Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România: contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. OSIM
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 338 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789737618504 |
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| adam_text | <Rgmâni în aeronautică -Aeronautică în ţRpmânia:
CONTRIBUŢII LA O
ISTOME A
ÎNCEPUTURILOR
Cuprinsul:
♦
Cuvânt înainte
....................................................................................... 5
♦
Introducere
............................................................................................19
Partea
1-а
Un secol românesc cu baloane si
aeronauti:
1. 1806
şi
1808:
Un român
-
Iordache Cuparencu
(1780-1844)
zboară,
cu balonul său, la Varşovia şi
Vilnius
............................................................ 23
2.1818:
„Băşica lui Caragea
-
primul balon ridicat în Ţara Românească
........ 51
3. 1873:
Primele ascensiuni aerostatice cu om la bord, în Bucureşti
.................. 59
4. 1874:
Balonul „Mihai-Bravul şi ascensiunile sale
....................................... 79
5. 1889:
Noi ascensiuni cu balonul la Bucureşti
-
turneul Căpitanului
Spelterini şi al acrobatei
Leona Dare
..............................................................100
6. 1891-
Bucureşti: ascensiunile Căpitanului
Feller
cu balonul „Victoria
.......119
7.
Căpitanul Gheorghe Ferichide
(1838-1925)
şi balonul său lenticular
.............121
8. 1902-1907:
Eugéniu
Assaky
-
primul
aeronaut
român cu diplomă şi
ascensiunile balonului România
.................................................................. 127
Partea Ii-a:
Un român în zorii aviaţiei:
Traían
Vuia
(1872-1950)
1.
Monoplanul VUIA
-
la un centenar
............................................................... 147
- 1902-1908:
Principalele etape şi momente în dezvoltarea
monoplanului VUIA
............................................................................. 153
2.
Aspecte noi privitoare la viaţa şi opera lui Traian Vuia
:
-
Memoriul şi proiectul depuse de Traian Vuia la Academia
de Ştiinţe din Paris
................................................................................163
-
Naturalizarea lui Traian Vuia în Franţa
................................................ 164
-
Profilul de aripă al monoplanelor VUIA
.............................................. 167
-
Locaţia probelor efectuate de Vuia cu monoplanul său, în
decembrie
1905..............................................................................................168
3.
Comentarii străine privitoare la Vuia şi monoplanul său
.........................177
11
Partea
Ill
-а:
Români în aeronautică
-
Aeronautică în România:
O cronică deschisă a începuturilor
1.
Notă preliminară la o Cronică deschisă a începuturilor
............................... 191
2.
Români în aeronautică
-
Aeronautică în România:
O cronică deschisă a începuturilor
................................................................. 195
-
Lista publicaţiilor periodice din care s-au extras informaţii
................ 275
-
Index de nume
...................................................................................... 276
*
♦
Aeronautica şi materialele. Câteva repere româneşti în
istoria materialelor pentru aeronautică
........................................... 281
♦
Contribuţiile originale ale autorului
................................................. 289
♦
Anexe:
-
Documente depuse în
16
februarie
1903,
de Traian Vuia,
la Academia de Ştiinţe din Paris
.......................................................... 295
♦
Bibliografìe
selectivă
.......................................................................... 323
♦
Rezumat în limba engleză
............................................................. 329
*
12
<Rçmâni
în aeronautică -Aeronautică în ţRpmânia:
CONTRIBUŢII LA O ISTORIE A ÎNCEPUTURILOR
LISTA PLANŞELOR:
Planşa
I
Fragment din Harta Etnografică a Bucovinei întocmită
de istoricul
I.
Nistor, pe baza recensământului din
1910.
Planşa prezintă poziţia geografică a localităţii Călineştii lui Cuparencu
cu principalele sale vecinătăţi
.................................................................................27
Planşa
II
Pagina privind familia lui
loan
Cuparencu
-
Nobel [casa
89]
din Conscripţia Parohiei Sf. îngeri (Sf. Arhangheli)
din Călineşti,
existentă la direcţia Judeţeană a Arhivelor Naţionale Suceava
..............................31
Planşa III
Două imagini expuse la Muzeului
Kolter-Malmström
din
Güstrow
(R.F.G.):
-
fluturaş cu un număr de echilibristică şi
funambulism
combinat
cu un balon
(1817);
-
fotografie cu o lansare de balon cu aer cald şi cu un acrobat la
trapezul suspendat de balon
................................................................39
Planşa
IV
Pagina cu textul privitor la „Băşica lui Caragea
-
din manuscrisul Mss
4833
F
51;
Miscelaneu existent la
Biblioteca Academiei Române
............................................................54
Planşa
V
Fragment de hartă veche a Bucureştiului cu poziţionarea locului
unde a fost lansată în
1818
„Băşica lui Caragea :
-
Curtea Arsă (fostele case ale lui Alexandru Vodă Ipsilante)
......................57
Planşa
VI
Singura imagine fotografică a balonului
Michel le
Brave
(cunoscută de noi), în timpul probelor de recepţie efectuate la
Uzina
de gaz „La Villette
-Paris, în martie
1874.....................................81
Planşa VII
Caricatura şi pamfletul politic în versuri, publicate în Ghimpele
-
AnuluXV(1874),Nr.
20,
Duminecă
12
Maiu
.........................................84
Planşa VIII
Fragment de hartă veche a Bucureştiului cu poziţionarea Uzinei de gaz
:
-
USINA
pentru illuminatu Capitalei
-
în zona Filaret
(amplasament preluat ulterior de Centrala electrică Filaret)
..........................86
13
Planşa
IX
Harta traseului şi diagrama înălţimilor urmate
de balonul Mihaiu Bravul (ascensiunea din
20
iunie
1874),
publicate în Monitorul oastei, Anulu
1874, 12
Iuliu, Nr.
6,
p.
94....................90
Planşa
X
Anunţul privind ultima ascensiune, la Bucureşti,
a balonului Mihai
Vitézu,
[ascensiunea din
7(19)
iulie
1874],
publicat în ziarul Le Journal
de Bucarest,
V,
Nro.
404,
Dimanche
19
Juillet
1874
n.s.)
............................................................92
Planşa
XI
Leona Dare
urcându-se cu balonul
Afiş pe pagina
1
a ziarului Universul [Anul
VI,
No.
226,
Joui
5(17)
Octombre
1889]............................................................................ 104
Planşa XII
Harta traseului şi diagrama înălţimilor privitoare la ascensiunea
balonului (drumul aerostelului) căpitanului Spelterini din
20
noiembrie 1889[călătoria Bucureşti
-
Turtucaia],
anexă la articolul publicat de Lt. Văitoianu în Revista Armatei,
Anul VIII, Nr.
4, 28
Februáriéi
890,
p.
159-167..................................... 115
Planşa XIII
Fotografia locotenentului
Eugéniu
Assaky în ţinută de gală.
(din donaţia făcută Muzeului Aviaţiei din Bucureşti de către
Doamna Danielescu
-
fiica lui
Eugéniu
Assaky)
...................................... 131
Planşa XIV
Locotenentul
Eugéniu
Assaky (în nacela balonului)
fotografiat în Austria împreună cu doi colegi.
(din donaţia făcută Muzeului Aviaţiei din Bucureşti de către
Doamna Danielescu
-
fiica lui
Eugéniu
Assaky)
...................................... 132
Planşa
XV
Balonul ROMÂNIA al Aero-clubului din Bucureşti,
pregătit pentru lansare, în curtea Uzinei de gaz de la Filaret
-
Bucureşti (octombrie
1905)...............................................................137
Planşa XVI
Altă imagine cu balonul ROMÂNIA al Aero-clubului din Bucureşti,
pregătit pentru lansare, în curtea Uzinei de gaz de la
Filaret
-
Bucureşti (oct.
1905).
în spate, dreapta, se observă două din gazogenele Uzinei de gaz,
iar în prim plan
-
prinţul
George
Valentin Bibescu (cel care a
cumpărat balonul din Germania),în uniformă de locotenent de
artilerie
....................................................................................138
14
Planşa XVII
Balonul
ROMANIA
fotografiat în poziţie de lansare în Parcul
Carol,
în
1906
cu ocazia „Expoziţiei Generale Române
....................................139
Planşa XVIII
Traian Vuia
(1872-1950),
portret fotografic inedit, din primii ani petrecuţi în Franţa
..........................145
Planşa XIX
Vedere în plan (siluete) a aripilor primelor
6
modele şi variante de
Aeroplan automobil VUIA (Brevet
1903,
Memoriu
1903,
VUIA
1/1905,
VUIA
1/1906,
VUIA
1
bis şi VUIA
1
ter)
............................................. 149
Planşa
XX
Vederea în plan (siluetă) a Aeroplanul automobil VUIA
2
realizat şi testat in
1907................................................................... 150
Planşa XXI
Prezentarea schematică a evoluţiei modelelor şi variantelor
Aeroplanului automobil VUIA, în perioada
1903-1908..............................151
Planşa XXII
Singura imagine fotografică (carte poştală) a monoplanului VUIA
2
modificat, din anul
1908
(cunoscută până acum) pe care o atribuim
monoplanului VUIA
2
bis sau VUIA
3................................................160
Planşa XXIII
Trasajul
segmentului de arc de parabolă
-
curbă care a fost folosită
de către Vuia pentru profilarea ambelor secţiuni (transversală şi
longitudinală) a aripilor Aeroplanului automobil
.....................................169
Planşa XXIV
Fotografia Aeroplanului automobil VUIA
1
ter,
în cursul unor probe şi
încercări efectuate în
1907,
pe peluza de la
Bagatelle
...............................171
Planşa XXV
Aeroplanul automobil VUIA
1
model
1905,
pe cîmpul de la Montesson,
fotografiat la prezentarea şi încercările din decembrie
1905.
(în fundal
-
castelul de apă şi gardul Institutului
Roussel)
...........................172
Planşa XXVI
Turnul de apă de la Institutul
Roussel
-
Montesson
(imagine actuală-februarie
2006).......................................................173
Planşa XXVII
Fragment din harta zonei Montesson cu aria de experimentări a
Aeroplanului-automobil VUIA în
1905-1906
şi cu principalele
accese terestre spre Montesson
.........................................................174
15
Planşa XXVIII
Aeroplanul automobil VUIA
1,
obiect autentic, restaurat Şi expus
în salonul mare de la Muzeul Aerului şi Spaţiului din Paris-Le Bourget.
Aparatul a fost expus şi la Montesson în
2006,
cu ocazia sărbătoririi
zborului prioritar al lui Traian Vuia din
18
martie 19q6
..............................175
Planşa XXIX
Primele imagini de baloane şi paraşută tipărite într-un text românesc.
Publicate în Icoana Lumei (Foae pentru îndeletnicirea Moldo-Românilor)
Eşii, Anul
1,25
Maiu
1841,
No.
21,
p.
168
şi
1
Iunie
1841
p.
174..................208
Planşa XXX
„MAŞINĂDESBURAT a englezului Henson.
Titlul articolului şi cele două gravuri publicate în
Albina Românească, anul
XV
(1843),
No.
37 (13
Mai), p· 146
.....................213
Planşa XXXI
Trei gravuri cu subiect aeronautic publicate în Stampa X%H
àm
Revista sciintifica. Diariu pentru vulgarisarea sciinteloru naturale şi
fisice
(Anul
I,
No.
22,
Ianuarie
1871)
ca anexă la articolul lui
P. S. Auréliami:
Despre aerostate sau baloane
..............................................................................232
Planşa XXXII
Inventatorul Alexandru Ciurcu.
Portret-gravură, publicat în Calendarul Ilustrat Bucureştean
1889.................249
Planşa XXXIII
Aparatul de zbor Roata plutitoare (rotor batant cu variaţie
ciclică de pas, n.n.) a lui
Lajos
Martin
-
vedere frontală.
Cel mai vechi prototip de aparat de zbor (obiect autentic)
restaurat şi păstrat în ţară la Muzeul Naţional de Istorie
a Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca
........................................................256
Planşa XXIV
Aparatul de zbor
,Доаїа
plutitoare a lui
Lajos
Martin:
-două vederi de detaliu din zona angrenajelor
......................................257
Planşa XXXV
Un afiş al conferinţelor aeronautice ţinute de Gheorghe
Variam
Ghiţescu
[Reprodus în cartea: Ion Hobană
&
Julien
Weverbergh:
Triumful visătorilor,
Ed.
Nemira,
Bucureşti,
1
998,
p.
72]..........................264
Planşa XXXVI
Automobilul sburător al lui Traian Vuia.
Gravură şi nota explicativă (faţă/verso) publicate în
Universul, Anul XXIV, No.
79,
Miercuri
22
Martie
1906,
P·
1.....................273
16
loan VasUe
(Buiu <Rs>màni
în aeronautică -Aeronautică în
Щстапіа.
ROMANIANS
EV AERONAUnCS-AERONAOTICSIN
ROMANIA:
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO IHE HISTORY OF BEGINNINGS
ABSTRACT:
This book is a consequence of the fact that the author has noticed the lack of
data regarding the early aeronautics in Romania, especially until
1910,
data that has
been published in Romania or abroad. The author proceeded to a careful check of all
the information related to early aeronautics in Romania, going back to their primary
sources and where needed by critically interpreting their significance. The author
aimed to document as completely as possible the development of aeronautics in
Romania, considering that the aeronautic phenomenon has suffered a quantitative and
qualitative ascendance similar to other countries. Step by step, we managed to get a
set of complete information that can be regarded from an evolutionary point of view,
with no significant missing points.
From this big amount of data, we have extracted and presented, using a sound
scientific approach, some cases that represent major moments in the history of
Romanian aeronautics, that were completely unknown until us. They are all presented
in the first part of the book, under the title: A ROMANIAN CENTURY WITH
BALLOONS AND AERONA UTS.
1.
The first example is that of the Romanian (from Bucovina) Iordache
Cuparencu
(1780-1844)
who left the village of
Călineştii
lui
Cuparencu from
Bucovina and settled in Warsaw. In
1806
and
1808,
he conceived, built and raised
into he air, during public demonstrations in Warsaw and Vilnius, hot air balloons, all
these activities being unknown in Romania until we firstly presented them at the
Romanian Academy in
1995.
We found the first information about this case in a chronology of the Polish
aeronautics edited in
1988,
which has shown that in
1806-1808:
Moldovanian
Jordaki Kuparentko (our underline) made in Vilnius and Warsaw four flights
with a balloon. During one of these flights he reached the height of
3882
feet. The
author couldn t supply us with further information, and we have found more
Cuparencu names in some Romanian bibliographies, but none Iordache.
By taking suplimentary researches, we have found some pertinent information
whose conclusion is that in
1799,
at
Călineştii
de Sus,
there was a Iordache
Cuparencu, son of Ion Cuparencu, nephew of Miron Cuparencu and grand¬
children of Vasile cupar . He received a certain area of land from his uncle
Mihalachi Cuparencu, with the further note that in
1837,
Iordache Cuparencu is no
more mentioned as a land owner in
Călineşti.
On some pages of a Catechism (dated back in
1775)
there are some notes
of Iordache Cuparencu and other family members, our conclusion being that: In
1796
Iordachi Cuparenco was the owner of this Catechism , on which a certain
Ştefan
Cuparenco will note that, using this book my uncle Iordachi Cuparenco
learnt and that it was given to him by Iordachi Cuparenco.
Some parochial records from the National Archives in
Suceava,
concerning
the village of Calinesti and dated in
1805,
mention at house No.89 the Cuparencu
family (each member with his/her age): loan (Nobel):
60;
Hinca
(wifej:
52;
Gheorghii (son):
28;
Luca
(son):
26
and lordachii (son):
25.
From this note we
may infer
1780
as the probable birth year of Iordache Cuparencu. In some other
lists there are mentioned as nobles the three Cuparencu brothers:
...
Kuparenko
329
loan
Vasik
(Buiu I&mâni
în aeronautică
-ßeronauticä
în <Rpmânia
Michael,
Basil,
Johan...
the last one being loan Cuparencu
—
father of Iordache
Cuparencu.
In four Polish books on the history of aeronautics,
[1956, 1957, 1968]
there is
mentioned also
...
the Moldovanian
Kuparenko,
...
Moldovanian Kuparentko
(...decribed by some authors as Polish aeronaut),
...
Moldovanian Jordaki
Kuparenko
...
with his ascents in the air. Two authors mention that during one ascent
in the air, the balloon took fire and the aeronaut saved himself using a parachute.
The ascents in the air of Cuparencu were mentioned in two articles from
Gazeta Warszawska.
The first one
(2.07.1808.
p.877)
-
is an invitation to the public:
♦
Cuparencu presents in a public demonstration in Warsaw, at his third
ascension, a new balloon, invented by himself. The first ascent was made in
Warsaw in
1806,
and the second one in Vilnius, at December
6, 1806,
when he
rose to a high altitude and covered a distance of approx.
2,5
km (short version
of the article);
From the second
(24.07.1808,
p.980)
-
a reportage, we learn that:
♦
Place, date and hour of the third ascent:
Foksal
garden in Warsaw, July
24,
1808, 20.00
hours. During the ascent, Cuparencu took some altitude
measurements (pressure) and temperature. He rose to an altitude of
3882
parisienne
feet (approx.
1281
m). An unexpected weather change made his
balloon tore apart because of the wind and the balloon took fire from the heat
source. The bottom of the balloon gallery served as a parachute, which he used
and safely returned to the Earth (short version).
The article about
Kuparenko
Jordaki, published in
1864
in Warsaw, in the
16th Volume of the Encyclopaedia
Orgelbrand,
brought some essential data which
we shortly present now:
♦
Born in
1784,
when he was
15
years old he went to Iassy as painter in a theatre.
He joins the moving acrobatics team of
Kolter.
Married Kolter s daughter. In
1804,
he arrived to Warsaw with his team. Gives some acrobatics
representations in
1576,
Bräcka
street, we injured himself and renounced
acrobatics for fireworks. In
1806,
he conceives and builds a hot air balloon,
with a heat source and a nacelle. The first public ascent is made in Warsaw
(Foxal garden) in June
1806
when he arrives to St. Cross Church, then the
balloon takes fire and he escapes. At the second ascent, in Vilnius, December
6, 1806,
he used again a paper balloon. He covers a distance of
2.5
km and
safely returns to Earth with his balloon. At the third ascent, in Warsaw, July
24. 1808.
he raised into the air at
20
hours from the Foxal garden. He rose to an
altitude of approx.
1281
m. The balloon took fire during the descent, but
Cuparencu saved himself. In
1811,
he joins the Polish army as a lieutenant. In
1827
he invented a complex musical device named „Buzuton which he
presents at an Exhibition in
1828.
In
1830,
he developed, presents and gives
representations with the Mechanical Theatre. In
1842,
he presents and gives
representations with the new „Pitoresque mechanical theater. Dies in
1844,
at
60
years old. Buried in the Greek-Orthodox cemetery of
Wola.
As regards the birth year of Cuparencu, mentioned above as
1784
and
estimated by us to be
1780,
further research in the Polish archives will clarify this
point.
The aeronautical and artistic activities of Iordache Cuparencu confirm a very
intelligent person, with exceptional practical abilities, all these being confirmed by
his conceptions, technological and practical aspects.
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An article on the history of the Polish Circus, posted on the Internet in
2006,
says:
...
Jordaki
Kuparenko
of Romanian origin, but a native Warsowian by heart,
who has inscribed himself in the annals not only as a lieutenant of artillery, but who
was previously known by his entertainment activities.
Without mentioning the names of the actors or the Theatre Company, two
short announcements from
Albina Românească
(January
17
and
31, 1843,
Iassy,
Romania), using the syntagms
Teatrul mehanic
and
Fraişiţ,
made us believe that are
related to Iordache Cuparencu and his Mechanical Theatre which he invented and
developed in Warsaw.
The aeronautical events of the Polish Iordache Cuparencu have known an
impressive international career. In a remarkable reference work, published in England
in
1917,
and reprinted in facsimile in
1972,
under the title JANE S HISTORICAL
AIRCRAFT from
1902
to
1916,
in a Chapter entitled The earliest parachute descents
1783-1837
(by the Countess of Drogheda) the editor of this work mentions that:
Perhaps the most interesting of earlier descents was made on July 24th,
1808,
by R.
Jordaki Kuparanto, who ascended from Warsaw in
a Montgolfière
(or fire balloon)
and narrowly escaped destruction through his balloon catching fire. He was,
however, able to descend on his parachute, and this is certainly the first, and
probably the only time till the twentieth century that a parachute actually proved to
be a life/belt in the air
The Guinness Book of Aircraft, another reference work, (edition of
1996 -
p.
16,
chapter Balloons and Airships) presents Cuparencu: The first man to survive
the destruction of his hot-air balloon while inflight was R. Jordaki Kuparanto who,
on
24
July
1808,
baled out of a Montgolfier balloon that caught fire. Luckily
Kuparanto had taken the precaution of ascending with a parachute as part of his
equipment. On page
65,
chapter Parachutes, Kites and Gliders one may read: The
first man to bale out of a damaged aircraft with a parachute and survive was R.
Jordaki Kuparanto who, on
24
July
1808,
escaped from his Montgolfier hot-air
balloon when it caught fire over Warsaw, Poland. We must underline that the both
works do not mention the nationality of the aeronaut, but the place of he event.
The virtual encyclopedia WHO S WHO OF BALLOONING published on the
Internet by Robert Recks, mentions Kuparento, Jordaki
-
Poland
-
in the
„MainBody - mentioning:
FIRST to succesfully use a parachute to save his life. Epic flight
24
July
1808
from
Warsaw. Reportedly made a succesfull parachute jump from a burning
„Montgolfier balloon. In Appendix A, Cuparencu is mentioned again in a list
(including
471
names) entitled PIONEER AERONAUTS by Monk Mason
1783-
1838
(extracted from a book by Monk Mason, edited
1838).
On the Internet, the name of Iordache Cuparencu and his event with the
parachute appear in different forms
(Kuparenko, Kuparentko,
Kuparento, Kuparanto,
even Judaki [sic!]).
To conclude, as a result of our thorough research, in the history of
Romanian aeronautics the name of Iordache Cuparencu (aprox.
1780-1844),
from
Călineştii
lui
Cuparencu (today s
Călineştii
de Sus)
may be inscribed with
honour. Cuparencu did in
1806 -
in Warsaw and Vilnius, and in
1808
at
Warsaw, public ascents with balloons built by himself. So, we may consider
bim
as the first Romanian aeronaut who did conceive, build and make ascents with
hot air balloons.
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So, it is necessary to reestablish the truth about the life and work of the
Romanian Iordache Cuparencu by editing of a complete monography dedicated to
his work.
2.
The first mention on launching a balloon above the territory of today s
Romania refers to a public show from
1816,
for the birthday of youngboy
Roznovanu, where a German launched a Iufbalon.
In what regards the Romanian Land
(Ţara Românească)
and Bucharest, from
the information we have, we learn that, in Bucharest, in June
1818,
at
Dealul Spirii,
probably with the King Caragea and his daughter
Ralú
as eye witnesses, some Germans
have launched a round balloon with a diameter of approx.
8
m. made from linen using a
heater with alcohol. This flight without a human on board has finished with a landing in
the
Căţelu
village near Bucharest. Two ancient manuscripts published in
1936
mark this
event, but there is a slight misunderstanding related to the date of the event (June
26,
and
June
9, 1818,
respectively), while a third manuscript published in
1969
brings the third
date: June
16, 1818.
It is interesting to note that this last manuscript talks about a
German in the balloon, this fact being mentioned since
1894.
As the official records are
missing, we tend to believe that the balloon was built on site, by a moving Theatre or
Circus Company. It is quite possible that the author, constructor and the person who
launched the balloon, could be even Romanian Cuparencu with/without his team,
returned from Warsaw and he could have built also the Iufbalon launched at the
birthday of youngboy Roznovanu in
1816.
3.
After the aeronautical show of
1818
with
băşica
lui
Caragea , our
researches have shown that, in
1844,
loan Nicolini, named outstanding
pirotecnie
and
aeronaft will have launched at the Garden with horses from Bucharest, a spherical
balloon with a height of approx. 15m, which has risen to an altitude of approx.
2500m, being visible for
42
minutes. He made some demonstrative launches before
that in Iassy
(1837)
and some fireworks in
Slatina
(1847).
So, we may consider loan
Nicolini as the
fîrst
professional constructor of balloons on today s territory of
Romania.
In
1866,
Nicu
Movila,
pupil of the Military School in Bucharest, proposes two
inventions, one of these being designated to solve the problem of the aeronautical
navigation
-
a Pegas
-
and an electro-magnetical moving machine. The reqested
Minister names a commission of professors and engineers to examine these two
inventions, but the inventor
-
fresh graduate of the School
-
does not defend them
anymore. In
1867,
Professor Emanoil Bacaloglu will address the Academy of Sciences
from Paris a note related to a proposal referring to aerial locomotion, without any
response.
July
1873
brings at Bucharest a series of outstanding aeronautical events. At July
15
and July
22, 1873,
the Frenchman Henri Beudet
-
aeronaut and gymnast-acrobat
-
made two ascents with a hot air balloon. In August
1873,
using his balloon, two locals
make distinct additional individual flights: Marius Willemot
-
a Frenchman settled in
Bucharest and respectively loan Petrescu
-
an employee at the Bucharest
Townhall.
By his ascent of July
15, 1873,
the French aeronaut Henri Bueudet may be
considered as the first aeronaut who used a lighter-than-air aircraft
-
a hot air
balloon
-
to fly over the today s territory of Romania.
In August
6/18, 1873,
Marius Willemot make the first ascent in a balloon
with a local inhabitant on board
-
this becoming the first ascent with a local
aeronaut on board, from and over the territory of Romania.
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Still using the
Beudet
balloon, at the end of august
1873,
loan Petrescu
becomes the first Romanian aeronaut to ascend in the air and navigate over the
territory of today s Romania, and the story of his ascent
-
the first aeronautical
reportage published in Romanian.
The ascents of Beudet, Willemot and Petrescu represent the first series of
major aeronautical events on the territory of Romania, with an important
influence over the development of public interest and general concerns for
aeronautics.
4.
In January
1874,
Marius Willemot announces the intent to organize, in
Bucharest, ascents and aeronautical travels. In March
1874,
he left for Paris to receive
and bring the Michel
le
Brave/ Michaiu Bravulu balloon, with a volume of
1500
m3
and which was ordered in France. The reception of the balloon takes place at the Gas
Factory from
La Villette,
with an ascent to
2890
m, and the balloon and all the
additional pieces are transferred by train to Bucharest.
The first ascent in Bucharest is scheduled for the same day as the inauguration of
the
Mihai Viteazul
statue
-
May
10, 1874.
Inauguration is postponed, and bad weather
prevents the ascent of the balloon, which is exposed for visitors at
Ateneul Român
for a
fee. The first ascent is organised in May
26,
but strong winds will make this ascent
impossible, which is again postponed for May
30.
At the ascent, the rain makes the
balloon heavier so there will be only one man, Grigore Ventura, joining Marius
Willemot in the nacelle. They will rise to
3800
m
and will land in
Varasti.
At the second ascent from June
9,
on a nice weather, Willemot is joined in the
nacelle by George Florescu, Demetru
Călinescu
and loan Const. Gr. Ghica. They reach
3000
m
and land in
Aprozi.
The third ascent, of June
20,
having on Willemot and majors Poenara, Lahovary
and Dumitrescu on board, has as aim
-
besides altitude, temperature, humidity
measurements
-
to monitor the route and land recognition opportunities with a military
perspective. The balloon reach
2032
m, reach the Danube and land in the Prundu forest.
The last ascent will take place in July
7, 1874.
There are two persons in the
balloon: Willemot and Prince loan Const. Gr. Ghika. They reach
5180
m, and land in
Goştinari.
There is an increasing interest for balloons and aerial ascents from an
entertainment point of view. In
1875,
appears the
Carnaval
farce
Cucoana Chiriţa în
balon
(Ma
am Chiriţa
in the balloon), by Vasile
Alexandri,
the place of action being
marked very precisely by the author:
...
back at the Metropolitan Church, at
...
the
marketplace dedicated to balloon ascents
1874.
The balloon has a name with capitals:
Ciubâr-Vodă
and it was supposed to be built by Willemot. The show was given by
the National Theatre for the benefit of
Matei
Millo
-
close to retiring
-
ad-hoc
aeronaut. But
...
during one of the last evenings, when the balloon was ascending on
the scene together with the famous
Chiriţa
(played by
Millo),
the rope which was
tightening the balloon tears.
Milo
felt out from a certain height, the public
screaming.
.
.no serious injuries.
After
1875,
we found no information about Willemot and the Mihai
Bravul
balloon
-
a first aerial ship matriculated with a Romanian name.
5.
The next remarkable aeronautic events took place in Bucharest during the
second half on
1889.
Studies and aeronautics history works published in Romania do
not mention the aeronautic ascents from Bucharest.
1889.
which were made by
Captain
Edouard
Spelterini
-
Swiss aeronaut and by the acrobat
Leona
Dare
-
of
North-American origin.
Leona Dare
came from Moscow where she and the French
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aeronaut
Leroux
have been attacked, during a descent, by Russian fanatical peasants.
After recovery, she will arrive to Bucharest, together with the Swiss aeronaut
Edouard Spelterini,
the first ascent taking place in the Cismigiu garden at October
8,
in the presence of numerous people and officials. Under the nacelle there was
suspended a trapeze where the girl gymnast was hanging in her teeth. Of a total
amount of
7330
lei revenue, half was given to the Town Hall, for building a night
pension. The second ascent took also place in Cismigiu garden, a journalist named
Paul Haritin (Ciculescu) joining Spelterini and Dare. After that, the journalist will
publish his impressions in a couple of newspapers. The third ascension, from
Cismigiu, October
22, 1889,
with Spelterini, Dare, Haritin and Captain Orezeanu.
The evolution of the balloon and of the American gymnast has been seen by whole
Bucharest, the streets being crowded. At the fourth ascent, the last from Cismigiu, in
the nacelle there were Spelterini,
Leona Dare,
Alecu Popovici and for the second
time, Captain Orezeanu.
Spelterini will receive a second larger balloon
(1600
m3)
-
for scientific
ascents. The first take off will take place from the Gas Factory of Filaret, at
November
8, 1889,
the balloon being conducted by Spelterini and having on-board
the journalist Paul Haritin, Grigore
Bălăceanu
and the Lieutenant Vaitoianu. The
travel with the balloon will end near Turtucaia, after reaching an altitude of
3800
m
and passing the Danube. After a night in the plain, they will leave from Turtucaia
with the ship to
Šmarda
(Giurgiu)
and then with the train to Bucharest. The travel will
be described by Paul Haritin, and after one year, It. Vaitoianu will publish a
description of the travel, attaching a map of the journey and a diagram of the heights.
6.
In
1891,
after
25
years on throne of King Carol I, there are organized
popular shows in Cismigiu, including balloon ascents. Two impresarios (C.
Bordan
and Correni) hire for this purpose the Swedish aeronaut Paul Feller who had over
800
ascents in Sweden and England. His first ascent of June
16, 1891,
with the Victoria
balloon, launched from Cismigiu, has few spectators, the crowd preferring to see the
show from the street. The balloon has landed after
45
minutes in
Popeşti
after a flight
at
300-400
m
altitude.
The second ascent of Captain Feller s balloon took place on June
23, 1891,
from the garden of the Austro-Hungarian Casino from Bucharest. The balloon landed
at the Sf.
Vineri
cemetery with no incidents. Both flights had only the Swedish
aeronaut on-board.
There was again noticed that the public gas system had not enough flow to fill
in a balloon within a reasonable amount of time. This was noticed on previous cases,
and will be noticed to further ascents as well.
7.
The name of Captain Gheorghe Ferichide
(1838-1925)
is mentioned several
times in some Romanian works on the history of aeronautics, but with very short
briefings and even with some inexact references to this flying machine. From the
military archives, we have found the following about Gheorghe Ferichide: born:
14.10.1838
in Bucharest; sergeant:
21.08.1862;
sub-lieutenant:
4.09.1865;
lieutenant:
23.08.1869;
captain:
1.01.1875.
In
1890
he is retired, and at May
10, 1907
is Major
under retreat. Died on November
19, 1925.
In
1881,
with a notice addressed to King Carol I, the Minister of War I.C.
Brătianu
proposed to send Ferichide in France in order to study new researches
related to dirigibles balloons, as this was the topic of a memoir Ferichide sent to
Brătianu.
We do not know any details related to his visit in France (took probably
place in
1882),
but during the first half of
1883,
we find Ferichide s name in two
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articles
published in the Bucharest newspaper of French language
L Indépendance
Roumaine.
Referring to the project of lenticular aerodyne of Captain Ferichide, the
L
Aeronaute
journal of the French Aerial Navigation Society (whose member was
Ferichide), publishes a series
ofinformation
and comments, between May
10, 1883
and
May
1884.
There are memoirs, notes, articles and letters that are sent to the Society,
which analyses them and propose them to plenary discussions, a scientific and technical
dispute, at least honourable for Ferichide. It is very probable that, after his return to
Romania, there were no funds available for his project. According to his own
declarations from
1885,
the project was presented to the Society on April
2, 1882
and
that he obtained a patent for his project. We didn t manage to obtain this patent but we
are sure that it could be found in the French archives.
As a consequence of his ideas and his active presence in the French aeronautical
media, his project will be cited in popular works
(de Graffigny,
1888: ...
Capazza s
metallical aerostat has...
α
shape borrowed from another inventor, the Montenegrin
[sic!] Captain
Phérékyde...; Lecornu,
1909:
...project dating back in
1883
and
presented by Captain Pherekyde of the Romanian Army...; or
Saint-Fégor,
1910: ...
in
1883
Romanian Captain presented a machine with a lenticular shape...), and this fact
makes G. Ferichide to be the first Romanian with original aeronautical
contributions who was presented in foreign works on the history of aeronautics.
8.
In some contemporary works on history of the Romanian aeronautics
(1984, 1990
and
2003)
there is mentioned the founding of the first unit of military
aerostation which is said to be connected to the person of Leutenant
Eugéniu
Assaky,
who is mentioned to command this unit since
1893.
We haven t found this name in
the military archives, but we did find Leutenant
Eugéniu
Asache, bora in
1874,
a
cadet since
1894
and Leutenant since
1900.
The name change from Asache to Asaki
and then to Assaky must have been caused by a scholarship within the Austro-
Hungarian Army, in order to avoid the misspelling of the name. In
1904,
after
graduating the
2
year school in
Wien,
Leutenant
Eugéniu
Assaky (Asache
-
our
note) comes back to Romania as the first Romanian Diplomat (graduated)
Aeronaut. He presents his activity in public conferences, from which we learn that he
made a total of
11
free ascents and
320
captive ascents, in different points of Europe.
The highest altitude was
5964
m., while the largest distance traveled is Wien-
Prnelòpe
(Bosnia) with a speed of more than
100
km per hour.
Assaky s conference together with Prince George Valentin Bibescu s
initiative have as a result the founding in Bucharest of the Aero-Club, whose first
major action was to buy a new spherical balloon, baptised „ROMANIA
.
Made in
Augsburg, Germany, under the supervision of Leutenant Assaky, the balloon costed
18.000
francs (excluding the transport), had a capacity of
1500
m3, and a maximal
diameter of
12
m. The nacelle for four persons had a reactangular shape with a side of
1.5
m
and a weight of
175
kg.
The first ascent was programmed for October
19, 1905,
from the Gas
Factory in Filaret, but was postponed until the next day because of the low gas
pressure. The ascent took place on October
20, 1905,
at
10
a.m. There were four
persons in the nacelle: Leutenant
Eugéniu
Assaky, Leutenant Paul D. Moruzzi,
Marine Major Demetriad, and the prince Valentin G. Bibescu. There were a large
number of spectators and oficialities. The maximal height was
960
m, they launched
pigeons with messages and Bibescu made the first local aerial photos. They land after
80
km. and
5
hrs., in the
Sapunari
village, county of
Ialomiţa,
in the presence of more
than
1000
peasants.
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The second ascent took place on October
30, 2005,
at
2
p.m., with the
following: Valentin G. Bibescu, Leutenant Assaky, Captain Gorsky, Niculescu-Ianca,
flying over the Capital. The maximum height was
2500
m, and the distance was
approx.
40
km. The landing took place at
5.40
p.m., near Peris in a place named
Polizoaia. From our research, a first ascent in
1906
took place on March
26, 11.15
a.m. from Filaret, with the following on board: Captain
Urlăţeanu,
Leutenants
Moruzzi and Assaky, and St. Theodoreanu. The balloon reached an altitude of
2200
m
and landed near Zimnicea.
The next ascent was planned for Friday, June
16, 1906, 5.00
a.m., but is had
to be postponed with approx.
2
hours because of low gas pressure. In the nacelle there
were Leutenant Assaky and Niculescu
lanca.
Their intention was to make a two day
flight, hoping to get to Bucovina or further. Leutenant Assaky was conducting the
balloon. By
1.45
a.m. they were over the mountains between
Comarnic
and
Sinaia.
On Saturday morning they were at a altitude of
3500
m., and at
12.00
they were
flying between
Campina
and
Ploieşti
towards
Galaţi.
At
4
p.m. they are at
600
m.
altitude, back to
Ploieşti.
They fly until Ghergani, then land in Potlogi, at a
4-5
km
distance to railway station in
Titu.
The maximum altitude was
3100
m, at
2.30
p.m.,
at a temperature of
15°
С
The total flight duration was
32
hours.
As regards the ascents from
1907,
we found information about only one
ascent, from June
15,
connected to the first Romanian
Rallye-Auto, a
car contest in
which the winner was the one who arrived first at the site where the balloon landed.
The persons from the balloon were: Prince George Bibescu, President of the Aero-
Club, Nicu Arion and Cantemir
Câmpeanu.
The balloon rised at
1600
m, towards
Cotroceni,
Ciorogârla, Bolintin
and landed near
Roşu
village. The winner of the Rally
was Jean
Cămărăşescu
with a Darraq automobile of
16
CP, who got the first prize.
Second prize was won by Maximilian Tonolla with
De
Dion of
30
CP.
We couldn t find additional details about the balloon and the Aero-Club, as
prince Bibescu has put the automobiles at the forefront of the event. The aeronautic
initiatives of Bibescu, Assaky and others have made aeronautics to become a them of
general public interest.
*
The second part of this book: A ROMANIAN IN THE DAWN OF
AVIATION-
TRAÍAN
VUIA
(1872-1950)
is dedicated to the Romanian from
Banat,
who left for France in
1902
and became one of the most important pioneers of the
powered flight, very well known with this
VUIA
monoplane and his priority flight of
March
18, 1906.
He left for France, a true pole of the aeronautical activities at that time, with
the need of more direct information, of an elevated scientific climate, of competent
interlocutors and even competitors, and not the last, of a relevant industrial and
technological support.
His starting conviction was that the powered flight could be realized by
combining into a coherent ensemble two great previous technical achievements:
♦
the automobile, initially emerged as tricycle and rapidly evolved as
quadricycle and with a sound functional level at the beginning of 20th century
and:
♦
a lifting glider wing so it was realized, demonstrated and confirmed on a
engineless flying machine, by the hundreds of gliding flights done by
Lilientahl and his emulous from the last decade of the 19th century.
The automobile
-
in fact his running wheel system
-
will allow to optimally
solving the problem of take off and landing, assuring by the traction of the propeller
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the needed speed for obtaining on the wing the necessary lifting force for taking off
and the flight itself.
A morphological analysis of the
Vuia
machines shows that he conceived and
built his monoplane in
8
successive variants, of which two for studies
(1903,
in a
Memoir to the Academy of Sciences and in his patent
332.106)
and six main
variants, which were physically built:
Vuia
1(1905),
Vuia
1(1906),
Vuia l-bis
(1906),
Vuia 1-ter
(1907),
Vuia
2 (1907)
and Vuia 2-bis/or
3 (1908).
From this analysis, without additional details and taking into consideration
only the relevant features, a short inventory may underline the following realized,
experimented aspects:
3
general layouts;
3
variants for the angle of incidence control;
3
variants of upper wire mounting brackets to improve the rigidity of
folding wings;
2
types of engine with
3
different positions of the engine;
3
propeller types;
3
variants of CO
2
engine alimentation and
2
variants to
position the liquefied CO2 bottles;
2
types of wheel suspensions and
2
types of smoth pneumatic tyres.
With the first five physical variants of his monoplane,
Vuia
did between December
2005
and July
1907,
more than
22
series-days of experiments, tests and flights. In
addition to his priority flight from March
18, 1906,
the most convincing results were
flights of up to
24
m long
at an altitude of up to
5
m.
His first merit was to have insisted, demonstrated and convinced for a
definitive consecration of the heavier-than-air flying machines: take off and landing
on pneumatic wheels; thick wall steel tubes framework and most important:
monoplane with a single tractive propeller, all three being important milestones
which are confirmed by the history of aviation, the concept of monoplane becoming,
for more than half a century, almost generalized.
Together with other pioneers of the modern aviation who have contributed
with ideas, scientific solutions, practical results on construction, piloting and
exploitation of flying machines, making use of his last financial resources and health,
even life, Traian
Vuia
must not be forgotten. His first take off from Montesson
(near Paris), of March
18, 1906,
that short flight, jump or take off, on a distance
of 12m at
0.6
m
altitude, but done only with the resources on board his machine,
using wheels, without any auxiliary means, has been celebrated by UNESCO, in
2006.
Finally, in addition to foreign comments referring to
Vuia
and his monoplane,
we present some new facts and aspects related to his life and work, as:
-
Memoir and project of Traian
Vuia
to the Academy of Sciences from Paris
(16.02.1903);
-
Traian Vuia s naturalization in France
(29.11.1923);
-
Vuia
monoplane s wing profile;
-
Location of the tests done by
Vuia
with his monoplane in December
1905.
The third part is entitled: ROMANIANS IN AERONAUTICS
-
AERONAUTICS IN ROMANIA
:
AN OPEN CHRONICLE OF THE
BEGINNINGS
As a result of extensive researches, this chronicle represents a first try to
collect and further to evaluate facts and data regarding the ways in which information
and ideas about the early period of aeronautics have emerged in our country. All these
data and facts illustrate the gradual development, within the territory of today s
Romania, of a true aeronautic phenomenon which manifests also some local
contributions, more and more significant towards the end of 19th century and
beginning of the 20th century.
337
loan
Vasiíe
(Buiu
Щртапі
în aeronautică -Aeronautică în
Іідтапіа
We took into consideration all the ways and forms in which this aeronautic
phenomenon has emerged and developed in Romania and the way in which
Romanians from Romania and other territories have implied themselves in this
phenomenon. We have included also persons from the minorities who have
contributed to the development of some aeronautic events within the historical and
modern borders of Romania.
Within this context we have chosen as generic title for our research the
following: ROMANIANS IN AERONAUTICS
-
AERONAUTICS IN
ROMANIA.
As time horizon, this collection of facts and data has concentrated on the
beginning
-
the least known period of the Romanian aeronautics
-
that is from the
first pertinent information until the beginning of 20th century, more concrete until the
first powered flight of Traian
Vuia.
The presentation is chronological and was
associated with a synthetic description of the content of the related information, our
aim being also to underline how the speciality terms and notions have emerged. There
are
168
unique articles and multiple articles, with more than
241
entries, and
261
bibliographical references and notes, all these comprised within
68
pages of this
OPEN CHRONICLE OF THE BEGININGS. From a thematic point of view, all these
present some important directions as follows:
•
news and information about aeronautical flights and ascents from abroad and
Romania, as well as aeronautical events where Romanians have been involved;
•
presentation of the history, principles and technical evolution of the heavier-than-
air flying machines;
•
presentation of the endeavours to make possible the human flight and that of
heavier-than-air flying machines;
•
information about the emergence and developments of the aeronautical shows;
•
development of the rocket techniques as propellants for fireworks;
•
development of more practical applications of lighter than the air flying machines
instead of simple entertainment applications;
•
emergence of military applications of aeronautics;
•
introduction of notions and information related to aeronautics in school manuals
and the specialty literature; first books and studies on aeronautics;
•
emergence of Romanian specialists, first inventors, researchers, aeronauts,
passengers and finally designers, constructors and pilots;
•
development of systematic aeronautical activities and of team works instead of
sporadic activities and isolated individuals;
These thematic directions, the facts and data that are detailed, represent some
of the distinctive features of the emergence and development of the aeronautical
phenomenon in Romania, an essential chapter of a history of the Romanian
aeronautics which has never been written before us.
* * *
Copyright
© 2009
by loan Vasile
Buiu.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
338 ( Beyerische
Λ
Staatsbibliothek
München ■
í·
|
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| era | Geschichte 1806-1907 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1806-1907 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037469482 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:24:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789737618504 |
| language | Romanian |
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| publishDate | 2009 |
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| spelling | Buiu, Ioan Vasile Verfasser aut Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor Ioan Vasile Buiu Bucureşti Ed. OSIM 2009 338 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1806-1907 gnd rswk-swf Luftballon (DE-588)4270332-3 gnd rswk-swf Flugmaschine (DE-588)4413794-1 gnd rswk-swf Luftfahrt (DE-588)4036557-8 gnd rswk-swf Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 s Luftfahrt (DE-588)4036557-8 s Luftballon (DE-588)4270332-3 s Flugmaschine (DE-588)4413794-1 s Geschichte 1806-1907 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022621281&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022621281&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Buiu, Ioan Vasile Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor Luftballon (DE-588)4270332-3 gnd Flugmaschine (DE-588)4413794-1 gnd Luftfahrt (DE-588)4036557-8 gnd Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4270332-3 (DE-588)4413794-1 (DE-588)4036557-8 (DE-588)4117147-0 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor |
| title_auth | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor |
| title_exact_search | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor |
| title_full | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor Ioan Vasile Buiu |
| title_fullStr | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor Ioan Vasile Buiu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor Ioan Vasile Buiu |
| title_short | Români în aeronautică - aeronautică în România |
| title_sort | romani in aeronautica aeronautica in romania contributii la o istorie a inceputurilor |
| title_sub | contribuţii la o istorie a începuturilor |
| topic | Luftballon (DE-588)4270332-3 gnd Flugmaschine (DE-588)4413794-1 gnd Luftfahrt (DE-588)4036557-8 gnd Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Luftballon Flugmaschine Luftfahrt Rumänen Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022621281&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022621281&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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