Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu: nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Muzej Grada Beograda
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografije / Muzej Grada Beograd
15 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 314 S. Ill., Kt. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788680619613 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu |b nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement |c Bisenija Petrovic |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Asfaltna Baza in Zemun |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Muzej Grada Beograda |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 314 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 28 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Monografije / Muzej Grada Beograd |v 15 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022583028&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145737994338304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | САД РЖ
AJ
УВОД
.......................................................7
ГРАЂЕВИНСКИ ОБЈЕКТИ
СА
КАТАЛОГОМ НАЛАЗА
....................13
Јужни
сектор.............................................
171
Керамика из ровова
........................................1 73
Керамика из културног
слоја
.................................1 76
ГРАЂЕВИНСКИ ОБЈЕКТИ
И КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ
НАСЕЉА
Типологија
и врете
грађевинских објеката
......................1 79
Надземни
или
плитко
укопани
објекти
.........................1 80
Полуукопани
објекти
.......................................1 82
Дубоко укопани
објекти
....................................1 83
Остале врете
укопаних
објеката
..............................1 84
Заштитни систем
..........................................1 84
Тип, карактер и
организација насеља
..........................1 86
Социјална
структура становништва
...........................1 93
ТИПОЛОГИЈА
ПОКРЕТНИХ НАЛАЗА
СА АСФАЛТНЕ
БАЗЕ
Керамика
................................................195
Метални налази
...........................................207
Коштани
предмети........................................
207
Камене алатке
............................................208
Анализа
животињских костију
са Асфалтне
базе
...................211
СКЕЛЕТНИ ГРОБОВИ
..........................................223
ХРОНОЛОГИЈА
..............................................233
ЗАКЉУЧАК
.................................................243
Architectural structures
and
characteristics of the settlement
.................................247
Typology of archaeological artifacts from Asfaltna baza
...............259
Chronology
.................................................268
Conclusion
.................................................277
БИБЛИОГРАФИЈА
............................................281
ФОТОГРАФИЈЕ
У
БОЈИ
.....
T
...................................287
Architectural structures and
characteristics
of the settlement
Бисенија Петровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
Typology and types of architectural structures
The prehistoric settlement at the site Asfaltna Baza was established on the loess plateau
by the Danube. There is a magnificent view from the elevated right river bank so the
selection of settlement location was not accidental. As the settlement was in the lower
section of the terrain this gentle
hűl
offered better view to the inhabitants and possibility
to protect themselves from various dangers. Also, the proximity of the river offered better
communication with neighboring regions and good opportunities for trade and exchange
of goods while the hinterland was abounding in forests, pastures and arable soil where
cereals were cultivated and livestock put to graze.
The settlement was organized in such way that most of the structures were on the
highest plateau by the river, which during many millennia probably took away part of the
settlement. The remains of
66
architectural structures and two trenches dating from the
Early Iron Age, i.e. Bosut Ilia and Illb phase have been discovered and investigated. Next
to the setdement was rather shallow trench (structure
36) 82.5
m long,
around
0.6
m
wide
and
0.2
to
0.4
m
deep. It is oriented in the north
—
south direction with deviation of the
north section approximately
30°
to the west. Almost all structures were situated between
the high Danube bank and that trench so it looks like that settlement had been established
in the form of an equilateral triangle (fig.
4).
Only the structures
46
and
48
were southwest
of the trench but in its immediate vicinity.
Another trench (trench
2) 40.0
m
long, around
3.4
m
wide and
0.4
to
0.7
m
deep was
situated in the south sector of the site from squares G-25,
26
to squares N-23,
24
and
87
meters far from the trench
1.
The trench was running approximately in the northwest
—
southeast direction with slight deviation to the north.
Between these two trenches was large area where just two pits have been discovered. In
one of them were found many nails and rivets besides the Early Iron Age pottery,1 while in
the other just the pottery has been recorded. This section of the terrain is lower than the
area next to the Danube and its altitude is around
92
meters above sea level.
1
Author of this book conducted in
2007
archaeological excavations in the vicinity of this site. The material
from
La Tene
period and one Bronze Age cremation burial of the
Belegiš
culture were discovered. As in
this section of the site different cultural periods were recorded there is a possibility that material is mixed.
247
The surface layer around
0.7
m
thick was removed by the machinery so the cultural layer
does not exist but just recessed remains of
66
structures were encountered and investigated
in the loess ground. The upper structures made of wood are not preserved as well as
other elements of furniture (benches, beds, chairs, spindles etc.) because the wood is easily
perishable material and could be preserved only in the special environment. However, the
picture of everyday life in the prehistoric settlement could be reconstructed also on the
basis of evidence provided by other scientific disciplines, particularly ethnology. We have
attempted to make ideal reconstructions of some structures at Asfaltna Baza on the basis
of preserved ground plans of recessed structures. These are structures
3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12,
16, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, 33, 38
and
61,
which belong to the various types of houses
-
huts.
All structures are of approximately circular ground plan, of various sizes and recessed
to different depth. According to the depth of digging in three types of structures could
be identified:
Φ
Aboveground or shallow recessed structures
0
Semi-recessed structures
0
Fully recessed structures
The quantity of various types of structures is different depending on their purpose.
Aboveground or shallow recessed structures
The most numerous are aboveground or very shallow recessed structures (houses).
Because they were built on the loess terrain the surface sunk up to
0.2
m
in the process of
leveling and stamping the floor, so it looks like that these structures were shallow recessed.
Also when earthen floor is permanently cleaned and swept for many years it gradually
crumbles and sinks. There were
25
huts of this type not considering the structures, which
have not been investigated completely because of the short time of excavations and among
which were mostly the houses of this type judging by their shape and size. Within this group
of structures regarding the type of construction and architecture three variants could be
identified:
0
Circular structures without central post
0
Circular structures with central post
0
Circular structures with two posts, in the center and by the entrance
The first variant includes structures
2, 20, 21, 48, 49
и
50
(fig.
49;
fig.
51).
They are also
the simplest type of aboveground dwelling structures with circular ground plan around
2.6
m
in diameter. Their rammed earthen floor is not dug deep in the loess ground and the
entrance was facing south or southeast. They did not have central post to support roof
structure but there were small stakes along the house perimeter arranged at irregular distance
(from
0.3
to
0.5
m). They were the elements of slanting walls and tent-like roof structure.
These small stakes were joined and tied together at the top and covered with reed or straw
fixed by poles from which weights were sometimes suspended in order to keep roofing in
248
Бисенија Петровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
place. Size of the structure was around
5.3
square meters but because of slanting walls it
was certainly not the actual living area.
Second variant including structures
8,9
and
17
represents the basic technique of construction
of dwelling structures in the settlement. The ground plans are circular, around
3.6
m
in
diameter. Main post between
0.15
and
0.2
m
in diameter that supported roof structure was
driven into the ground in the house center (fig.
23;
fig.
25).
Smaller pole supporting the
main post at an angle was also recorded in some structures and its purpose was obviously to
increase the stability of the roof. Along the house perimeter as in the structures of previous
variant were small slanting stakes resting on the central post and supporting the house roof.
Inside the houses were ovens or hearths used for heating and food preparation. The ground
plan area of such structure was around
10.2
square meters but slanting walls reduced the
living space as it was the case with the first variant. It is possible that posts supporting the
roof were long or naturally curved trees were used to make the stakes along the perimeter
in order to obtain more vertical walls and to increase the size of house interior. However,
there is no material evidence for this assumption.
Third variant of dwelling structures at Asfaltna Baza reveals higher degree of architectural
skiH and it includes structures
3, 4, 6, 16, 18, 25, 30, 33, 38, 56
и
55.
The characteristic
of this variant is that ground plans of basic dwelling units
3.6
meters in diameter were
extended on the south and southwest side where are the entrances so they got pear-like
shape and considerably larger diameter, between
4.0
and
5.0
meters. In order to make
such large structures more stable another post was added at the house entrance besides
the central post. The supporting posts were connected by transversal beam
—
ridge piece
onto which small slanting stakes along the perimeter were leaning (fig.
14;
fig.
18;
fig.
44;
fig.
54;
fig.
59;
fig.
60;
fig.
64).
Because of this type of construction the house front had
gable roof while the back of the house had the roof of conical (tent-like) shape. The roof
cover was most probably of reed or grass and there is a possibility that the back tent-like
section was covered with turf in order to achieve better heat insulation of the house. The
living area was
12.5
square meters at the ground level but because the walls were slanting
it was not the actual size of the interior. One could stand straight only in the center of the
house. It is possible that lower sections of the walls were vertical up to certain height and
then inclined in order to obtain larger space and suitable height of the house. This method
of construction of dwelling structures is known as curvature
{krivulja)2
and was practiced
in our rural areas during the
1
8th century while it is still in use in the mountainous regions.
Nevertheless, we did not find enough elements to confirm that such construction method
had been applied at Asfaltna Baza. In any case in order to achieve the house as functional
as possible the posts must have been long in order to obtain suitable height. Inside the
house, usually in the center was hearth or oven, while the space under the slopes was used
for sleeping or storing house inventory. The hearth located outside the house was also
regarded as an integral element of the structure as is the case with structure
3
(house
1).
It
2
Којић
1949,133,135.
249
was standing in front of the entrance on the right hand side and was probably sheltered by
a hide or straw was placed over small poles to protect the fire from the rain (fig.
10).
The
hearth had been used to prepare food and when the conditions were favorable the family
was sitting and eating around it. It is possible that ember from this hearth was taken into
the house to heat it because it was the way to reduce danger of fire catching the straw roof.
The households also included pantries and hearths that were in separate rooms within the
dwelling unit as could be seen in houses
6
(structures
16
and
34)
and
15
(structures
56
and
55).
These rooms did not have partition walls. Because of very big length of the structures
there were also supporting poles in the pantries in order to make the houses as stable as
possible (fig.
40;
fig.
86).
The so-called double structures
(27
and
28, 41
and
47)
should also be included in this
group. They are particularly interesting but their function has not been clearly defined. They
were constructed in the same way as houses
6
and
15,
i.e. as two joined circular structures
without partition walls (fig.
56;
fig.
70).
Maybe these structures were the houses with two
rooms for many members of one family or they were used as communal storehouses for
few families. These double structures could have been used as communal area for daily life
of the extended family while the families slept in their own houses. The double structures
could have been also so-called
vatrene kolibe
( fire huts ) encountered in the settlements
of stockbreeders in the Dinarid mountains3 where the milk was cooked in one room and
dairy products were produced in the other. It is interesting that in double structures as well
as in houses
6
and
15
larger room was on the west side and this side was generally deeper
under the ground level. Considering that eastern section of the house is colder it is possible
that because of better preservation the storeroom was in that part and perhaps also the
hearth as it was the case in house
15.
Semi-recessed structures
Semi-recessed structures are rather infrequent at
Asfaltila
Baza. Five such structures have
been discovered and identified as structures
12, 39, 46, 57, 61.
They are also of circular
plan from
2.3
to
5.4
meters in diameter. They were dug into the loess soil to the depth
of
0.7 — 1.0
m. Central posts were not encountered in these structures (except structure
61)
but strong slanting poles were arranged along the house perimeter and they probably
constituted the main house structure. The entrance was in the south as in the aboveground
houses and the houses were entered by a bank or big step. The floors are of rammed earth
of light yellow color. In the wall of structure
12
were encountered impressions of three
rather large slanting poles arranged at a distance of
3
meters so they created equilateral
triangle (fig.
32).
The supporting poles were joined and fixed at the top and between them
were smaller stakes creating together the tent-like roof structure (fig.
31).
Such triangular
structure provided an exceptional stability that resulted in longer existence of the semi-
3
Markovié
1975, 255.
250
Бисенија Петровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
recessed structures. The structures
12
and
39
are of considerable size,
4.0
m
in diameter,
so their living space was larger and was
12.5
square meters. As they were dug into the loess
they had larger living space than the aboveground dwelling structures of identical size.
We should pay special attention to the structure
46
(house
16),
which in a certain way
unites all types of construction at Asfaltna Baza. It consists of one large central room of
circular plan, around
5.4
m
in diameter and covering
22.8
square meters. Two smaller pits
excavated as niches and probably used as storages where on the northeast and southwest
side of the room (fig.
77;
fig.
78).
As the structure was around
7
meters long there must have
been central supporting post but it has not been discovered in the course of investigations.
The discovered posts
—
one on the west side near the entrance and two on the south side
near the edge of the structure
—
were probably used as segments of roof structure. Also,
it should be emphasized that structure
61
(house
17)
had central post and rammed earthen
floor above which, at
0.6
m, were found two inhumation burials (fig.
95).
The structure was
probably abandoned and covered with earth and this area was later used as burial ground.
This is the only situation when we have recorded reliable vertical stratigraphy while at the
remaining area of the settlement just horizontal stratigraphy was encountered.
Fully recessed structures
There were four fully recessed structures in the settlement
(5,14,19, 51)
and structures
5
and
51
were originally pit dwellings and structures
14
and
19
pits probably used for storing
food. Their ground plan is of asymmetrical circular shape around
2
meters in diameter and
they expand like funnels towards the bottom. They are up to
2.0
meters deep but in some
structures the central area is up to
0.4
m
higher than the periphery (fig.
35).
They were
probably covered with the tent-like structure consisting of slanting stakes joined at the top.
The floors are of rammed light yellow earth. The pit dwellings also contained ovens for
heating. Such structures are rather confined and uncomfortable for living so they were probably
used only temporary before the construction of better houses. It is also still unknown how
these structures were entered as there is no bank. There must have been used some device
of the ladder type. It is interesting that deeply recessed structures were in the settlement
periphery and that could indicate another assumption concerning their use. Namely they
could have been at first borrow pits for clay necessary for the construction of better and
larger structures and after that they could have been adapted into dwelling structures or
silos and finally the inhabitants of the settlement were using them as rubbish pits.
251
Other types of recessed structures
Besides the above described structures rather shallow pits of circular or ellipsoid shape
less than
2.0
m
in diameter have been also discovered at the site Asfaltna Baza. These are
structures
7, 10, 13, 32
which most probably were storages for provisions. The pits in loess
have slight changes in temperature and humidity and because of that they are suitable for
storing food and other supplies. They were probably also covered with tent-like structure
covered with turf as it was probably the case with pit
13
where rather massive lumps of
daub with impressions of wattle have been found. Also, there were small pits around
1.0
m
in diameter (structures
37, 42, 43, 44, 63)
discovered within the settlement. They were
most probably shallow waste pits, i.e. rubbish heaps. It is possible that some of them were
used as ash pits where ash from the houses was deposited but with lumps of daub broken
off the hearth, so it sometimes looks like that these were open hearths.
Two pottery kilns have also been discovered in the settlements. These are structures
11
and
15
which are most probably communal pottery workshops where vessels for the entire
community had been produced. The kilns were built in the open area and were probably
sheltered by some kind of roofing. There is large area of stamped earth around kiln
11
but its purpose is not completely defined. Maybe it was working area used in the process
of tending the kilns.
We must also mention here another eight structures
(31, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66),
which have not been investigated completely because of the lack of time but they were
only identified or partly explored and the material on their surface has been collected.
Some structures are of large size like for instance structure
60,
which was perhaps double
structure or structures
62
and
64,
which could have also been dwelling units.
Defensive system
Two trenches discovered in the settlement are particularly interesting. Trench
1
(structure
36)
was situated immediately by the structures while trench
2
extended along the southernmost
section of the settlement (fig.
4).
Trench
1
was
82.5
m long
and encompassed almost entire settlement except small section
on the south side. The traces of palisade as possible defensive structure have not been
encountered along the trench
1
but it does not mean that it did not exist. It was sufficient to
drive stakes into the earth on the inside of the trench and then reinforce it with interlaced
twigs thus making approach to the settlement more difficult. As the trench was narrow
and shallow its purpose was most probably to separate residential area of the settlement
from the area where domestic animals roamed freely. According to the osteological analyses
most numerous animals were pigs and cattle. However, this trench could have been used
as defensive structure in case of approaching of unwelcome visitors at least for a certain
period of time while the inhabitants could escape to the more secure place. As cultural
layer at the site was destroyed by machinery we lack many data, which could confirm the
252
Бисенија Петровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
character of trenches as well as of some other structures. Sparse pottery material also
does not offer much opportunity for better positioning of the trench in relation to the
settlement. We could not say that trench was filled in order to provide space for expansion
of the settlement as it was the case in some settlements in Srem.4 Next to the trench on
the inside were structures
31
and
49
while structure
45
incorporated partially the trench
itself, more precisely it was leaning onto it. These structures date according to the portable
finds from the later building phase. In the immediate vicinity of the trench but on the
outside were structures
46
and
48,
which date from the earlier building phase. In the area
extending as far as trench
2
there were except these two structures only two pits and vast
uninhabited area. All structures from both bunding phases were concentrated between the
Danube bank and trench
1
so we can conclude that for the unknown reasons the settlement
did not extend further.
Trench
2
is around
87.0
meters far from trench
1.
It was situated on the southernmost
edge of the settlement and beyond it there were no structures. The trench is
3.4
m
wide,
around
0.7
m
deep and
40
meters long and considering its size it was most probably the
defensive structure on the south side of the settlement. It is possible that it was originally
made for the protection of pastures but it could also have a defensive purpose. Large quantity
of earth must have been piled on the inside edge toward the settlement in the process of
digging, so in combination with possible palisade it was rather strong defensive structure.
As this section of the site is arable land segment of cultural layer was damaged by farming
and finally removed by machinery hence the traces of the defensive system have not been
encountered on the inside of the trench.
In order to define the character of the trench three cross-sections were made A-A ,
В—В , С—С
(fig.
100).
Large quantity of pottery, fragments of daub and animal bones as
well as one human bone has been found in the area between cross-sections A—A and
В—В .
The material was discovered in the upper layers of the trench while in the lower layers as
well as in remaining section of the trench the pottery is almost lacking. It is most probable
that some structure had been built in this section of the trench but it was not possible to
establish its boundaries. The remaining section of the trench was filled with dark brown
son. When pottery is concerned the prevailing material was decorated with parallel engraved
lines creating diverse motifs and applied bands with finger impressions, while there are
recorded sporadic fragments with hatched triangles (pi.
69/11).
This indicates that material
is not uniform and that it dates from two building phases at
Asfaltila
Baza. The pottery with
engraved ornaments is related to the earlier structures, while motifs of fir tree branches,
hatched fields, false cord ornament are related to the somewhat later structures. Therefore, if
there was a structure at this location it was certainly used for the entire period of settlement
existence. It was probably some kind of lookout tower at the settlement edge either to
watch for sudden approach of the enemy or for the catde not to breach the fence and run
away. So it would mean that trench
2
was excavated during establishing of the settlement
4
Medović
1988, 345-346.
253
as an
element
of urban outline of the entire space intended for residential and economic
section of the settlement. If we take this as fact then trench
1
was really used to separate
residential section of the settlement from the pastures where animals were grazing freely.
There were probably enclosures for animals but their traces have not been discovered. In
any case the trenches had defensive purpose either to protect from the enemies or to keep
animals in place. Their excavation required much effort and time if the work was to be
finished in one season. It was necessary in particular for trench
2,
which was
3.4
m
wide
at the top and
0.7
m
deep, to engage many members of the community to complete the
work as it was, considering the technology of that time, rather big architectural enterprise. It
means also good organization of work and people in communal activities recognized by the
inhabitants of Asfaltna Baza to be for their benefit and the benefit of the entire community.
Type, character and organization of settlement
Considering Early Iron Age settlements of the Bosut group we came to conclusion that
they were of diverse type and appropriate to the environment where they had been established.
They could be attributed according to their morphological traits to three basic types: hillforts,
lowland settlements and tells.5 The settlements of hillfort type were discovered at
Kalakača,
Gradina
at
Slankamen,
Zidovar and Feudvar and tells were recorded at
Gomolava
and at
Gradina
on the Bosut. The life in the hillforts and tell settlements lasted continually during
the existence of the Bosut group, while the life in the lowland settlements established by
the rivers lasted only during one of the Bosut culture phases.6
The settlement at Asfaltna Baza does not belong to the typical hillfort settlements
established on elevated and inaccessible locations as we know from the hillforts in Bosnia
and Herzegovina7 and some sites in
Vojvodina
and the
Morava
valley8 but it was certainly
established on carefully selected location by the river, on dominant elevation offering good
view to all directions. It had good visual contact with other settlements on the Danube
bank including
Karaburma,
Gardos
in
Zemun,
Slankamen
and others. Such position made
easier the communication between inhabitants of these settlements. In case of an enemy
attack they could have warned their neighbors by smoke signals to get ready for resistance
or escape. In addition, high Danube bank protected the settlement from the north and
northwest while open south side was protected by trenches so the settlement was fortified
in a certain way. According to the position and selected location Asfaltna Baza is regarded
as lowland type of settlements established on the slopes of river terraces. The easiest way
to protect this settlement was to excavate defensive trench. It was easily achieved as the
setdement was located on the loess soil suitable for digging and nearby forests provided
wood for palisade made of stakes interlaced with twigs.
5
Medović
1978,14.
6
Vasić
1987,546.
7
Čović
1986, 60.
8
Medović
1986, 66;
Stojić
1986, 74;
Stojić 1986a,
61.
254
БисениЈЈ Летровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
On the basis of presented material it could be noticed that main archaeological features
at Asfaltna Baza are numerous pits, i.e. diverse structures dug in the ground that were
easily discernible in the loess soil. However, there were not encountered the aboveground
rectangular houses indicated at
Kalakača, Gradina
on the Bosut and some settlements in
the
Morava
valley9 and which could be considered as reliable proof that this settlement
was of permanent character. Taking that into account, we are more inclined to assume that
this settlement was of seasonal character, used for a certain period while the livestock was
driven to pasture. During that season families lived in this area taking care of the livestock
and preparing dairy products and other provisions. It is probable that they also had fields
and gardens in the vicinity for growing cereals and other crops that satisfied their basic
needs. We base our assumption that this was the seasonal settlement also on discovered
archaeological and osteological material. The osteological analysis revealed that there were
around
89.6 %
of domestic animals and only around
10.4%
of wild animals. The quantity
of fish and birds was negligible but they were also a supplement to the everyday diet. The
predominant species of domestic animals were cattle and pig. Judging by many elements we
could not claim that agriculture was main occupation of the inhabitants of Asfaltna Baza.
In favor of this conclusion speaks the fact that remains of cereals have not been found in
a single dugout structure and exceptionally large pots or pithoi for storage or tools for soil
cultivation are also lacking. The pithoi and pots are of small size so they could not have
been used for storing substantial quantity of food but more for their temporary deposition.
Therefore we think that stock breeding was the main activity in this settlement, which had
been used and reconstructed during many years in the periods when livestock was put to
graze in the summer months. These data support our opinion that this settlement was the
habitation of the stock breeders. There are also opinions of other scholars suggesting that
hillforts
in the metal ages were mainly settlements of the stock breeders.10 It is interesting
that we did not encounter at Asfaltna Baza typical waste pits, which usually accompany
dwelling structures so this also indicates that settlement with solid built structures was
somewhere in the vicinity or it was perhaps closer to the river and thus destroyed as a result
of fluvial erosion. In favor of this also speaks the fact that near Asfaltna Baza was discovered
settlement
Šljunkara11
from the same cultural horizon but with many funnel-shaped pits
and one aboveground rectangular house,
8
χ
4
m
in size, with three supporting posts and
hard packed and polished floor. Between these two settlements was an enormous square
pit (around
500
m
wide) resulting from the activity of brick factory12 so it is not impossible
that this entire area was just one setdement and that large part of it had been destroyed
by clay exploitation (fig.
101).
Therefore, there is a possibility that main settlement was at
9
Medović
1988, 343;
Капуран
2009, 108,
ел.
53.
10
Zaninović
1967, 23.
11
Material
and
documentation
are housed in the City Museum of Belgrade and the author is familiar with
it.
12
Вранић
1994, 73.
255
χ
Šljunkara
where large number of people fit for work actually lived
wtulę
at Asfaltna Baza
stayed mostly youngsters and old people who took care of the livestock.
Problem with the assumption that Asfaltna Baza was the settlement of stock breeders
could be the question where the livestock was kept as we could not claim with certainty for
a single structure to be enclosure for the animals. For animals to stay in such enclosures the
walls must be of wattle and daub and not covered with straw. Besides, substantial lumps
of daub with wattle impression were discovered within very few structures
(25, 27, 28, 46)
and as hearths or ovens were located in them it is out of question that they were animal
enclosures. When animals, particularly sheep and goats, stay in closed space even just over
night the stamped layer of manure
(0.1 - 0.15
m
thick) is accumulated within few months.
This manure turns into exceptionally hard and massive looking floor of the type we did
not encounter in the structures at Asfaltna Baza. It is most probable that enclosures were
outside the residential section of the settlement and the animals were confined only for the
night or for milking while during the day they roamed freely in the pasture zone, which was
between the trenches. Thus we may conclude that this settlement was most probably of
the economic character and that it was used for raising cattle, sheep or goats used for food
or for trade or exchange with other settlements and areas as Danube offered exceptional
opportunities for such activities.
The settlement was organized in such a way that most of the dwelling structures were
concentrated on the east side on the highest plateau by the Danube. Particularly frequent
are structures with two supporting posts, i.e. large aboveground houses (structures
3, 4, 6,
16, 25, 30, 33, 38).
They make one compact circular group of dwelling structures where
also two double structures
(27
and
28, 41
and
47),
which could have been houses with
two rooms or communal storehouses and dairies for few households were located (fig.
4).
According to the disposition of structures it is conspicuous that most of structures from
the earlier building phase are located in this section of the site indicating that settlement was
initially established in that area. Also, there are earlier structures at the edge of settlement
in the southeast and northwest. These are two pits (structures
14, 19),
one pit dwelling
(structure
5)
and semi-recessed house with two storages (structure
46),
one of the largest in
the settlement (fig.
102).
As these deep recessed structures, pits and pit dwellings were on
the periphery of the earlier settlement they might have been initially clay pits and after that
some of them were altered in dwelling units or storages in the very beginning of setdement
construction. It seems that settlement was set up in such a way that first its boundaries and
territory had been established. The highest population density was at the dominant section
of the terrain with solid built huts. It is interesting that all subsequent building activity was
carried out within the existing settlement boundaries and did not extend outside initially
set perimeter. Later structures also have dominant position along with the earlier ones but
they are situated slightly more to the west (fig.
103).
By all appearances the structures were
not grouped according to the time of construction but they were built next to each other.
This indicates that larger families divided in the course of time and that younger family
members established their own families and households. All structure types had been
256
Бисенија Петровић
АСФАЛТНА
БАЗА
built in both building phases so there is no difference in organization and probably not
in the way of life. It is possible that some structures from both building phases had been
used simultaneously. This is confirmed by two pottery kilns (structures
11
and
15)
on the
settlement periphery. One dates from the earlier phase of settling and the other from the
later phase which means that production of pottery increased in quantity perhaps because
of the increase in population. The pottery fragments from the later period were encountered
by the earlier kiln (structure
11)
and this means that it was in use even later, together with
the later kiln. According to their position it could be concluded that workshop area was on
the periphery of the settlement towards trench
1.
Next to trench
1
(structure
36)
were structures
31,45
and
49
dating from the later building
phase. It has not been ascertained whether trench
1
intersected structure
45
because there
were no visible remains on the other side or the structure was leaning to the trench like
some kind of lookout post as it was the case with trench
2.
Judging by the structure plan
(fig.
76)
we think that latter variant was in question. In that case, as the trench is actually
sterile we could assume that it originates from the later settlement phase, i.e. after trench
2.
According to the disposition of structures it could be concluded that settlement was bunt
in such a way that first the boundaries were established and defensive trench excavated on
the south side. AH structures from both building phases were constructed on the plateau by
the Danube and they extended horizontally so the settlement stratigraphy is also horizontal.
Trench
1
actually divided entire settlement territory into two almost identical sections
—
in
the north was residential section and in the south except two pits was an empty space. As
trench
1
dates from the later period and it is very narrow the question could be asked why
it had been excavated when large defensive trench already existed. In other words it was not
necessary to protect the settlement from the open space and in case of enemy attack it was
just minor and short-lasting defense. So, our assumption that trench separated residential
section from pastures where the livestock was could be acceptable. The setdement did not
extend beyond trench land that possibly indicates that it had been abandoned for some
reason soon after the trench construction.
Social structure of population
As the largest and solid structures from both building phases were built on the highest
plateau of the terrain it could suggest that except being good place for living this area
was also a prestigious place where better-off members of the community had lived. This
suggests that there was certain hierarchy even in such modest stock breeding settlement.
This wealthier class appeared probably because certain families had more animals and
consequently had more milk, wool, hides and other products for trade and exchange thus
making larger income. We know on the basis of osteological analyses that there were also
horses in the settlement but in smaller quantity. Their emergence denotes a new time when
horse had special place. Besides being used in military campaigns it could have been the
status symbol of tribal aristocracy. Also, there was strict division of labor in communities of
257
this type and it was well known who has to do what from the herdsmen to the village chief
who organized activities in the settlement. This also resulted in higher reputation of certain
members of the community and that on the other hand granted them certain privileges
within the community. Regardless of the fact that small amount of metal objects has been
found, the discovered fragments of casting molds indicate that there was smithy and/or
foundry in the settlement. That was the opportunity for the craftsmen and their families
to acquire higher income and this promoted further social differentiation. The production
of pottery was very important as is confirmed by great quantity of pottery vessels, which
have been discovered. It is most probable that there were professional potters engaged in
that activity as is suggested by two pottery kilns discovered within die settlement. All these
facts indicate with certainty that there were differences in wealth between people living in
the setdement resulting in difference in their social status. The social differentiation in the
Early Iron Age period is confirmed also by the finds from some other sites. One of them is
Gomolava13
where in the group grave we recorded that rich individuals could have afforded
better and more beautiful jewelry. Nevertheless, according to the data from contemporary
settlements at
Kalakača,
Gradina
on the Bosut and some sites in the
Morava
valley it is
obvious that most members of the Bosut group communities still lived in humble huts and
half-dugouts and practiced farming and stock breeding.
13
Тасић
1972-1973, 99-123
258
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Petrović, Bisenija |
| author_facet | Petrović, Bisenija |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037430959 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)697264121 (DE-599)BVBBV037430959 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Zemun (DE-588)4208303-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zemun |
| id | DE-604.BV037430959 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:24:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788680619613 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022583028 |
| oclc_num | 697264121 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 314 S. Ill., Kt. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Muzej Grada Beograda |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografije / Muzej Grada Beograd |
| spelling | Petrović, Bisenija Verfasser aut Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement Bisenija Petrovic Asfaltna Baza in Zemun Beograd Muzej Grada Beograda 2010 314 S. Ill., Kt. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografije / Muzej Grada Beograd 15 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Zemun (DE-588)4208303-5 gnd rswk-swf Zemun (DE-588)4208303-5 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Muzej Grada Beograd Monografije 15 (DE-604)BV006179165 15 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022583028&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022583028&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Petrović, Bisenija Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4208303-5 |
| title | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement |
| title_alt | Asfaltna Baza in Zemun |
| title_auth | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement |
| title_exact_search | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement |
| title_full | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement Bisenija Petrovic |
| title_fullStr | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement Bisenija Petrovic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement Bisenija Petrovic |
| title_short | Asfaltna Baza u Zemunu |
| title_sort | asfaltna baza u zemunu nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba asfaltna baza in zemun early iron age settlement |
| title_sub | nacelje ranog gvozdenog doba = Asfaltna Baza in Zemun : early iron age settlement |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Siedlung Eisenzeit Zemun |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022583028&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022583028&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV006179165 |
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