bohemia there were
only four of them: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak
Social Democratic Worker s Party, Czechoslovak National Socialist
Party and Czechoslovak People s Party, in Slovakia originally only
2
parties existed (Communist Party of Slovakia and Democratic
Party), at the beginning of
1946 2
more were allowed. There was no
opposition allowed in that time Czechoslovakia
-
all parties were in
coalition, similarly to other Middle and East European countries, it
was called the National front. From the international point of view
Czechoslovakia in years
1945 - 1948
was under the strong influence
of the Soviet Union. Both countries were allies but Soviet influence
was very strong. It influenced not our only foreign policy but Soviets
had a real impact on the internal situation of Czechoslovakia.
Representatives of USSR monitored and often directly influenced the
development not only via Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (or
Slovakia) but also by giving advices , promising help for Czecho¬
slovakia on the international field or by other means.
Among other important changes the decentralisation and
recognition of Slovakia s right for self-government is necessary
to mention. Based on the previous historical development Slovakia
gained its own parliament (Slovak National Council) and governing
body (Corps of Commissariats). Czechoslovakia was not a federation
although Slovakia had a great deal of self-government
-
an
asymmetric model was chosen. While Slovakia had national council
308
and commissariats, western part of the republic was ruled by the
central government. However, elections in
1946
brought great
changes. These elections were crucial for further development of
Czechoslovakia
-
while in western part of the republic Communists
won the election (approximately
40 %
of all votes, slightly over
31%
of all votes of citizens of Czechoslovakia), in Slovakia communists
were defeated (Democratic Party gained over
60 %
of all votes,
communists approximately
30%).
From that time the situation in Slovakia was changing
-
more
important competences of governmental bodies were transferred from
Slovak commissariats to the central government. Most important was
3rd Prague Agreement when Slovak authorities were in fact in many
aspects subjected to central government. Requests for such change
was probably launched by communists
-
before the election Slovak
communists requested even deeper decentralisation. After communists
failed to achieve majority of votes, representatives of this party started
to point out the threat of dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
Of course not only political regime changed. After the end of
the war also new police bodies were created. In Slovakia all previous
security forces (police, gendarmerie) were dissolved in February
1945
and new National Security corps was created. National Security was
staffed by members of previous security forces, but also by resistance
participants and former guerrilla fighters. The idea to build
a completely new police force was accepted by all existing political
parties, reasons for it were different. Communists of course planned
to misuse their influence to support their people to key positions in the
security apparatus and thus to achieve domination in police authorities
responsible for intelligence and state security affairs.
It needs to be said that in Slovakia many former guerrilla
fighters were at the same time members or sympathisers of the
Communist party and these people seized during the year
1945
majority of key-positions in the state security and political intelligence
bodies of the Commissariat of Interior. It is important to know that
even the election results were not enough to bring greater changes
in the Commissariat of Interior. While in Czechoslovak context
communists due to the election victory were able to keep the Ministry
309
Za červené
Siovensko
of Interior, in Slovakia situation was more complicated. Democrats
requested the Commissariat of Interior for themselves and communists
were strictly against. Since both parties had to make a coalition the
negotiations were very long and only strong pressure from the central
government made both sides of the conflict to accept a compromise
-
Dr.
Mikuláš Ferjenčík
was appointed as the Commissar of Interior.
Ferjenčík
was considered as compromise for he was not member of
any party (he should act as apolitical expert) but the time showed that
he was a better choice for communists
-
he was a weak commissar
who did not want to make any personal changes in the intelligence and
state security apparatus and thus it stayed in hands of communists.
From the organisational point of view state security tasks
were at the beginning in hands of employees of the 2nd Department
of the Main Command of the National Security (and its regional
branches). In autumn of
1945
the Political Intelligence Headquarters was
established and finally in December
1945
all intelligence and state
security tasks were centralized at the VI. Department of the
Commissariat of Interior. In
1947
the office was reorganized to
VII.
Department and in March
1948
to III. Department of
Commissariat of Interior. Finally, in
1949
all state security forces were
centralized for whole Czechoslovakia and taken away from Slovak
national authorities.
As it is mentioned above the majority of most influential
employees of the
VI. (VII.)
Department of the Commissariat of
Interior were members or sympathisers of the Communist Party of
Slovakia. This fact affected the role of this institution for whole period
1945 - 1948,
when Slovak state security authorities were one of the
most important tools of Slovak and also Czechoslovak communist in
their struggle against Democratic Party.
VI., or VII.
Department of
Commissariat of Interior thus was one of the key thrust forces to help
communists to change the political climate in Slovakia where
communists partially succeeded achieving their objectives several
months before a successful coup in whole Czechoslovakia took place.
In all countries of the future Soviet block communists used
a very similar way to seize power
-
it was necessary to accuse their
opponents to have contacts with illegal groups and that they intent to
310
Summary
change the actual political regime. Communists successfully used this
scheme in Poland (against
Stanisław Mikołajczyk)
as well as in
Hungary
(Ferenc Nagy),
Romania (Iulius Maniu) or Bulgaria (Nikolai
Petkov). Hungarian, Romanian and Bulgarian example were more
similar to the case of Slovakia as our country was during Second
World War German ally. In fact nearly the same principles were used
-
connect political opponents with post war emigration, label them as
fascist, prepare fake evidence (usually forced testimonies), arrest and
ask for necessary changes in government. This political clean out
of course means enforcing the will of representatives of communist
party.
It is necessary to know that at the end of the war approxima¬
tely
5000
people left the then Slovak republic. Part of these people
were representatives of the state (president, ministers etc.), members
of
Hlinka
s Guards (paramilitary organisation of ruling
Hlinka
s
Slovak Peoples Party), people responsible for cooperation with
Germany, supporting German war effort, anti-Jewish measures etc.
Others were their family members or just people afraid of future, Red
Army, communists or had other reasons for leaving Slovakia. Many
representatives of the state were extradited by western allies to be
trialed for collaboration with Germany, several large groups returned
on their free will but majority of them stayed and were allowed to stay
usually in Germany, Austria or Italy. Some members of this emigration
wave began with active work (propaganda, intelligence) against
Czechoslovakia. Most active were
3
groups: first was around former
Slovak ambassador to the Holy See
Karol
Sidor,
second grouped
around former foreign minister Dr. Ferdinand
Ďurčanský
and third
was lead by former head if the Intelligence department at the Hlinka s
Youth (only allowed organisation for youth in Slovakia during
1939 - 1945)
Dr.
Ladislav Jankovič.
Several individuals from this
emigration wave even started to cooperate with western intelligence
services.
State security authorities, as stated before under strong influence
of the communist party, considered exposing of illegal groups as one
of their major objectives. First illegal groups were revealed at the end
of the year
1945.
Several members of these groups had real contacts
311
Za červené Slovensko
with people in abroad (from
1945
emigration wave). From this time
on state security officers started not only to reveal such groups but also
to construct and provoke them. In years
1945
and
1946
the main effort
of communist in security apparatus was focused mainly on fighting
a fascist underground and white guerrillas in Slovakia. After the
lost elections in
1946
Slovak part of the state security authorities
began to constantly watch over the Democratic Party. Also starting
from autumn
1946
police officers from Commissariat of Interior in
Bratislava changed their attitude
-
their main goal now was to find or
create a connection between Democrats and the fascist underground
(which of course did not really exist). Probably the first attempt to
connect a high-ranking functionary of Democratic Party to an illegal
group was realized at the end of the year
1946
when a small group
around
Juraj Racík
was revealed and arrested. Racik was responsible
for spreading protest flyers and few times met with chauffeur of
Miloš
Bugár,
the general secretary of the Democratic Party. This attempt to
compromise
Bugár
was however not successful. But the turbulent year
1947
brought a radical change. Representatives of Slovak communists
and officers from the
VII.
Department provoked and constructed the
so called treasonous conspiracy in Slovakia. It needs to be stressed
that a key role in instructing the police played the then Head of the
Corps of Commissariats (later Czechoslovak president and head of the
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) Dr.
Gustav
Husák.
The Slovak treasonous conspiracy was being constructed
by
VII.
Department of the Commissariat of Interior from
3
main
groups that in fact had not much in common. First frames of the
conspiracy were prepared in summer
1947,
the realisation, arresting,
construction and misuse of whole case for political purposes by the
representatives of communist party was done in autumn and winter
1947.
The attack began on September 14th,
1947.
First group was
arrested in
Žilina, Banská Štiavnica
and
Nové Zámky.
In this
group there was only one minor functionary (regional secretary) of
Democratic Party and he had only a minor role in the group. But the¬
re were people with connections to war-time regime in Slovakia and
this whole case was a good preparation (also in the field of propagan¬
da) for events and revelations that followed only several days later.
312
Summary
During several following days the pressure of state security autho¬
rities on Democratic Party increased with two more accusations.
Democratic Party was charged for committing treason. Two
general secretaries of this party, the above mentioned
Miloš Bugár
and his colleague
Ján Kempný,
were accused for providing help to
representatives and couriers of 1945-emigration via courier Rudolf
Komandera, who was arrested in the middle of August
1947.
His false
testimonies written during the police investigation were used as
key-evidence against
Bugár
and
Kempný
and Democratic Party itself.
At the same time another sensational revelation was done. Otto
Obuch,
a clerk at the office of Czechoslovak vice-premier
Ján Ursíny
(also vice chair of the Democratic Party) was arrested for creating an
illegal organisation and contacts with one of the most active figures of
the 1945-emigration
-
Ferdinand
Ďurčanský.
Although these
accusations were partially true
(Obuch
was really in touch with
Ďurčanský),
communists used the case of this low-ranking clerk to
compromise
Ursíny
who was under strong political pressure forced
to resign. Unfortunately even the apolitical Commissar
Ferjenčík
believed that the threat of treason is real and supported the work of
state security by his speeches in both Slovak National Council and
Czechoslovak parliament.
The
2
weeks of strong communist assault against Democratic
Party had a devastating effect on the party itself. With vice-premier
forced to resign,
2
general secretaries and
1
Member of Parliament
arrested and being constantly accused for supporting efforts to
dissolute Czechoslovakia the party had to make political offsets. For
example despite the
1946
election results Democratic Party lost its
majority in the Corps of Commissariats. The party started to lose
internal stability.
Important was also the national aspect. In their efforts to
discredit Democratic Party Slovak communists often argued by
pointing on the democrats as separatists trying to dissolute Czecho¬
slovakia and thus trying to gain the support of other Czech parties.
They were partially successful
-
other political parties did not support
Democratic Party during the campaign in autumn
1947.
Only slowly
the representatives of national socialists and People s Party started to
313
¿.з
i_ervenê
Slovensko
realise that communists used the national question not to fight for the
integrity of Czechoslovakia but to discredit their political opponents.
Only when the requests of communists became too insolent
other National Front coalition parties started to took side of Democrats
and helped to solve the autumn crises that quaked the political scene
in Slovakia (but also in whole Czechoslovakia) during September and
October
1947.
These events are now considered as a general rehearsal
for the communist coup in February
1948.
However, it needs to be stated that in all cases the evidence
collected by police against politicians from Democratic Party
was not sufficient. Since the judicial apparatus was not in hands of
communists trials against
Ursíny, Bugár, Kempný
or others were not
running as the communists hoped. In fact the trial against
Bugár
and
Kempný
seemed to go wrong
-
state security constructions were
supported mostly by testimonies of Komandera which both politicians
strictly refused. Commissariat of Justice was not under the influence
of the Communist Party of Slovakia and thus the judicial authorities
did not accept all proofs collected by the police. All trials had to
wait for a better situation
-
it had to finish after the Coup.
But the situation changed in February
1948
when communists
started political crises on the Czechoslovak level. The minister of
Interior
Václav Nosek
(representing Communist Party of Czecho¬
slovakia) removed several high-ranking police officers from Prague.
The government, despite protests of all communist members, passed
a resolution forcing him to take this order back.
Nosek
refused to obey
the will of majority in government and representatives of National
socialists, Democrats and People s Party on February 20th,
1948
resigned. They hoped that social democrats would support them so
that majority of government members would resign what would mean
fall of the whole government and premature elections. However,
representatives of social democrats did not act and thus allowed
communists to force their will and call in new government members
that were willing to support communists. After several days (February
25th,
1948)
president Dr.
Edvard Beneš
accepted the new government
members and that in fact started a 40-years long communist era in
Czechoslovakia.
314
mimry
In Slovakia the situation was a bit different. As stated above the
only real opposition to communists
-
Democratic Party
-
was already
weakened by the crisis from autumn
1947.
On February 21th,
1948 -
the next day after the resignation in central government
-
Husák
informed all commissars from Democratic Party that he considers
the resignation of Democrats in central government to be also
a resignation from the Corps of Commissariats. The practical
realisation of his order was done on Monday (February 23rd)
when communists supported by state security officers overtook
commissariats. The state security officers also took several other steps
to secure the victory of communists. Police arrested many people
that were considered a threat including several higher ranking police
officers. They occupied main post office in Bratislava to monitor and
later to interfere to all telephone calls between Bratislava and Prague
-
the only functional telephone connection had
Gustav Husák.
Commissar
Ferjenčík
ordered the police to stop all their activities
but state security officers disobeyed all his orders. All opposition in
Slovakia was eliminated in few days and on February 25th,
1948
the
Democratic Party split, one wing started to support communists.
At the same time the police occupied the Central Secretariat of
Democratic Party and confiscated many important documents. The
power overtake was done.
State security authorities were during the short period of
people s democracy regime that was established in Czechoslovakia
after the Second World War one of the key tools that helped the
communist party to achieve its goal
-
seizing the power. After
the Coup the role of State Security changed
-
it became a tool of
repression and control. The development of this fearsome
organisation is similar to other countries of former Soviet block
-
from
a terror spreading institution, responsible for construction of public
monster processes in
1950s
to institution of control and prevention in
the normalisation period in
1970s
and
1980.
The State Security ceased
to exist shortly after the Velvet revolution in Czechoslovakia, at the
beginning of year
1990.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
315
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Medvecký, Matej 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)159570190 |
| author_facet | Medvecký, Matej 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Medvecký, Matej 1977- |
| author_variant | m m mm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039102236 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)734093797 (DE-599)BVBBV039102236 |
| edition | 1. vyd. |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1948 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV039102236 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:25:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788089335312 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022646145 |
| oclc_num | 734093797 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 344 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Ústav Pamäti Národa |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Edícia Monografie |
| spelling | Medvecký, Matej 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)159570190 aut Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 Matej Medvecký 1. vyd. Bratislava Ústav Pamäti Národa 2011 344 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edícia Monografie Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd rswk-swf Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 gnd rswk-swf Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 s Geschichte 1945-1948 z DE-604 Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646145&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646145&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Medvecký, Matej 1977- Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 gnd Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182674-7 (DE-588)4137557-9 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 |
| title_auth | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 |
| title_exact_search | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 |
| title_full | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 Matej Medvecký |
| title_fullStr | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 Matej Medvecký |
| title_full_unstemmed | Za červené Slovensko štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 Matej Medvecký |
| title_short | Za červené Slovensko |
| title_sort | za cervene slovensko statna bezpecnost a politicke spravodajstvo na slovensku v rokoch 1945 1948 |
| title_sub | štátna bezpečnosť a politické spravodajstvo na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 - 1948 |
| topic | Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 gnd Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Staatsschutz Politische Polizei Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646145&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646145&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT medveckymatej zacerveneslovenskostatnabezpecnostapolitickespravodajstvonaslovenskuvrokoch19451948 |