Vlasi - starobalkanski narod: od povijesne pojave do danas
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Hrvatski Inst. za Povijest
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica
Monografije i studije ; 50 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The vlachs - an old Balkan people ... |
| Beschreibung: | 350 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789536324835 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806961835009638400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR
. 7
UVOD
. 9
VLASI
-
HETEROGEN NAROD
. 17
IME VLAH,
VALAH
-VOLCAE
. 25
INTEGRACIJSKI IDEZINTEGRACIJSKI PROCESI NA BALKANU
. 27
О
ETNOGENEZI VLAHA
. 33
VLASI U BIZANTSKOM CARSTVU
. 53
VLASI
-
BILINGVALAN NAROD
. 65
CRKVENA ORGANIZACIJA I KRŠĆANSTVO BALKANSKIH VLAHA
. 75
POLITIČKO-SOCIJALNE STRUKTURE BALKANSKIH VLAHA
I NJIHOVA EKONOMSKA DJELATNOST
. 85
VLASI U SREDNJOVJEKOVNIM SLAVENSKIM DRŽAVAMA
. 101
VLASI U OSMANSKOM CARSTVU
. 113
Statut
voynuq
-
vojnika
. 117
Porezni Statut
. 118
Zemljišni posjedovni Statut
. 120
Lokalna administracija
. 122
VLASI U HRVATSKOJ
. 125
UZROCI, PRAVCI I POSLJEDICE VLAŠKIH MIGRACIJA U
NOVOM VIJEKU
. 133
HABZBURŠKA MONARHIJA I VLASI
. 139
Statuta Valachorum
. 143
О
poglavarstvima
. 144
О
sudovanju
. 147
О
posjedovanju imovine
. 148
О
privatnim i javnim krivičnim djelima
. 150
О
vojnim poslovima
. 152
ZefMirdita
VLASI ILI «vlasi»
. 159
VLAŠKA DIJASPORA I STVARANJE GRAĐANSTVA NA BALKANU
. 179
NACIONALNI POKRET VLAHA
. 201
VLASI DANAS
. 213
ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA
. 219
KRATICE
. 237
IZVORI I LITERATURA
. 247
SUMMARY
. 305
KAZALO OSOBA, MJESTA I POJMOVA
. 311
SUMMARY
THE VLACHS
-
AN OLD BALKAN PEOPLE
(FROM THEIR FIRST HISTORICAL APPEARANCE UNTIL
TODAY)
This book attempts to provide an overview of the Vlachs from their first appea¬
rance in historical records until the end of the 20th century. As a heterogeneous people
consisting of various tribes, the Vlachs are differentiated in terms of character as well
as mentality. It is well-known that in scholarly literature the Vlachs are referred to
as
Aromanians.
This term for ethnic Vlachs appeared in the 17th century to point to
their historical descent from Daco-Romanians from Roman times, not only in terms
of language, but also in terms of historical documents. Nonetheless, despite the di¬
fference from the term above, the original ethnic name is
"Vlach."
The question of
ethno-genesis is closely related to this question of etymology.
The general thinking is that the ethnonym
Vlach
is derived from Volcae, the
name of a large Celtic tribe which is mentioned by
G. J.
Caesar (Bell. gall. VI
24,
1-3),
Titus Livius
(XXI 26, 6),
Strabo (IV
1, 12-13)
and Justinian
(XXXII 3, 9)
who,
together with the Tectosages, migrated to the Balkans in
279
and
280.
Both invasions
moved through the territory of Dardania, Thrace, and Macedonia, that is, through the
territory of the Thracian Bessi tribe. Alongside the Celts, many Scythian tribes came
into these territories and played a part in the ethnogenesis of the Vlachs. It is well
known that this was a long-term process, subject to influences occurring in the su¬
bstratum, superstratum and adstratum, out of which the integration and disintegration
of various ethnocultural elements took place, and a new ethnicity was formed, in this
case the Volcae people, or Vlachs. An important role in this process was played by
Italic colonists who were carriers of Roman culture and civilization, Latin language,
and a mentality of "forma mentis." Alongside this was the phenomenon of Romani¬
sm, or
Latinity,
which did not have the same intensity overall. In this sense the only
thing that can be emphasized is the syntagm that the Vlachs were a paleo-Balkan
305
Zef Mirdita
Romanicized
population of various origins and cultures. This amalgamation of vari¬
ous ethnocultural elements continued even after the arrival of Avaro-Slavic elements.
The author concludes that the Vlachs, regardless of the polemics around their origins,
and despite the amalgamation of various ethnocultural elements, are a unique, paleo-
Balkan autochthonous people, who never lived in common with Rumanians north of
the Danube.
Though it is widely believed that the ethnonym
"Vlach"
entered the Greek lan¬
guage through the language of Balkan Slavs, who had in turn taken up the name from
the German Walch, or
Welsch
denoting people of Roman or other foreign origin, more
recently it is considered likely that it entered the Greek directly and for the same re¬
ason from German through the agency of Scandinavian Varangians who for a long
time were the personal guards of the Byzantine Emperor. Since Valachus, the Latin
form of the word, was in used in medieval Western Europe, it became the basis of
the ethnonym for the Vlachs in other Romance languages. The reason that the name
Vlach
does not appear in written sources prior to the
10*
century must be sought in
the fact that the Vlachs, from the time of Caracella's edict in
212,
were subsumed
under the Greek name Rhomaioi, which referred to the free population of the Empire
which enjoyed the rights of Roman citizenship and spoke Latin. Nevertheless, when
the Vlachs are distinguished from the community of Rhomaioi, be they Greeks or
Westerners, the name
Vlach
appears in the works Byzantine authors, as a result of
their individuation. This marks their entry into the record of European history. Thus
their participation in political developments during the extent of Byzantine history
is assumed and witnessed by the works of Byzantine historians. Thus it should be
pointed out that Byzantine authors use the name
Vlach
in the ethnic sense throughout
the Byzantine period.
The typical social organization of the Vlachs was the communal household, the
';
'J
'alkaré1''
and the
"katuni"
temporary shepherds' communities in close proximity to
pasture lands and highly characteristic of social communities on the Steppe. These
forms of social organization were introduced by the Avars and other nomadic tribes.
These ethno-social structures survived on the broad spaces of the Balkan Peninsula,
and are recognized as Vlachs in Romania and Moldavia,
Aromanians
in Greece, Al¬
bania, and Macedonia, as the Megleno-Romanians on the Macedonian-Greek border
and also as the Vlachs of Pindus-Olympus. From this territory the Vlachs spread out
at the beginning of the Turkish era.
There were Vlachs who were legally-economically vassals of the state, the feu¬
dal landholders, and monasteries, but there were also those who were free. They were
an important military factor. This is shown by the uprising of Vlachs in Thessaly in
306
VLASI starobalkanski narod
1066,
which was supported by the
Bulgars
and the Greeks of
Larissa, as
well as by
their contribution to the formation of the "Second Bulgarian Empire" in
1185
with the
brothers
Petar
and Asena at their head.
The Vlachs maintained their independence and political organization even after
the Crusaders took Constantinople in
1204.
At the beginning, the Christianity practiced by the Vlachs was that of the Latin
rite, as is attested to by the Latin terminology in use, even though, as the Byzantine
author Kekaumenos writes, they were without any faith, that is they retained tradi¬
tional superstitions with many pagan elements. Later on the
Bulgars
forced Chri¬
stianity of the Eastern rite upon them as well as a Slavic language. Basil II, 'the
Bulgar-Slayer'
(976-1025),
facing the appearance of Vlachs who were hostile to the
Byzantine Empire, but who were spread across the extent of Bulgaria, attempted to
subjugate them to his spiritual as well as social-political direction. For this purpose
he founded a special episcopate for the Vlachs in Vranje in
1020
under the jurisdicti¬
on of the Archbishopric of
Ohrid,
which was intended to serve all of the Vlachs in the
Balkans. The faith of the Vlachs was characterized by
Arianism
or Semi-Arianism.
On the other hand, their superstitious beliefs with many pagan elements facilitated
their conversion from one system of belief to another, more specifically, their conver¬
sion to Bogomilism, characteristic of the areas in which the Balkan Vlachs lived and
a faith with which they became synonymous, and then later their conversion to Islam.
The
"stečci,"
medieval gravestones, are the best indicators of the
Vlach
profession
of Bogomilism. The Vlachs, indeed, used Bogomilism to strengthen their political
and social opposition toward the official authorities and the Orthodox clergy, who, by
pressuring the Catholic population, were extorting taxes. The Orthodox Vlachs, as
non-Serbian ethnic body, were not spared from this pressure.
The Vlachs first appear in Ottoman sources in the
15*
century under the name
Eflâki, Eflâkân.
With this term they are regarded as belonging to "various Romanized
Balkan ethnic communities." In other words, the Porte understood this notion in an
ethnic sense.
The privileges enjoyed by the Vlachs remained in effect throughout the entirety
of the duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkan Peninsula. These privileges, sanctioned
by an agreement in
1468,
thus before the migration of the Vlachs into Croatia and
Bosnia, were unique among the peoples subjugated by Ottoman rule.
As in Serbia, so in Croatia at the time, the spread of the Vlachs occurred in 12th to
14th centuries. In
Istria
they are mentioned about
1463
as subjects of the noble family
Frankopan, but they had originated in the territory of the old Croatian kingdom.
307
Zef Mirdita
In order to defend itself against Ottoman incursions the
Habsburg
Monarchy
settled Vlachs along its frontiers starting from the beginning of the 16th century. But
their settlement was intensified only after the battle at
Sisak
in
1593.
In these new
territories the Vlachs enjoyed their autonomy as stated in the
Statuta
Valachorum.
This was an agreement reached in
1630
between the Habsburgs and the Vlachs, and
this because of the intercession of the commanders of the Military Frontier and the
Habsburg
ruler, Ferdinand II. By this agreement the Vlachs were exempted from
feudal obligations, they received internal autonomy, limited to the right to select their
prince and the "large magistrates," but only in the captaincies of the
Varaždin
Gene-
ralcy, that is, in the territory between the rivers
Sava
and
Drava.
In this manner they
were differentiated socially and ethnically from the older, established population in
the region. During the 17th century, due to various administrative measures, their au¬
tonomy was increasingly circumscribed. Namely, with the growing weakness of the
Ottoman Empire, the Vlachs began to lose their privileged position.
The urbanization of the Empire stimulated the movement toward cities and this
led to the development of trade. Indeed, the 18th century was for the Vlachs a golden
age of commerce. This began a period of mass migration of the Vlachs. These rea¬
sons for this mass migration of the Vlachs must be sought after, on the one hand, in
wars, and on the other, in the beginning of the growth of urban capitalism in Austria-
Hungary. Merchants from the territory of the Ottoman Empire had to, insofar as they
wanted to practice their trade, accept
Habsburg
citizenship. Thus, the legal levelling
of Orthodox Vlachs with Orthodox merchants originating in the Ottoman Empire
quickened the process of their denationalization, more to the point, with their Serbi-
anization, which began as early as
1850
and onward. The Serbian Orthodox Church
played an important role in this process, starting out from the notion that Orthodoxy
was the fundamental political and legal basis of each of its believers.
In
Diasporas,
the Vlachs were actively engaged in all the aspects of life in the
communities in which they lived. They became agents of economic growth, financi¬
al capitalism, patrons of arts and education, scholars, politicians, diplomats, church
functionaries, theologians, and, in the Balkan states, carriers of urban culture. This is
especially the case in Serbia.
There is little available data about the language of medieval Vlachs. The four
main dialects are
Aromanian,
Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Daco-Roma-
nian. All four groups were strongly influenced by the languages of the peoples among
whom they lived.
Some of them spoke a type of Romanian which has survived in the Istro-Ruma-
nian dialect and the Rumanian of
Krk,
the Veljot dialect, which was not spoken after
308
VLASI starobalkanski narod
the 19th
cenimy.
Traces of the
Vlach
language can be found in the languages of pasto¬
ral Croats as well as in the lexicons of rural Croatia
(antrešelj, žinžire "desni"
etc.), in
toponyms
{Cincar
in Bosnia, Vrhure on the island of
Krk)
and in surnames
(Dančuo,
Dančulović,
Gavela,
Kekez, Kožul,
Mamula,
Šerbula,
Sugar,
Žužul,
etc.).
The spirit of the
Diasporas
in Europe and Balkan nationalism were not without
their impact and influence on the development of national consciousness among the
widespread settlements of the
Vlach
ethnic element. The development of
Vlach
na¬
tional consciousness was influenced by the national movement in Macedonia and in
other parts of the Ottoman Empire which was in a state of disintegration, as well as
the introduction of maternal languages in education and church liturgies.
By the Imperial Decree of
1888
the Vlachs obtained the right to create a national
church. The Patriarchate, not choosing its methods, banished
Vlach
clergy, shutting
them up in monasteries, excommunicating them, prohibiting them from officiating in
liturgical celebration in the
Vlach
language which God had damned.
In May
1905,
Turkey had recognized the
Vlach
or
Aromanian
nation. This had
created a negative reaction in neighbouring nations and in Greece. Greek opposition
to
Vlach
nationalism was revealed at the time of the Balkan wars and in the Peace of
Bucharest in
1913.
The partition of Macedonia among Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece
and the separation of the Vlachs into these states meant indeed the definitive destruc¬
tion of
Vlach
nationhood.
Following the social-political changes in the Balkans at the end of the 20th cen¬
tury the situation of the Vlachs has not essentially changed. However, cultural associ¬
ations of the Vlachs have been organized. Macedonia represents an exception, in that
in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Macedonia they are recognized
as a "part of the
Vlach
nation," while on
8
March
2004
at the second district court
in Skopje
a Vlach
educational society was registered under the name of
"Konstantin
Belemače."
Nonetheless, in scholarly circles throughout the world there is a growing interest
in
Vlach
culture and language. International conferences have been held, grammars
of the
Vlach
language have been published as well as other scholarly works by
Vlach
and foreign scholars.
To conclude, this author, alongside
Vlach
intellectuals and scholars, poses a ba¬
sic question: is it possible to write a history of the Vlachs, that is, the
Aromanians,
given that they do not possess a state or an independent church authority?
Thus, several important facts must be taken into consideration, such as their
demographic situation, their geographical distribution, their economic activities, and
various matters related to their migration in order to establish the character of
Vlach
309
Zef Mirdita
ethnicity. And it is possible to write this history only if the amalgamative interacti¬
on of the Vlachs is considered, regardless of the fact that "their past belongs to the
history of Byzantium, followed by the Ottoman Empire, and then followed by all of
the Balkan successor states, not excluding their natural conflicts, because in every
age national minorities have been in conflict with majority populations of territories,
where indeed they live together until progressive acculturation smoothes and levels
the differences that will disappear for the general interest."
Because of this very fact the problem of their identity now is not presented in
terms of their ethnicity, but from the point of view of their position as a cultural mino¬
rity. They are now Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian, Croatian, etc. citizens who
speak the language of the country where they live. But, even if they are tied into the
social-political and cultural-economic currents of the states in which they live, never¬
theless, their "forma mentis" that is their mentality, by which they are separated into
particular ethnic groups, has not been altered.
310 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mirdita, Zef 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076423515 |
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| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037466110 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)731367132 (DE-599)GBV630945284 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 gnd Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kroatien Osmanisches Reich Byzantinisches Reich Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV037466110 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:24:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789536324835 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022617968 |
| oclc_num | 731367132 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 350 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hrvatski Inst. za Povijest |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica |
| series2 | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije |
| spelling | Mirdita, Zef 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)1076423515 aut Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas Zef Mirdita Zagreb Hrvatski Inst. za Povijest 2009 350 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije 50 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The vlachs - an old Balkan people ... Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd rswk-swf Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd rswk-swf Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 s Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 g Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 g Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 g Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica Monografije i studije ; 50 (DE-604)BV010859037 50 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022617968&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022617968&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mirdita, Zef 1936- Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121225-3 (DE-588)4118957-7 (DE-588)4073841-3 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4009256-2 (DE-588)4043271-3 |
| title | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas |
| title_auth | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas |
| title_exact_search | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas |
| title_full | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas Zef Mirdita |
| title_fullStr | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas Zef Mirdita |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas Zef Mirdita |
| title_short | Vlasi - starobalkanski narod |
| title_sort | vlasi starobalkanski narod od povijesne pojave do danas |
| title_sub | od povijesne pojave do danas |
| topic | Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnogenese Walachen Kroatien Osmanisches Reich Byzantinisches Reich Österreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022617968&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022617968&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010859037 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mirditazef vlasistarobalkanskinarododpovijesnepojavedodanas |