Otalążka: stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne
8 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Einzelaufnahme eines Zs.-Bandes. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Otalążka - a bog sanctuary from the Late Roman Period |
| Beschreibung: | 142 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bender, Witold |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Otalążka |b stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego |c Witold Bender |
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne |c 2009 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne |v 8 | |
| 500 | |a Einzelaufnahme eines Zs.-Bandes. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Otalążka - a bog sanctuary from the Late Roman Period | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145784495538176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
...7
1.
Wstęp
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.1.
Historia odkryć i organizacja badań
........................................................................................................................................9
1.2.
Metodyka prac polowych
................................................................................................................................................................13
1.3.
Położenie stanowiska
..............................................................................................................................................................................16
2.
Środowisko naturalne ośrodka kultowego (opracowała Ewa Stupnicka)
19
2.1.
Stratygrafia osadów holoceńskich
..........................................................................................................................................19
2.2.
Etapy rozwoju roślinności i zmiany hydrograficzne w dolinie
..........................................................22
2.3.
Położenie ośrodka na tle rzeźby terenu
............................................................................................................................23
3.
Urządzenie i wyposażenie ośrodka
25
3.1.
Zespoły i podzespoły
..............................................................................................................................................................................25
3.1.1.
Część zachodnia
-
prawobrzeżna
......................................................................................................................................................................26
3.1.2.
Część zachodnia
-
lewobrzeżna
............................................................................................................................................................................31
4.
Opis materiału
....................................................................................................................................................................................................37
4.1.
Naczynia (opracował Andrzej Maciałowicz)
..........................................................................................................37
4.2.
Pozostałe zabytki (zestawiła Aleksandra Żórawska)
......................................................................................45
5.
Analiza materiałów
....................................................................................................................................................................................53
5.1.
Naczynia (opracował Andrzej Maciałowicz)
......................................................................................................53
5.2.
Pozostałe zabytki
..........................................................................................................................................................................................56
5.2.1.
Zapinka
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
5.2.2.
Grzebień
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
5.1.3.
Naczynia szklane
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
5.2.4.
Zabytki drewniane
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
5.2.5.
Zabytki kamienne
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
5.2.6.
Inne wyroby z gliny polepa
............................................................................................................................................................................................76
5.2.7.
Výroby z
kości
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
6.
Podsumowanie
..................................................................................................................................................................................................79
7.
Bibliografìa
................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
8.
Aneksy
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
Marcin Biborski
Wyniki badań
skladu
chemicznego zapinki z Otalążki, pow. grójecki, stan.
1.................................93
[Tadeusz Dziekoński |
Ekspertyza materiału i sposobu wykonania zapinki z Otalążki, pow. grójecki, stan.
1.........95
Henryk Kobryń, Stanisław
S
er watka)
Szczątki kostne zwierząt ze stanowiska
1
w Otalążce, pow. grójecki
............................................................96
Ewa Stupnicka
Makroskopowy opis oraz charakterystyka materiału głazowego
z zespołu A z Otalążki, pow. grójecki, stan.
1............................................................................................................................105
9.
Summary
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
10.
Tablice
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
9.
Summary
Otalążka
-
a bog sanctuary
from the Late Roman Period
1.
Introduction
Site
1
at
Otalążka
in district
Grójec, Mogielnica
commune, was investigated between
1964
and
1973
on a scale not equalled by any other site in Poland
(W. Bender
1968; 1969; 1972, 1974; 1996; 1998;
W. Bender, E. Stupnicka
1974).
In describing the
archaeological features of the prehistoric establish¬
ment at
Otalążka
eight principal complexes were
identified (A to H), corresponding to assorted func¬
tional elements of the sanctuary. The description of
complexes is followed by a discussion of small finds
(Catalogue I and II
-
pottery and other). The mon¬
ograph also includes reports on the results of spe¬
cialist analyses approved by the authors of research.
Some sections reflect the state of research as it was
during the
1980s,
some were updated by newer lite¬
rature and revised by the author.
The site at
Otalążka
(Fig.
1,2)
was discovered in
1950-1951
by accident during commercial peat dig¬
ging and recognised as a bog site dating from the
last segment of the Late Roman Period, 5th century
AD (M. Gozdowski
1952,
p.
178-179).
Ultimately,
in
1968,
a consensus was reached that the establish¬
ment at
Otalążka
should be viewed as a sacred centre.
A regular collaborator and animator of complicated
issues related to the natural environment of
Otalążka
was Professor E. Stupnicka, geologist (cfW. Bender,
E. Stupnicka
1974
and Chapter
2
of the present anal¬
ysis). To secure reliable answers in this respect spe¬
cialist analyses were made and expert opinion obtain¬
ed. Co-operation was sought from peat scientists
(J.
Oświt,
S.
Żurek
1974,
p.
367-377),
a study made
of mollusc fauna and macroremains taken from core
samples
(A. Dziçczkowski
1974,
p.
379-386),
and,
on a limited scale, pollen analysis and botanical
analysis (A. Kohlman-Adamska
1984,
p.
81-89),
samples were secured for
С
14
analysis which was car¬
ried out by
M. F.
Pazdur Silesian Technical University,
Gliwice.
Determinations of animal bone remains were
made by H.
Kobryń
and S.
Serwatko (cf
Annexes).
W. Dzbeński
and A. Umgelter identified the species
of some of the timber fragments (see the results in
Catalogue II). The bronze fibula was analysed by
T.
Dziekoński
and M. Biborski (cf Annex). Parallel to
the excavation, fieldwalkings were carried out along
the course of the Mogielanka stream. Their effect
was the discovery or validation of
23
archaeological
sites from different ages and periods of prehistory.
However, none of them was definitely contemporary
to the sacred and sacrificial establishment at
Otalążka.
Investigation covered an area of
887
m2 (Fig.
7),
undisturbed part of the site between two peat-cut¬
ting pits. Trenches measuring
10
χ
10
m
were opened
in a
100
sq
m
system (Fig.
7).
Initially, also smaller
test trenches were laid out to provide information on
the extent of the culture deposit. This was dispensed
with when it was found that core samples were suffi¬
cient for grasping the stratigraphy, the extent and the
description of the deposits (cf W. Bender, E. Stupni¬
cka
1974,
Fig.
2-4;
Fig.
11, 12).
The upper layers, down to the depth of
80-
150
cm, were removed mechanically with only a brief
inspection made. The emergence of a layer of peat
mixed with sand was a sign that the culture layer had
109
been reached and careful exploration followed.
Within the trenches water was free to drain off into
basins; a system of ducts maintained (Fig.
8)
or a sys¬
tem was used of stepped exploration surfaces. Sieving
the entire culture deposit excavated (c.
800
m3) was
impracticable and was done only for the soil from the
hearths and places of small finds concentration.
Artefacts recording was made in a three-dimen¬
sional system. Stable elements eg, posts, concentra¬
tions of stone, single boulders, were left remaining
in situ and excavated around, documented by degrees
(Fig.
10).
Everywhere the culture deposit was exca¬
vated down to the observable level of the natural, but
on many occasions, to a still much greater depth (eg
of
3.80
m). Extreme care was taken to extract the
abundant lithic material. Despite considerable diffi¬
culties an effort was made to cut profiles and exca¬
vate the features identified using the method of quad¬
rants. Depth measurements were tied to a benchmark
established as having the relative altitude of zero. The
scale used in the field drawings was mostly
1:10,
more seldom
1:20;
collective plans were drawn also
in other scales.
Site
1
at
Otalążka
lies in the
SE area
of the
Rawa
Heights
(Wysoczyzna Rawska)
Upland, on the mid¬
dle Mogielanka, at a distance of
с
10
km from its
confluence with the
Pilica
(Fig.
1, 2).
At present the
site lies on a flood terrace of the left bank of this
stream. Excavation and auger survey established that
the ancient sanctuary had been set up in entirely dif¬
ferent conditions of morphology and hydrology than
prevail in the valley of the Mogielanka at present (cf
next chapter).
Today the area has varied relief with differences
in altitude ranging from
120
to
170
m a.s.l.
The
ancient forms of relief have suffered considerably
from erosion, vegetation change and anthropogenic
factors. The valley rim is dissected by two intermit¬
tent streams Between the locations Mogielnica and
Otalążka
is a series of small springs (Fig.
2).
Next to
the village of
Otalążka
the river flows in an artificial
channel dug during the modern period. Above the
flood terrace survive vestiges of an upper terrace rising
up to
5
m
above the water level in the Mogielanka. In
the region of
Dziarnów
and
Borowe
these vestiges
stand out in the local relief as islands . One of them
is occupied by site
1
at
Dziarnów
-
a settlement from
the sub-period B2-Cj (B. Balke
2004,
p.
82-83).
The culture deposit rested between two levels
of peat and had a maximum thickness of
0.8
m, on
average,
0.4
m, in places it tapered off and mingled
with non-mineral deposits. Its maximum area was
about
800
m2.
2.
The Natural Environment
The site at
Otalążka
was discovered within the de¬
posits of the flood terrace of the Mogielanka (Fig.
11 )
at a depth of
1.5-2.5
m, under younger fluvial se¬
diments (sand, silt, peat).
The culture deposit overlies lake sediments
(gyttja,
lake marl, reed peat) between several dozen
and
3
m
deep. The lake which filled the valley of the
Mogielanka during the early Holocene became de¬
funct by the Boreal Period. The oldest formations at
Otalążka
which build the upper terraces and the sur¬
rounding hills
(fluvio-glacial
sands, boulder clays)
date from the Pleistocene. Archaeological features
and finds occurred either on the surface of the lake
sediments exposed to erosion or within the sands of
the river bed of the ancient Mogielanka which took
shape after the lake became defunct.
The sanctuary was set up in a narrow and fairly
deep gully (Fig.
13)
eroded by the river. It was situa¬
ted in the elbow of the meander of the river in its
phase I (Fig.
13),
on both sides of the river channel,
on a low and narrow flood terrace. The majority of the
features, other than the stone circle (A) and hearths
(B), were found inside the river bend, directly above
the water level and presumably at higher water stages
were subject to periodic flooding. Features found at
the lowest altitude
(F, G, H)
occupied a small tract of
depressed ground washed by the waters of the mean¬
der. The site was mostly under vegetation typical for
a wetland environment, on the higher terraces
-
under
meadow plants, the surrounding hills were mostly
under dry woodland domi-nated by birch and pine.
The factor which contributed to the decline of
the sacred centre was climatic change. Heavy rainfall
and floods and a general rise in the groundwater level
after
AD 4tłi
с.
were responsible for a partial destruc¬
tion of the culture deposit together with the under¬
lying reed peat beds. This is indicated by numerous
fragments of peat and by archaeological finds which
were discovered during excavation within the sands
of the ancient river bed of the Mogielanka.
110
3.
The Sanctuary
-
Features and Structures
The sanctuary was dissected by the ancient Mogie-
lanka into two discrete spatial units: western area
-
on the right bank (complexes
А
-D)
and eastern area
-
on the left bank (complexes
E
-Н)
(Fig.
13).
The
longer axis of the site followed the line running East-
West (Fig.
14).
The area of the sacred site fits inside
an ellipse having a length of about
40
m, and a maxi¬
mum width of about
20
m. From the west, this range
was confined by the upper fossil terrace of the ancient
Mogielanka. The eastern boundary was determined
thanks to small test trenches and auger survey. On
its SW side it was bounded by the bend of the an¬
cient meander (Fig.
13).
There is evidence that from
the north only the edge of the centre could have suf¬
fered destruction, a strip having a width of
2
m
and
a length of several metres (Fig.
11).
The theory on
the near intactness of this area is supported by the
fact that the revealed features (complexes
A
-Н)
form
a structural whole, planned consistently according to
a mostly legible plan.
From the north regulation works on the Mogie¬
lanka caused destruction of the edge of the area with
hearths and pavement (complex C), and peat ex¬
traction disturbed the stone circle (complex A) and
a fragment of a fourth hearth (Fig.
15, 17).
Most
probably, some part of the area in the
NE
segment,
where complexes
H
and H.I are found, was eroded
by the ancient river in its phase II. The river contri¬
buted to serious change in the character of the valley
which took place only after the sanctuary had gone
out of use. Another contributing factor was human
activity
-
the construction of watermills early into
the Medieval Period (W. Bender
1974)
and the
modern-period regulation of the channel of the
Mogielanka.
Complex A. Here the outermost feature was
a circular and domed stone circle with an outer ring
consisting originally of
7
boulders with a diameter of
30-50
cm, arranged at fairly regular intervals every
1.75
m
(Fig.
15,16).
Inside was a compact nucleus of
several larger and numerous smaller stones. The up¬
permost stones were uncovered at a depth of
1
m, the
lower reached down to
1.5
m. In setting up the circle
its makers used stones selected for their size and out¬
look taken from the local quaternary deposits (cf
Annex of E. Smpnicka). The circle was laid on the
topmost level of the fossil flood terrace. Among the
stones and in the surrounding area were discovered
a dozen-odd potsherds, wooden objects and a pebble
resembling a gaming piece (Plate I,
VIII).
Complex B. In an area descending to the ancient
river was a row of four roughly circular hearths with
a diameter of between
1.5
and
2
m
and thickness
of up to
80
cm (Fig.
17)
of heavily burnt stones,
containing singed and charred fragments of wood
(including pine and birch), charcoal and ashes.
Originally, there may have been a fifth hearth, now
destroyed. Around this area, especially to the east of
the hearths, was a thick (on average
40
cm), culture
deposit containing a substantial quantity of charcoal
and ashes and stones; most probably, it originated
as a result of repeated making of fires. This area
yielded a large quantity of pottery finds (Plate I, II)
as well as cattle, sheep and pig bones. From hearth
no.
4
was recovered a quarter of a quern stone (Plate
VIII: 17),
while next to hearths
1
and
2
was found
a wooden coulter from a scratch plough (Fig.
18),
a spindle-whorl (Plate
VIII: 16),
a whetstone (Plate
IX:
18)
and fragments of worked wood (Plate IX).
Complexes B.I and B.2. To the east of the
hearths was discovered a structure of oak wood,
a sort of a bench,
2.10
m long
and
15
cm wide.
A carefully worked horizontal log with two openings
had been eased onto two heavy uprights (Plate X)
ending at the top in knuckles , their shape made to
fit the shape of the opening. The bench stood nearly
in alignment with the
W— E
axis of the establish¬
ment. The area around it had been paved with stone
(Fig.
13).
A less well-preserved, and longer (about
4
m) similar structure was found closer to the ancient
river bank (Fig.
13,17).
Complex B.3 has the form of two heavy uprights
positioned on the extension of the lower bench
(Fig.
17),
forming a sort of a gate. A third post gave
the impression of being a later addition. The gate had
been placed on an axis connecting the centre of the
stone circle (complex A) with the stone mound ac¬
ross the river (complex E). Inside it lay a clay disc
(Fig.
19:1),
and next to it, three pieces of wood re¬
miniscent in their form of idols (Plate X:
24-26).
Complexes B.4 and B.5 consist of a series of pegs
driven at irregular intervals (Fig.
17,
Plate IX) sur¬
rounded by a chaotic arrangement of poles, branches
111
and brushwood. They may be the remains of wattle
fencing which set apart the area with the hearths
from the river and from the paved area.
Complex
С
is a pavement laid over a substrate of
the peat level II (Fig.
13,20)
to strengthen the bend
in the river bank. In its thickest section it reached
40
cm and occupied an area of about
100
m2. The
pavement made for a more convenient communica¬
tion from one bank to the other and facilitated
easier access to the water. Among the stones were dis¬
covered a dozen-odd potsherds, several dozen lumps
of daub and other finds (Plate III, XI).
Complex D. Within the deposit of sand and
mud accumulated in the channel of the ancient
Mogielanka a concentration of pottery and bones
was revealed (Fig.
13).
The finds concentrated inside
a
4.5
χ
5
m
depression. A nearly complete vessel was
recovered, some potsherds and other artefacts (Plate
III, IX) as well as cattle, sheep and pig bones, almost
all of them with traces of fire.
Complex E. Closest to the river channel was
a domed stone mound of medium-sized pebbles and
angular stones, damaged by river erosion caused by
the ancient Mogielanka (Fig.
13, 21).
Underneath,
within the natural layer (peat II), were revealed two
pits, filled with peat mixed with a great quantity of
sand and a small number of stones. These could be
the remains of heavy posts. On the perimeter and in
the southern part of the mound were discovered
wooden and bone objects, potsherds and other finds
(Plate IV, XI), as well as cattle and pig bones and
a smaller number of sheep bones.
Complex F. East of the mound, on a once parti¬
cularly soggy tract of ground, there had been a con¬
centration of timbers having an area of about
4
m2
(Fig.
13, 22)
overlying peat level II or thin layers
of mud deposited by the floodwaters of the ancient
Mogielanka. There were some wood fragments (parts
of stakes, logs and poles) and branches. At centre
was a peg and, next to it, a boulder which presuma¬
bly helped to stabilise the concentration against the
pressure of the waters. In the western area was found
fragment of rim (felloe) of a wheel (Plate XIV:80),
other areas yielded finds of potsherds, numerous frag¬
ments of wood (some of them resembling idols ),
a unique small iron knife (Plate V,
XII, XIII)
as
well as cattle and sheep bones and a trace amount of
pig bones.
Complexes F.I and F.2. Under a concentra¬
tion of timbers to the
SE
of a walkway, recorded as
Complex F.2 (Fig.
22),
were discovered potsherds
and a clay spindle-whorl (Plate V,
XIII),
isolated
stones, cattle bones, singed cranial and limb bones
of pig, as well as the skeletal remains of sheep, red and
roe deer, and duck. The stones, especially the larger
ones, possibly had been used to weigh down the tim¬
ber debris, keep it in place and safeguard it from
being dislodged by the water. Complex F.2 is a walk¬
way of pine logs and a
10
m
fragment of a heavier
log
-
the remains of a dike
(?).
Finds from this area
include a number of complete vessels and the neck
from a glass vessel (Plate V, Fig.
23:3).
Complex
G. A
concentration of pottery (com¬
plex F.
1 ),
possibly associated with a dozen-odd posts
driven deeply and close together into the ground,
forming a sort of a corner (Fig.
22).
In their midst
lay an oval boulder
(15
χ
20
cm), while a number of
smaller stones formed a sort of a southern wall of
this concentration. At centre was found a shallow
wooden basin (Plate XV:
103),
and under the boul¬
der, an object recalling a fragment of a flax beater
(Plate
XVI : 102).
There were also some pottery finds
(PlateVI).
Complex H. Here the most prominent feature
was the largest concentration of timber remains, cov¬
ering an area of about 10 m2 and having a sub-oval
outline (Fig.
24, 25).
Almost at centre there were
three heaviest wooden piles (Plate
XVII: 107-109).
The impression was that other pegs of assorted length
and diameter with well-sharpened points had been
driven successively during different phases of the sanc¬
tuary, their role to stabilise the debris
-
a gird plat¬
form. With its southern edge this structure extended
to the edge of the ancient river (Fig.
13).
The con¬
centration of pegs on this side suggests that the bank
had been strengthened with brushwood. Within the
underlying natural layer (peat II), under the timber
debris, were observed outlines of two pits (Fig.
24) -
traces of post-holes?. Complex
Η
was also positio¬
ned on the central axis of the sanctuary (cf Fig.
14).
This area yielded several complete pottery vessels
(Plate VI:
105-107)
which lent themselves to re¬
construction, and an antler comb (Fig.
26),
two frag¬
ments from one or possibly two glass goblets (Fig.
23:1.2)
and a bronze bird fibula (Fig.
24:1,25).
Also
from this area originate fragments of large wooden
112
objects, some of them recalling a scratch plough and
a hoe (Plate
XIX,
XX). The largest concentration
of cattle, pig and sheep, red and roe deer bones was
discovered here, as was the largest quantity of duck
bones in the entire part of the centre of the left river
bank.
Complex H.I was found to the north of the
walkway and above it. It was a concentration of frag¬
ments of worked and raw wood not forming any
close-knit or thicker deposit (Fig.
24).
It yielded
a number of finds (Plate
XXI).
4.
Small finds
-
Catalogue I and II
The Catalogue is in two parts: one listing pottery
finds (I) and another for wooden finds and other ma¬
terial (II). All are described under headings Complex
A through H. The plates portray all the larger pottery
fragments which could be illustrated; Catalogue II
presents selected wooden finds. The numbers in
Catalogue II correspond to the numbers assigned to
the timber elements and wooden finds in the figures
(Fig.
17,22,24)
and plates (Plate VIII-XXII). The
numbers of pottery in Catalogue I also are the same
as in the plates (Plate I-
VII).
5.
Small finds
-
discussion
The pottery assemblage from
Otalążka
encom¬
passes
148
characteristic fragmentarily preserved
vessels, more rarely, complete specimens, and a few
hundred small, featureless sherds (Plate I-VII). Four
technological vessels groups were distinguished: A
-
hand-built wares, fired in oxygen-poor conditions
(reduces, blackened);
В
-
hand-built wares, fired in
oxygen-rich conditions;
С
-
wheel-thrown vessels,
fired in oxygen-poor conditions (so-called blue pot¬
tery);
D
-
wheel-thrown vessels, fired in oxygen-rich
conditions (known as
Kraußengeßße).
Hand-built
vessel forms included vases, cups, large and small,
pots and jugs; wheel-thrown vessel forms included
jugs, bowls and storage vessels (known as
Kraußen¬
geßße).
Additionally, in the group o{ hand-built
wares (groups A, B) a classification was made into
various shapes of the vessel body (I-IV).
All types of pottery, hand-built and the less nu¬
merous wheel-thrown wares, find analogy in
Przeworsk
Culture, where they are dated to the
period of transition from the Early to the Late
Roman Period, as far as phase C2. The same chrono¬
logical framework must be adopted for the assem¬
blage from
Otalążka.
A bronze fibula (Fig.
24:1, 25)
was discovered
in Complex H. The axle of its spring, most probably
iron, did not survive. The fibula is a cross-bow form
with an 8-coil spring and a low catchplate which had
been soldered to the projections on its bow. Worth
noting is its heavy bow, shaped like a bird. The foot
of the fibula is the bird s head, with a duck bill and
pricked eyes, on the body there is an ornament of
four pairs of rows of jabs simulating folded wings.
Incisions were used to accentuate the feathers of
a lightly outspread tail. The result is a representation
of a water fowl
-
most likely a duck, which played
not a small role in religious symbolism. We know of
several representations of ducks among finds of fibu¬
lae (A. Kokowski
1987,
p.
276,
Fig.
5;
H. Winter
1985-1986,
p.
340-341,
Fig. on p.
361-362).
I define
the specimen from
Otalążka
as figural-ornithomor-
phic. In making the fibula different alloys were used:
the tail was made of an alloy with a substantial amo¬
unt of zinc, the tail and the soldered-on catchplate
are visibly lighter in colour than the rest of the body
(cf Annexes).
Bird fibulae comparable to the specimen from
Otalążka
have a broad geographic range and chro
nology, culture attribution, and differ in stylistic
treatment. The best nearly identical counterpart is
a bronze fibula from the region of Grabowiec in
district
Hrubieszów (Fig.
24:3).
The two fibulae are
separated by quite a distance (c.
200
km in a straight
line), but originated most probably from the same
workshop. The specimen from
Otalążka
is dated
fairly reliably by the context of its discovery in the
culture deposit of the peatland, the duck from
Grabowiec is a stray find. Most likely to be of earlier
date are three bronze fibulae with a very high catch¬
plate, classified as
VII
group of
O. Almgren,
with
bows in the form of birds in flight (also associated
with ducks), from grave
10
and
56
at
Maslomçcz,
distr.
Hrubieszów,
dated to phase B2/Cj and Cb
(A. Kokowski
1983,
PL
302/1,
Fig.
1; 1985,
PL
337,
Fig.
1-2; 1995,
p.
37).
According to A. Kokowski
their origin is Sarmatian. Bird fibulae have a tradi¬
tion going back to antiquity, in West Europe they
occur in
Hallstatt
and early
La Tene
cultures, in the
113
Italo
-Roman
and Celtic world. During the period
of interest they are noted in Gaul and Roman pro¬
vinces, more rarely, in
Pontus,
and different parts of
non-Roman Europe. Among the youngest are speci¬
mens from the Byzantine-Longobard environment.
Previously (W. Bender, E. Stupnicka,
1974,
p.
344
-346, 355-356,
Fig.
8)
I had a tendency to accept
what now seems to be an excessively late dating of the
Otalążka
fibula, something I renounced in my later
publications.
The fibula from
Otalążka
is similar also to a fibula
from a Mecklenburgian cemetery at Pritzier, re¬
cognised as a special form of
O. Almgren
group VI
fibulae (Fig.
24:2),
discovered in a female grave
no.
880
in company of a seriously eroded plate fibula
Inventories with plate fibulae belong in horizon
В
or
C, dated to AD
300-400
(E. Schuldt
1955,
p.
70).
S. Thomas
(1967,
p.
27)
placed similar
(?)
plate fibu¬
lae among variant
2
series
2
type A forms, of the
second half of AD 4th or early 5 th century, something
which was accepted in the earlier analyses of the
fibula from
Otalążka.
But basing on other classes of
finds, especially pottery and the absence of forms ha¬
ving such a late daring, it seems that it may be older.
A fragmented comb made of red deer antler (Fig.
26)
is a three-layered form
-
type I of S. Thomas
(1960,
p.
75-94,143-180),
alternately, an interme¬
diate form between types
1
and
5
of group I/B of E.
Cnotliwy
(1964,
Fig. Sa-c, 6a,
1
la). Its out-sloping
side and bevelling of the plates mark this specimen
as a late form, typical for phase C2 and onset of phase
D (H.
Machajewski
1992,
p.
66-68; 1993,
p.
89).
At the same time, the length of its outermost plate
which extends to the top of the side plates of the
comb, is something uncommon for the majority of
this type of combs (cf A. Kokowski
1995,
p.
15,
Fig.
3).
Three-layered specimens presumably appeared
on
Przeworsk
territory even during phase B2/C
j
and continued over the entire Late Roman Period
(K. Godlowski
1970,
p.
9).
Consequently, the comb
from
Otalążka
may be a form from the final period
of antiquity. It occurred in complex H. It may have
found its way to
Otalążka
as a votive deposit
-
a manifestation of a tradition of worship and sacri¬
fice which is noted in different regions and among
various peoples.
Complexes
H
and
F
yielded three fragments
of glass vessels. Two fragments of the same olive-
coloured hue (Fig.
23:1 )
belong to a single, possibly,
two, goblets, type E.
230,
with cut ovals (H. J. Eggers
1951).
The glass fragments have a slightly different
chemical composition (T. Stawiarska
1999,
p.
147,
161, 318,
Cat. no.
180, 215),
hence the lack of cer¬
tainty whether they actually come from one and the
same vessel. Finds of this type of glasses, fairly popu¬
lar during the Late Roman and at onset of the
Migrations Period, is known from Poland from
phases C2-C3 and D.
The fragment of a third glass vessel, from com¬
plex F.2 (Fig.
23:3),
is a part of a funnel-like, lightly
conical neck with a well-preserved lip. The glass is
transparent, light bluish-green in hue. According to
T. Stawiarska
(1999,
p.
309)
the neck was produced
using the technique of hand-blowing. The vessel, of
which the surviving neck was a part, could have
been
a rhyton
or a pipette-like vessel (W. Bender,
E. Stupnicka
1974,
p.
339;
W. Bender
1972,
p.
128;
1998,
p.
20,
Fig. on p.
23)
a species of an infundibu-
lum or
a cornus.
Identification of the original form
and function of this vessel is made harder still by its
lip, thickened on the inside, which greatly reduces
the opening possibly making the container useful
for measuring out liquids. It may have been open at
both ends, similarly as a unique find from
Varpelev
in Zealand (H. J. Eggers
1951,
p.
88, 181,
cat. no.
241,
Plate
16:250;
cf also U. Lund-Hansen
1987,
p.
105-106).
Ifwe are to rely on a trial reconstruction
of the vessel from
Otalążka,
using the specimen from
Varpelev
as a model, the length and height of the
former would have been similar. Its function would
be that of a pipette. Similar glasses have been to the
3rd, but mostly, to the 4th century. According to
T. Stawiarska, the fragment of the glass vessel neck
from
Otalążka
is representative of Rheinish glass
workshops.
Otalążka
yielded
49
wooden finds which could
be identified as to their function. Presumably they
found their way to the site as parts of tools, half-
-finished products or imitations of objects of every¬
day use. A considerable quantity of wood with very
limited traces working or feigned working came from
the area on the left bank. The description of the finds
was made basing on their original intended use.
A wooden coulter from an at present missing
ploughing implement occurred in concentration
В
(Fig.
18).
We have no record on prehistoric and early
114
historie
wooden coulters (cf
W.
Bender
1969,
p.
92,
Fig. 5:1; 1972,
p.
125, Fig. 11, 12;
W.
Bender,
E.
Stupnicka
1974,
p.
331-332).
This wooden coul¬
ter must have been in use alongside the heavier and
more durable iron coulters (cfj. Wielowiejski
1981,
p.
320,
Fig.
145).
This piece rested at a depth of
2.60
m
within the culture deposit which contained numer¬
ous relics datable to the period AD 2n^-4t 1 century.
The coulter was in pine wood, from the part just
above the tree roots, which is quite tough (Fig. 18a).
The oblique cutting edge of the coulter projects in
relation to the shaft which is at right angles to it. This
is something which is seen in handles of many wood¬
en and iron paddle ploughshares and coulters (cf P.
V. Glob
1951,
Fig.
73-75;
J. Antoniewicz
1962,
Fig.
2, 3;
Z. Podwińska
1978,
Fig. 26b). Coulters with
a projecting cutting edge gave better effects during
work
(Z. Podwińska
1962,
p.
92, 96).
The coulter
appeared during the Iron Age (M.
Beranová
1980,
p.
61-62,
Fig.
17)
and around the turn of the era be¬
came common on territory of the Roman state and
appeared successively in the European Barbarkum.
In Poland, mainly
Małopolska
and Silesia, we have
a record on ploughshares as well as a much smaller
number of iron coulters from the mature Roman
Period (K. Godlowski
1960,
Fig.
19;
J. Wielowiejski
1981,
p.
320-322,
Fig.
144,145; 1964,
p.
130-136).
The discovery of a wooden coulter indicates con¬
temporary use of different agricultural implements,
although the accepted view is that iron coulters came
into use only with the invention of the mould-
board and the plough
(Z. Podwińska
1962,
p.
395;
K. Godbwski
1960,
p.
68;
W. Hensel
1965,
p.
16;
The coming into use of wooden coulters con¬
tributed to improvements made to the scratch plough,
most probably of runner-frame type, which, as is
assumed, was known in Europe starting from the
Pre-Roman Period
(Z. Podwińska
1976,
p.
377).
Of
great importance in the work of soil tilling imple¬
ments is to regulate and maintain the desired depth
in ploughing. This may be done by regulating the
individual parts of the scratch plough, including the
wooden coulter, which may have helped stabilise the
ploughing depth. The efficiency of a wooden coulter
must have been much less than of an iron piece but,
on the other hand, once it had been used up, it could
be replaced more easily for wood was plentiful. We
have evidence from ethnography that next to slicing
the soil the wooden coulter from
Otalążka
could
have regulated the depth of ploughing (Fig.
29, 30).
Sacred and votive sites analogous to
Otalążka
have furnished implements associated with a farming
economy (cf P. V. Glob
1951).
These include imple¬
ments which were still working and ones with evi¬
dence of wear, and also, substitutes which are re¬
cognised as pars pro
toto
offerings. The wooden coul¬
ter from
Otalążka
could have been an authentic ele¬
ment of a scratch plough, withdrawn from daily use.
It originated in the hearths area (complex B). It may
be viewed as a symbol of a part of ritual practices
associated with ceremonies and feasting. Scratch
ploughs are also thought to have been associated
with the ancient symbolism of fertility worship
(W. Szafrański
1979,
p.
278).
Also associated with this symbolism may be three
crooked oak branches with evidence of crude work¬
ing which resemble implements for making fur¬
rows or loosening the soil (Plate
XIX: 175.176,
XXII: 201).
Fragments similar in form and size can
be found in constituent parts of the mouldboard (cf
K.
Moszyński
1967,
p.
169-184,
Fig.
146),
in run¬
ner scratch ploughs from the late 15th
с
(cf
Z. Pod¬
wińska
1962, Fig. 153),
or in scratch ploughs known
to ethnographers (cf B.
Bratanic
1939,
Fig.
2, 7, 8;
also,
Polski
Atlas
Etnograficzny
no.
1,
map
3).
Also
similar are wooden prehistoric furrow digging sticks
(M.
Beranová
1980,
p.
22, 24,
Fig.5:
4-7).
A wooden object resembling a fragment of a wag¬
on wheel was discovered on the edge of complex F,
at the foot of the stone mound (Plate
XIV: 80).
Finds of wagon wheels or their elements are known
from the bogs of north and north-west Europe (cf
W. Bender, E. Stupnicka
1974, 351,
footnotes
92,
93).
Geographically the closest analogy would be the
wheel from Oberdorla (Thuringia), discovered among
the offerings deposited between 1st century BC-AD
3rd/4th century (G. Behm-Blancke
1976,
p.
368).
Other excellent examples come from Rappendam in
Zealand (G. Kunwald 1970a, p.
105, 112,
Plate
8;
1970b; H.
Jankuhn 1970),
where some
40
disc
wheels were discovered, dated by
С
14
method to the
period
70
±
100
ВС.
Notable among other finds are objects (Plate
XI-.49, XII:72) which resemble carpentry mallets
(G. Behm-Blancke
1976,
Plate
55,
especially Fig. c;
115
E.
Byrska
1955,
p.
222,
Plate
ЗЗа-е),
a possible flax
beater (Plate
XVI: 102),
and a shallow, boat-like
basin which finds analogy in Nydam (C. Engelhardt
1865,
Plate XIV-.25). An object carved from a rec¬
tangular block of oak with a funnel-shaped hollow
(Plate XII:73) finds analogy in utensils used for hold¬
ing water needed when honing a scythe, carried at
the belt by the mower. Other finds included small flat
slats, interpreted as staves from pails (eg Plate
XIII:
74,75),
crooks making use of naturally forked branch¬
es (Plate
Х1Њ76,
77,
XX:
180, XXI: 197)
and var¬
ious sorts of wedges (eg Plate
VIII: 13,
IX-.9.40?,
XXIL202.203).
A separate place is occupied by idols hewn with
care from heavy blocks of oak, with a crescent-
-shaped notch carved into one of their sides and
a forked top with characteristic moon-shaped horns
(Plate X:
24-26).
A similar fork-like upper extremity
is seen in other oak fragments (Plate
XIII,
XX,
XXI,
XXII).
They are reminiscent of finds associated with
worship known from
Lusatian
and early medieval
Biskupin,
distr.
Żnin
(J.
Śląski,
1950,
p.
168-169,
Fig. 12a;
W. Szafrański
1959,
p.
159-164, Fig. 1).
Being familiar with a variety of anthropomorphic
figures recorded at sacred and votive sites when in¬
vestigating at
Otalążka
I was on the lookout for any¬
thing which might have the attributes of an idol
representation (cf egG. Behm-Blancke
1976,
p.
369
-373).
Also obscure are small objects having the
form of a hollowed out horn (Plate
VIII: 1.2).
Vertical timber elements, posts, stakes and as¬
sorted pegs were discovered in both areas of the
centre. From the right bank we have
20
posts and
pegs which occurred at a depth of between
1.92
m
and
2.80
m; their ends rested at the depth of between
2.60
and
3.40
m. In general, all had a carefully honed
point and a damaged upper end which extended to
the level of the roof layer of the culture deposit.
Upper sections of five pegs discovered in the hearths
area had been treated widi fire. It seems that, as a rule,
they were driven into the ground; we were able to
expose most still in their original vertical position or
slightly slanted. Deepest in the ground were heavy
posts, so-called gates (complex B.3). Oak posts ser¬
ving as supports of a bench in B.I (Plate X:19.20),
with a respective length of
103
and
105
cm, appear to
be the best preserved. The area on the left bank yield¬
ed
75
posts and pegs, mainly in complexes
G
and H;
the majority occurred discovered at a depth of
2-2.67
m. The longest stake had the length of over
370
cm and a carefully sharpened point. Care in
making these elements is evidenced by their sharpen¬
ed points, and at times, their side surfaces bevelled to
an arris. On the basis of the number of surfaces on
the points nearly all the pegs and posts were classi¬
fied to
6
variants (cf Fig.
31).
Carefully worked tim¬
bers were discovered in complexes B.I, B.3,
F
and G,
at more outstanding locations; a half of all the pegs
discovered by the grid platform were only roughly
worked, and many still had bark on them.
An astonishing find are a pair of identical stakes
which were recognised as gate posts . In sites as¬
sociated with worship similar arrangements have
been interpreted as pedestals for anthropomorphic
idols, now missing (W. Hayen
1971,
p.
88,
Fig.
16).
A formal parallel for the gate at
Otalążka
could be
also a wooden gate or two identical tall poles set in
front of female idols at
Wittermoor bei
Berne,
Kr.
Wesermarsch
(G. Behm-Blancke
1976,
p.
373, Fig.
101).
If we accept the interpretation of the hollows
discovered under the stone mound at
Otalążka
as
postholes, then will have a similar arrangement. The
position of the stone mound and the alleged posts is
on the central axis of the establishment (Fig.
14).
In the mass of timber remains, mainly in the com¬
plexes of the eastern part of the site (eg. complexes
F
and
H
-
Fig.
22,25),
attention was drawn by slender
poles of pine and alder, exceptionally, oak. Some had
sharp points but without evident traces of hewing.
Some of them pointed with their pointed ends East
or North. This gave the impression that they had been
driven into the peatland deliberately either to guard
over other finds or as votive deposits. My earlier
interpretation that they could be imitation spear
or javelin shafts (cf W. Bender, E. Stupnicka
1974,
p.
343;
W. Bender
1998,
p.
20-21)
has not been
validated by evidence from archaeology on the use
of unshod shafted weapons.
Stone artefacts included whetstones (Plate
IX:
18,
XI:48), a fragment of a quern stone (Plate
VIII: 17),
and a gaming piece
(?)
(Plate VIII:3).
Stones, only a small number of which showed crude
working
(cf.
Annex E. Stupnicka), were used in laying
the stone circle (complex A), the mound (complex
E), and paving a convenient passage to the sanctuary
(Fig.
7,13).
Several large boulders (complexes
F
and
116
G
- Fig. 22)
possibly were to mark some important
locations. One of these, measuring about
100
cm, or¬
iginally set upright, may have served as an omphalos.
Other, smaller stones, mostly pebbles were used to
weigh down the concentrations of wood. The stones
may have been brought in from a nearby spur on the
right river bank.
Apart from pottery vessels clay objects are few.
They include two biconical spindle-whorls (Plate
VIII: 16;
XIII-.84), a fragment of a loom-weight
(?)
(Plate XIII:82) and fragments of so-called solar
discs . They occurred in complex B.3 (Fig.
19:1)
and
in the eastern area of the sacred site (Fig.l9:2-4).
Over
200
lumps of daub are mostly amorphous.
Only a few retain impressions left by posts or brush¬
wood (Fig.
32),
suggesting that that fencing or wind
breaks had been daubed with clay (complexes
В, С
and G). With no traces of such structures finds of
fragments of daub, some of them burnt, is a puzzle,
although there may have been some structures on the
slope with was not investigated, across the artificial
channel of the Mogielanka.
Bone finds are represented by three polishers of
horse bone with glossy traces of use-wear on their
middle section (Plate XI:52, XIII:83,
XVI: 106),
a bone object with incisions, undetermined as to
its purpose (Plate XV:
104),
and a scraper (Plate
XI:
50).
6.
Conclusions
The bog site at
Otalążka
was presumably the meeting
place of a social group bonded by a common religion
and ritual. Using the classification of H.Geisslinger
( 1967,
p.
97),
we can recognise
Otalążka
as an open-
-air temple, where offerings were made to pagan
deities. In Poland this is the only site investigated and
recognised on such a regular basis. Associated with
the
Przeworsk
Culture, it continued in use from
phase B2/C! until the end of the Roman Period.
These chronological confines are supported by pot¬
tery and other finds (antler comb, glass vessels, bird
fibula). The
С
14
date secured indicates the period
AD
100
to
350.
After calibration, the absolute
dating of this sample, with a
68%
probability, coin¬
cides with the period between AD
120
and
390.
It is unclear what dictated the choice of this par¬
ticular site. Perhaps we should not discard stories
circulated locally about fen fires
-
produced by
natural gas when it escapes from the peat beds and
ignites upon contact with air
-
possibly observed also
in the past. Possibly, because even though in ancient
times the conditions of the natural environment were
quite different (cf
§ 2),
after all, the centre had been
set up over a peat deposit.
Similar establishments are well-known from other
areas of Europe which have an abundance of peat-
land and marshes. In Poland peatland areas, and
there are a good many, have been penetrated only on
a small scale, although in recent years there has been
an increase in interest in bogsacrifices (T. Makiewicz
1990; 1997;
M.
Mączyńska
2000,
p.
271-282 -
ex¬
cavations on a small scale were made at
Babi Dół-
Borcz, distr. Kartuzy).
The report from this inves¬
tigation includes an annex with a list of bog sites,
34
of them in the region of
Pomorze.
Unfortunately,
a much smaller number is known from other areas
of Poland (cf A. Nieweglowski
1981,
p.
429-435).
Despite much fieldwork only a few sites of
Przeworsk
Culture from phase
62-0^
(B. Balke
1991; 2004,
p.
62-97)
overlap chronologically with
the sanctuary at
Otalążka.
A number of
Przeworsk
Culture settlements and cemeteries dating from the
same period as
Otalążka
but found at a somewhat
greater distance may perhaps lie in the catchment
of the sanctuary. It is possible to distinguish three
microregions:
Brzeźce, Dziarnów
and
Łęgonice
(В.
Balke
1991; 1999; 2004;
T.
Liana
2005).
Worth
noting is the similarity of ceramics from these micro-
regions to the pottery finds from
Otalążka.
One site comparable to
Otalążka
outside Poland
seems to be Oberdorla in Thuringia (G. Behm Blancke
2002; 2003).
The importance of this establishment
was much greater given that it continued in use over
a millennium by different tribal and culture commu¬
nities, has yielded much more varied archaeological
material, including wooden anthropomorphic idols
and evidence on human sacrifice. The sanctuary at
Otalążka
was used over several generations by a local
community, a people attributed to a single archaeo¬
logical culture (cf B. Balke
1991; 2004).
The sacred
site had been set up on a stream on both its banks.
The presence of water as a symbol in the beliefs of
almost all peoples must have been of significance in
choosing the site for the temple. Such choices were
influenced by different phenomena which acted
117
upon human imagination. In case of
Otalążka
these
could have been the fen fires, marks of the dwellings
of the worshipped deities, and in case of Oberdorla,
access to salt springs. In both cases natural pheno¬
mena offered an opportunity to approach the dwel¬
lings of the deities to make sacrifice according to the
principle do
ut des .
There is nothing to indicate that
the people stayed here permanently; most probably,
they came to the area only during ritual ceremonies.
Presumably, these were not large groups, although
during the ceremonies a larger number of the mem¬
bers of the religious community would arrive. The
finds we recovered during excavation had found their
way into the culture deposit as sacrificial offerings.
There is agreement that the custom of making sacri¬
ficial deposits in bogs has Indo-European and trans-
cultural roots and lasted until the onset of the early
Middle Ages and the spread of Christianity.
Siding with W. H.
Zimmermann
(cf
1970,
p.
76)
we cannot agree that bog sacrifices, so abundantly
documented in the Nordic environment, had sprung
up on a Germanic substrate, as H.
Łowmiański
claims
(1963,
p.
245,
footnote
708).
It was known
also to other peoples, eg, Celts, Baits and, Slavs too.
K.
Jażdżewski
(1981,
p.
252)
suggested that the name
of
Otalążka
derives from ancient German Odaling ,
but this cannot be correct, as most probably the
village takes its name from the builder or owner of
the early medieval water mills on the Mogielanka
(cf W. Bender
1974,
p.
216-218,228-229).
J. Becker
(1970)
developed a provisional typo¬
logical system of sacred and votive centres in which
vessels were one of the principal types of sacrifice
(Moorgeßße). In
this typology
Otalążka
would be
close to type Forlev, known from central Jutland
during Pre-Roman Iron Age, where next to vessels are
found stone cairns interpreted as altars, and wooden
anthropomorphic idols. In a classification of sacred
and votive centres viewed from a sociological per¬
spective (G. Behm-Blancke
1957),
which includes
family-kinship group sacrifices made at central places
by the inhabitants of one or more villages, boat sacri¬
fices, as a manifestation of a large military commu¬
nity, and human sacrifice,
Otalążkas
position would
be that of a family-kinship group place, serving some
small territorial-neighbourhood community.
This brings to mind the observations of K. Mo-
dzelewski
(2004)
who, using a broad source basis,
argues that political and religious structures
-
the
assembly and the sanctuary
-
were universal. Each
small tribe had its assembly, its sacred site with its
own system of worship, its elders, its own priest or
priests... . Similarly
-
with their own assembly and
place of worship, and their own leader
-
were orga¬
nised the smallest communities.... (K. Modzelewski
2004,
p.
356).
I believe that to some extent the
views cited here may apply to the open air temple at
Otalążka.
Its arrangement suggests that it may have
been a place of assembly both on secular as well as
religious occasions.
The temple centre at
Otalążka
consisted of two
parts, each presumably with a different function,
separated one from the other by the channel of the
ancient river. Perhaps, access to the area on the left
bank was open only to a small group, the chosen par¬
ticipants of the gathering
-
eg the priests. The area
on the right bank was more accessible. The stone
circle and the hearths area may have been a gathering
place of the participants in the ceremony, an essen¬
tial element of which was making fires, preparing
a ritual feast and sacrifices. Two benches close to the
hearths might have been used for butchering game.
These are obviously surmises, as we do not how many
came and to whom they addressed their these sacri¬
fices. What is striking in the area on the left bank is
the laboriously built up stone mound to which
I ascribe the function of an altar of sorts which orig¬
inally would have incorporated a single post or two,
possibly imbued with symbolism or originally serv¬
ing as a pedestal. The area in the background was
dominated by timber grids or platforms and here the
act of depositing sacrifice took place. The large boul¬
der and a small wooden basin might be the remains
of a sanctuary . We can only speculate (see concepts
and views Wl.
Szafrański
1979,
p.
278-282)
as to
what deities were worshipped, what rites performed
and what was the calendar of ceremonies. There is
much to suggest that at the foundation of the ritual
ceremonies lay the widespread fertility rites in which
the element water played a principal role.
118
|
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)731356238 (DE-599)GBV62147293X |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Masowien |
| id | DE-604.BV037474666 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:24:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022626327 |
| oclc_num | 731356238 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 DE-M157 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-M157 |
| physical | 142 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne |
| series2 | Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne |
| spelling | Bender, Witold Verfasser aut Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego Witold Bender Warszawa Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne 2009 142 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne 8 Einzelaufnahme eines Zs.-Bandes. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Otalążka - a bog sanctuary from the Late Roman Period Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd rswk-swf Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 gnd rswk-swf Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 g Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 s DE-604 Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne 8 (DE-604)BV042191939 8 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022626327&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022626327&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bender, Witold Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego Materialy starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176107-8 (DE-588)4037853-6 |
| title | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego |
| title_auth | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego |
| title_exact_search | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego |
| title_full | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego Witold Bender |
| title_fullStr | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego Witold Bender |
| title_full_unstemmed | Otalążka stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego Witold Bender |
| title_short | Otalążka |
| title_sort | otalazka stanowisko kultowo bagienne z mlodszego okresu rzymskiego |
| title_sub | stanowisko kultowo-bagienne z młodszego okresu rzymskiego |
| topic | Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Przeworskkultur Masowien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022626327&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022626327&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042191939 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT benderwitold otalazkastanowiskokultowobagiennezmłodszegookresurzymskiego |