The ecology of agroecosystems:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sudbury, Mass.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
2011
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780763771539 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 4 | |a Ethik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agricultural ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food |x Quality |x Moral and ethical aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | The Ecology of
Agroecosystems
John H.Vandermeer
Asa Gray Distinguished University Professor amp; Arthur Thurnau Professor
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JONES AND BARTLETT PUBLISHERS
Sudbury, Massachusetts
BOSTON TORONTO LONDON SINGAPORE
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Three Vignettes: Setting the Stage . 1
Chapter 2 Constructivism and the Evolution of Agriculture 25
Chapter 3 Competition and Facilitation Among Plants: Intercropping,
Weeds, Fire, and the Plow 63
Chapter 4 Soils and the Emergence of the Industrial Approach 117
Chapter 5 The Biology of the Soil and the Emergence of an Ecological Vision 161
Chapter 6 The Problem of Pests—Herbivory, Disease Ecology,
and Biological Control 209
Chapter 7 Biodiversity, Imperialism, and Agricultural Landscapes 249
Chapter 8 Toward a Sustainable Future 309
References 359
Index 373
Photo Credits 387
CONTENTS
Preface
Three Vignettes: Setting the Stage 1
Overview 1
Introduction
The Three Vignettes 4
The Irish Potato Famine
The Sun Coffee Crisis 7
The Cuban Experience 12
The Two Views of Agriculture in Today s World 18
The Moral Dead Zone—Reflections on a Nightmare 20
Endnotes 24
Constructivism and the Evolution of Agriculture 25
Overview 25
Introduction 26
Basics of Constructivism 27
Constructivism in Ecology
Work and Agricultural Origins 29
The Constructivist Model for Humans 32
Generalized Constructivism and Agricultural Origins 34
Agricultural Origins in Mesoamerica and the Middle East 38
Ecological Background 38
Basic Settlement Patterns 40
The Ecology of Extensive Food Production Systems 42
Slash and Bum Agriculture 42
Nomadic Herding 45
viii H Contents
Intensification 48
The Basics of Intensification 48
Examples of Early Intensification 52
Traditional Systems, the New Husbandry, and the Dawn of Modernity 57
Endnotes 6 i
Competition and Facilitation Among Plants: Intercropping,
Weeds, Fire, and the Plow 63
Overview 63
The Basic Process of Energy Capture in Photosynthesis 64
The Theory of Plant Competition and Facilitation 8
Fundamental Ideas 68
Intercropping: Applied Plant Competition 74
Agroforestry: Niche Construction and Competition 81
Rotations: Competition in Space and Time 87
Plant Competition and Weed Control: From the Fire to the Plow 90
Plant Competition and Weed Control 90
What the Plow Has Wrought—Mechanization as a Principle 92
Herbicides: Chemical Mechanization of Weed Control 5
Appendix 3 .A: The Ecology of Competition 97
The Three Key Concepts 97
Equations 7
Logarithms 101
Derivatives 2
Exponential Population Growth 104
The Logistic Equation 106
The Classic Competition Equations 108
The Mechanism of Competition 113
Endnotes 115
Soils and the Emergence of the Industrial Approach 117
Overview 118
The Basics of Soil Science—The Nature and Origin of Soils 118
Parent Materials 120
Weathering 122
Time and Vegetation 123
The Main Types of Soils 124
Classification Based on Parent Material 125
Young Soils 127
Classification Correlated with Vegetation 127
Physical Properties 130
Basic Physical Measurements 131
Soil Texture 132
Soil Structure 134
Contents H ix
Chemical Properties 134
Types and Properties of Soil Colloids 134
Layered Silicate Clays 135
Other Types of Soil Colloids 138
Variable Charge 140
Origins and Weathering Sequence of Silicate Clays 141
Cation and Anion Exchange 142
The Acidity of the Soil 144
Soil Water 146
The Chemical Industry and Soil Science 148
Endnotes 152
Appendix 4. A: Fundamental Ideas of Inorganic Chemistry 152
The Atom 2
Ionic Bonds 154
Covalent Bonds 156
Hydrogen and Hydroxide Ions 157
Acidity and Alkalinity 158
Hydrogen Bonds 8
The Biology of the Soil and the Emergence of an Ecological Vision 161
Overview 162
Changing the Soil Discourse: The Origin of an Alternative Discourse 162
Sir Albert Howard and the Early Pioneers 162
Some Prewar Entrants: Biodynamic and Other Spiritual Movements 164
The Beginnings of the Modern Alternative Movement 165
The Historical Legacy Through the Lens of the Soil 6
Supply of Nutrients for Plant Nutrition 168
Generalities 168
The Nitrogen Cycle 173
The Phosphorus Cycle 9
Mycorrhizae 182
Decomposition 3
The Basic Structure of Decomposition 185
The Decomposition Subsystem in Larger Context 187
The Organisms of the Decomposition Subsystem.
Decomposition and Organic Matter
Biology and the Physical Structure of the Soil
The Biological Elements
Consequences for Soil Physical Properties
Ecological Theory and Soil Biology
Dynamic Consequences of Soil Communities. . .
An Integrated Model of Soil Dynamics
A General Qualitative Approach
Endnotes
. . 189
. . 193
. . 196
. . 196
. . 199
. .201
. .201
. .202
. . 204
. .206
Contents
Chapter *6 The Problem of Pests—Herbivory, Disease Ecology,
and Biological Control 209
Overview 210
Historical Precedents 210
The Ecology of Herbivory and Disease 213
Elementary Population Dynamic Assumptions 213
Basic Principles of Disease Ecology 217
The Chemicalization of Pest Management 9
The Emergence of Chemical Control 219
The Pesticide Treadmill 222
Biological Control—The Practical Side of Predator/Prey Interactions 224
Classic Biocontrol and Its Alternatives 224
The Foundational Principles 226
The Paradox of Biological Control 8
Integrated Pest Management 230
Prophylaxis Versus Responsive 230
The Politics of 1PM 232
Autonomous Biological Control 232
Appendix 6. A: The Three Stages in the Evolution of Predator/Prey Theory 237
Density Dependence 240
Functional Response 242
Functional Response and Density Dependence Together 244
Endnotes 247
Biodiversity, Imperialism, and Agricultural Landscapes 249
Overview 250
Biodiversity 250
Geographic Pattern: Biodiversity Changes with Latitude and Altitude 252
Insular Pattern: Biodiversity on Islands 253
Intensification Pattern: Changes in Biodiversity with Management Intensity 254
The Problem of Sampling Biodiversity 258
How Industrial Agriculture Penetrated the South 260
Background Structures 260
The Green Revolution 263
Neoliberalism and the Political Response 265
Spatial Ecology—Metapopulations and Metacommunities 269
Elementary Principles 269
Subpopulation Coherence 271
Cascading Extinctions and Ecosystem Collapse in Metacommunities 273
Fragmented Landscapes and Agricultural Development 276
Matrix Quality and the Landscape Mosaic 276
The Via Campesina 280
The Maintenance of Biodiversity 281
Biodiversity Revisited 1
The Importance of Game s Principle 282
Competition and Biodiversity—The Paradox of the Plankton 283
Contents • xi
Problems with the Classic Theory 285
Nonlinearity and the Mechanisms of Biodiversity Maintenance 286
The Janzen/Connell Effect 287
Nonlinearities in Space 289
Agroecosystems and the Contemporary Biodiversity Crisis 290
Appendix 7. A: The Political Economy of International Trade
and World Agriculture 291
The World Systems Approach
Concerning the Definition of Capitalism .
From Bretton Woods to the Asian Tigers.
The Neoliberal Model
Endnotes
291
298
300
304
306
Toward a Sustainable Future 309
Overview 310
Agroecosy stem Viewpoints 310
State of the Late Industrial System 313
Appropriation, Substitution, and Oligopolies: Reviewing the Past 313
The Political/Economic Structure of the Industrial System.
The Industrial System in Crisis
Toward an Alternative Program—Movements and Models . .
Problems with Identifying a Movement
Challenges to Ecological Agriculture
Searching for Models
The New Ideology—Food Sovereignty
Technical Requirements for the Transformation
Strategies for the Technical Conversion
Recycling: Control from Below
Managing Trophic Cascades: Control from Above
Complexity
Socioeconomic Strategies for the Transformation
Reruralization
Revising the Assumption of Cheap Food Policy.
.315
.316
.320
.320
.321
.327
.333
.334
.334
.339
.340
.341
.342
.342
.343
The Health of the Agroecosystem 345
Concluding Remarks 349
High-Tech Expressways or Contour Pathways 350
Challenging Old Assumptions 351
Boyle s Other Law and a Gentle Thought-Intensive Technology 352
Endnotes 355
References
Index
Photo Credits
359
373
387
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| spelling | Vandermeer, John H. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1042308578 aut The ecology of agroecosystems John H. Vandermeer Sudbury, Mass. Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2011 XV, 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ethik Agricultural ecology Food Quality Moral and ethical aspects Soil chemistry Agrarökologie (DE-588)4000769-8 gnd rswk-swf Agrarökologie (DE-588)4000769-8 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022625346&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | The ecology of agroecosystems |
| title_auth | The ecology of agroecosystems |
| title_exact_search | The ecology of agroecosystems |
| title_full | The ecology of agroecosystems John H. Vandermeer |
| title_fullStr | The ecology of agroecosystems John H. Vandermeer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ecology of agroecosystems John H. Vandermeer |
| title_short | The ecology of agroecosystems |
| title_sort | the ecology of agroecosystems |
| topic | Ethik Agricultural ecology Food Quality Moral and ethical aspects Soil chemistry Agrarökologie (DE-588)4000769-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethik Agricultural ecology Food Quality Moral and ethical aspects Soil chemistry Agrarökologie |
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