Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure: access, affordability, and alternatives
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington DC
World Bank
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Directions in development : infrastructure
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 401 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780821384572 9780821386187 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure |b access, affordability, and alternatives |c Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington DC |b World Bank |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 401 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Directions in development : infrastructure | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Water utilities |z Africa | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water-supply |x Economic aspects |z Africa | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sanitation |x Economic aspects |z Africa | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sewage disposal |x Economic aspects |z Africa | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sanitäranlage |0 (DE-588)4051579-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145721553715200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
About the AICD
xvii
Series Foreword
xix
Acknowledgments
xxi
Abbreviations
xxvii
Chapter
1
The Elusiveness of the Millennium Development
Goals for Water and Sanitation
1
A Timely Synthesis
3
Data Sources and Methodologies
4
Key Finding
1 :
Wide Differences in Patterns
of Access to Water
10
Key Finding
2:
Equally Wide Differences in
Patterns of Access to Sanitation
13
Key Finding
3:
High Costs, High Tariffs, and
Regressive Subsidies
16
Key Finding
4:
The Stark Challenge of
Financing the MDG
18
Key Finding
5:
Institutional Reform for Better
Water Sector Performance
24
A Multidimensional Snapshot of WSS in Africa
27
vi
Contents
Annex
1.1
Surveys in the AICD DHS/MICS
Survey Database
28
Annex
1.2
Surveys in the AICD Expenditure
Survey Database
29
Annex
1.3
Introducing a Country Typology
30
Notes
31
Bibliography
31
Chapter
2
Access to Safe Water: The Millennium Challenge
33
The
Importance
of Wells and Boreholes in
Water Supply
33
Low Access to Piped Water.
..
for Various Reasons
37
Multiple Players in the Urban Water Market
42
The Role of Wells, Boreholes, and Surface Water
in the Rural Water Market
49
Steep Growth of Wells and Boreholes as
Sources of Water
52
Notes
59
References
59
Chapter
3
Access to Safe Sanitation: The Millennium
Challenge
63
The Predominance of
On-Site
and Traditional
Pit Latrines
63
The Sanitation Challenge across Countries
66
Steep Increases in the Use of Traditional
Pit Latrines
69
Good Progress in a Handful of Countries
71
References
81
Chapter
4
Improving the Organization of the Water
and Sanitation Sectors
83
The Heterogeneity of the Urban Water Market
84
Varied Institutional Models for Nonpiped
Services in the Urban Water Market
102
Many Levels of Government Players in the
Rural Water Market
110
Many Players with No Clear Accountability
in the Sanitation Market
115
Notes
120
References
120
Contents
vii
Chapter
5
Urban Water Provision: The Story
of African Utilities
123
Access to Utility Water
124
The Pace of Expansion of Utility Water Coverage
126
Water Production Capacity Varies
from Country to Country
128
Two-Part Tariff Structures for Piped Water
128
Sewerage Charges Linked to Water Bills
131
Modest Water Consumption by End Users
132
Substantial Water Losses in Distribution System
136
Difference in Quality of Service among
Country Groups
138
Technical Efficiency and Effective
Management of Operations
139
Financial Efficiency and the Alignment
of Operations and Finances
142
The High Cost of Inefficiencies in Operations
and Pricing
146
The Role of Institutions in Improving Performance
153
Annex
5.1
Utilities in the AICD WSS Database
158
Notes
159
References
159
Chapter
6
Cost Recovery, Affordability, and Subsidies
161
Average Monthly Spending on Water
161
Wide Price Variations among Service Providers
in the Urban Water Market
162
Two-Part Tariffs and the Small Consumer
168
Paying for Water: How Common?
171
Recovering Operating Costs: Affordable
173
The High Cost of Connecting to Water and
Sanitation Services
176
The Cost of Subsidizing Capital and Operating
Expenses
179
Poor Targeting of Utility Subsidies
180
Connection Subsidies as a Viable Alternative
184
Annex
6.1
Methodology for Estimating
the Annual Gross Profit and the Annual
Cross-Subsidy between Household Consumers
and Standpipes Captured by Standpipe
Operators in a City
187
viii Contents
Notes
References
Chapter
7
Spending Needed to Meet Goals in Water
and Sanitation
The Challenge of Expanding Coverage
The Unit Cost of Service Provision
across Countries
To Close the MDG Coverage Gap
Annex
7.1
Unit Cost Matrix Model:
A Methodology for Estimating
Nonstandardized Unit Costs of
Network Assets
Annex
7.2
Methodology for Quantifying
188
189
191
191
197
202
209
Rehabilitation and O&M Needs
213
Notes
214
References
214
Chapter
8
Bridging the Funding Gap
215
Current Spending on Water and Sanitation
215
Poor Budget Execution by the WSS Sector
220
Even after Efficiency Savings, a Persistent
Funding Gap
224
Limited Scope for Raising Additional Finance
231
Promising Ways to Increase Funds
239
Other Ways to Reach the MDG
240
Notes
248
References
248
Chapter
9
Policy Options for the Water and
Sanitation Sectors
251
Policy Options for the Water Sector
251
Policy Options for the Sanitation Sector
260
Reference
267
Appendix
1
Access to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities
269
Appendix
2
Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector
293
Appendix
3
Performance Indicators of Selected Water Utilities
323
Contents ix
Appendix 4
Tariffs
349
Appendix 5 Affordability
of Water and Sanitation
365
Appendix 6
Funding Gap for Water Supply
and Sanitation
371
Index 387
Boxes
2.1 The Problem
of Shrinking Households
38
2.2
Coverage, Access, and Hookup Rates: Relationships
and Definitions
40
2.3
Legalizing Household Resellers in
Côte d Ivoire
48
2.4
The Opportunity Cost of a Distant Water Supply
50
3.1
Ethiopia s Success with a Community-Led Program
77
4.1
Senegal s Successful Experience with Private Sector
Participation
88
4.2
Regulation in Water Reseller Market in Abidjan
109
4.3
Issues Constraining Rural Water Supply in
Cross River State, Nigeria 111
5.1
Burkina Faso s Sanitation Tax
134
5.2
Methodology for Estimation of Hidden Cost
147
5.3
Uganda s Successful Case of State-Owned
Enterprise Reform
156
6.1
Piped Water Delivered through Public Standposts
in Kigali, Rwanda
165
7.1
The Construction Index Factor
201
7.1
A Unit Costs of Infrastructure Projects Study
211
Figures
1.1
JMP and AICD Estimates of the Prevalence of
Improved Water Supply and Sanitation
6
1.2
The Sanitation Ladder
7
1.3
Dependence on Surface Water in Urban and
Rural Areas,
1
990s versus Early 2000s
14
1.4
Coverage of Water Services, by Income
Quintile
15
1.5
Coverage of Sanitation Services, by Income
Quintile
16
1.6
Annual Growth in the Use of Sanitation Types,
1990-2005 17
χ
Contents
1.7 Affordability
of Full-Cost-Recovery Tariffs in
Low-Income Countries
19
1.8
Hidden Costs and Institutions
25
2.1
African Households Access to Various Forms of
Water Supply
35
2.2
Extent of Access to Piped Water through Household
Connection, by GDP and Urbanization Rate
37
2.3
Country Scatter Plot of Current Access Rates for
Piped Water and Demand-Side Factors in
Coverage Deficit
42
2.4
Working Status of Rural Water Points
52
2.5
Annualized Change in Coverage of Various
Water Sources,
1995-2005 55
2.6
Annualized Change in Coverage of Various
Water Sources,
1995-2005 56
2.7
Four Solid Performers in Expanding Access to
Safe Water,
1995-2005 58
3.1
Population That Has Wastewater Connection in the
Utility Service Area
64
3.2
Population Sharing Water and Toilet Facilities
65
3.3
Access Patterns across Income
Quintiles
66
3.4
Annualized Growth in Coverage in Urban and
Rural Areas,
1995-2005 70
3.5
Growth in Access by Mode and
Quintile
72
3.6
Successful Examples from Up and Down the
Sanitation Ladder,
1995-2005 75
4.1
Range of Institutional Arrangements in Water
Service Provision
84
4.2
Country Ranking and Prevalence of Key
Reform Activities
90
4.3
Year of Establishment of Regulatory Agencies
92
4.4
Understanding Performance in Regulatory Autonomy
93
4.5
Prevalence and Key Attributes of the Social
Accountability Index
95
4.6
Country Ranking and Prevalence of Key Attributes
of Regulation
96
4.7
Legal Status and Ownership Structure of
Water Utilities
97
4.8
Performance in Managerial Autonomy
98
4.9
Performance Monitoring
99
Contents xi
4.10
Country Ranking and Prevalence of Key Attributes
of the
SOE
Governance
101
4.11
Solid Country Performances
102
4.12
Utility Direct Management Models
104
4.13
Delegated Management Models
106
4.14
Responsibility for Maintenance and Monitoring
of Rural Water Points
113
4.15
Country Ranking and Prevalence of Key Attributes
for the Rural Reform Index
114
4.16
Responsibilities for
On-Site
Sanitation Functions
116
4.17
Urban Utilities Responsibility over
On-Site
Sanitation
and Wastewater Management
116
4.18
On-Site
Sanitation Index
118
5.1
Expansion of Utility Water Coverage
127
5.2
Variations in Tariff Structures
131
5.3
Utility Prices and Charges
132
5.4
Frequency Distribution of Nonrevenue Water
137
5.5
Cross-Plots between
NRW
and Other Variables
137
5.6
Effective Tariffs at Various Consumption Levels
144
5.7
Reported versus Implicit Collection Ratios
146
5.8
Utility Inefficiencies as Percentage of Total
Utility Revenue
149
5.9
Utility Efficiency Affects Access Expansion
and Water Quality
15 2
5.10
Hidden Costs and Institutions
153
6.1
Spending on Water Services
162
6.2
Comparison of Official and Retail
Standpost
and
Small Piped Consumer Prices
164
6.3
Price by Water Service Provider
167
6.4
Average Water Tariffs for Africa at Different
Consumption Levels
169
6.5
Utilities Charging Higher Effective Prices to
Small Consumers
170
6.6
Connection and Payment, by Consumer
Categories
171
6.7
Nonpayment Rates of Water Services
172
6.8
Share of Average Urban Household Budget Required
to Purchase Subsistence Amounts of Piped Water,
by Continental Income
Quintiles
175
6.9
Formal Water Connection Cost
177
x¡¡
Contents
6.10
Subsidy Needed to Maintain Affordability of
Water Services
180
6.11
Overall Targeting Performance
(Ω)
of Utility Subsidies
182
6.12
Access Factors and Subsidy Design Factors
Affecting Targeting Performance
183
6.13
Potential Targeting Performance of Connection
Subsidies under Various Scenarios
185
7.1
Water MDG Gap,
2006 192
7.2
Sanitation MDG Gap,
2006 194
7.3
Population Split across Water and Sanitation
Modalities Given Current and Target Coverage
by
2015
under the Base Scenario Assumptions
197
7.4
Urban-Rural Split of Spending Needs
204
7.5
Africa s Water and Sanitation Needs by Country
207
8.1
Water and Sanitation Spending from All Sources
as a Percentage of GDP, Annual Averages by
Functional Category,
2001-05 218
8.2
Water and Sanitation Capital Investment as a
Percentage of GDP, by Funding Source,
Annualized Averages for
2001 -05 220
8.3
Split Investment Responsibilities between
Governments and Public Enterprises
223
8.4
Potential Efficiency Gains from Different Sources
227
8.5
Water Infrastructure Funding Gap
228
8.6
Aid Commitments for Water Supply and
Sanitation as a Percentage of GDP,
2001-05 235
8.7
Costs of Capital by Funding Source,
2001-05 238
8.8
Spending Needs by Country Type under Different
Time Horizons
241
8.9
Annual Spending Needs over Different Time Horizons,
by Country Type
242
8.10
Spending Needs by Country under Different Level-
of-Service Assumptions
245
8.11
Overall Spending Needs by Country Groups
under Different Service Assumptions
247
Tables
1.1
Regional Progress toward the MDG Drinking Water Target
2
1.2
Regional Progress toward the MDG Sanitation Target
3
1.3
Definition of Coverage of Improved Water
5
Contents xiii
1.4 Modules ofAICD WSS
Survey
8
1.5 Utilities
Analyzed in This
Report,
by Categories 1
0
1.6 Evolution
of Water Supply Coverage in Africa, by Source
11
1.7
Services Provided by Utilities in Their Service Areas
12
1.8
Quality of Services Provided by Utilities in Their
Service Areas
12
1.9
Average Price for Water Service in
15
Largest Cities,
by Type of Provider
13
1.10
Patterns of Access to Sanitation in Africa
15
1.11
Overall WSS Spending Needs
20
1.12
Breakdown of Spending Needed to Meet MDGs in WSS,
by Spending Category and Country Group
21
1.13
Spending by Functional Category, Annualized Average
Flows,
2001-05 22
1.14
Funding Gap
23
1.15
Overview of Impact of Private Sector Participation
on Utility Performance
26
2.1
Coverage Rate of Water Supply
36
2.2
Coverage Rate of Water Supply, by Country Income
and Urbanization Status
37
2.3
Water-Service Coverage in Urban Africa and
Share of Coverage Deficit Attributable to
Demand-Side Factors
41
2.4
Patterns of Urban Access to Water
43
2.5
Water Supply in Africa s Largest Cities, by Source
45
2.6
Working Status of Standposts in the Largest
Cities in Africa
47
2.7
Patterns of Access across Countries in Rural Areas
51
2.8
Evolution of Water-Supply Sources,
1990-2005 54
2.9
Annualized Change in Coverage by Water Source
and by Country,
1995-2005 57
3.1
Patterns of Access to Sanitation
65
3.2
Patterns of Access to Flush Toilets and Alternatives
67
3.3
Patterns of Access to Sanitation across Countries
69
3.4
Annualized Change in Coverage,
1995-2005 74
3.5
Annualized Change in Coverage by Modality and
by Country,
1990-2005 79
4.1
Urban Reform, Regulation, and the
SOE
Governance Index
86
4.2
Regulatory Roles in the Urban Water Sector
91
xiv Contents
4.3 Standpipe Management 104
4.4 Regulation
of
Household
Water Resellers
109
4.5 Regulation
of Water
Tankers 110
4.6
Stakeholder Involvement in Rural Water Activities
112
4.7 Management
of Latrines
119
5.1
Comparison of Coverage Statistics for Water,
Based on
Utüity
Data versus Household Surveys
125
5.2
Overview of Access Patterns in the Utility Service Area
126
5.3
Water Production per Capita in the Utility Service Area
129
5.4
Structure and Level of Wastewater Tariffs
133
5.5
Indicators of Demand Management Calculated
across Utilities with Metering Ratios above
50
Percent
136
5.6
Indicators of Service Quality
139
5.7
Indicators of Operational Efficiency
140
5.8 Utüity
Cost Structures
141
5.9
Utility Financial Ratios
143
5.10
Hidden Cost of Inefficiencies
150
5.11
Overview of Impact of Private Sector Participation
on Utility Performance
155
6.1
Monthly Household Budget
163
6.2
Prices by Alternate Water Service Provider
166
6.3
Comparison of Water Tariffs in Africa and
Other Global Regions at Various Levels
of Consumption
168
6.4
Reference Points for the True Cost of
Infrastructure Services
174
6.5
Share of Urban Households Whose Utility Bill
Would Exceed
5
Percent of the Monthly Household
Budget at Various Prices
176
6.6
Cost of Faculty as Percentage of Monthly Household
Budget in Senegal
179
7.1
Additional Population to Be Served by
2015 195
7.2
Unit Costs of Water Network Infrastructure Services
by Location in the Median Country
199
7.3
Unit Costs of Wells and Boreholes
200
7.4
Unit Costs of
On-Site
Sanitation Services
201
7.5
Overall Water and Sanitation Spending Needs
203
7.6
Split of Spending Needs by Category
205
7.1
A Population Density across Urban and Rural Typologies
(Number of People per Square Kilometer)
210
Contents xv
8.1
Spending by Functional Category, Annualized Average
Flows,
2001-05 . 216
8.2
Capital Investments of the Most Important Players,
Annualized Average Flows,
2001-05 219
8.3
Annual Budgetary Flows, Annualized Averages,
2001-05 221
8.4
Public Infrastructure Spending by Institution in the
WSS Sector,
2001-05 222
8.5
Average Budget Variation Ratios for Capital Spending
223
8.6
Potential Gains from Greater Efficiency
225
8.7
Funding Gap
230
8.8
Size and Composition of the Annual Funding Gap by
O&M and Capital Expenditure
231
8.9
Net Change in Central Government Budgets,
by Economic Use
232
8.10
Outstanding Financing Stock for Water and Sanitation
Infrastructure, as of
2006 237
8.11
Time Needed to Meet the MDG Targets with Today s
Budget Envelopes
243
8.12
Spending Needs to Meet the MDG Targets under
Different Level-of-Service Scenarios
246
8.13
Funding Gaps under Base and Pragmatic Scenarios
248
Al.l Piped Water
270
Al.
2
Standposts
272
A1.3 Wells/Boreholes
274
Al.
4
Surface Water
276
Al.
5
Septic Tank
278
A
1.6
Improved Latrine
280
A
1.7
Traditional Latrine
282
Al
.8 .
Open Defecation
284
Al
.9
Annualized Change in Water Access: National
286
Al.
10
Annualized Change in Water Access: Urban
287
Al
. 11
Annualized Change in Water Access: Rural
288
Al
. 12
Annualized Change in Sanitation Access: National
289
Al
. 13
Annualized Change in Sanitation Access: Urban
290
Al
. 14
Annualized Change in Sanitation Access: Rural
291
A2.1 Specification of Urban Water Reform Index
294
A2.2 Urban Water Reform Index
296
A2.3 Specification of Regulation Index
300
A2.4 Regulation Index
302
A2.5 Specification of
SOE
Governance Index
306
xvi Contents
A2.6
SOE
Governance Index
309
A2
.7
Specification of Rural Water Reform Index
318
A2.8 Rural Water Reform Index
318
A2.9 Specification of
On-Site
Sanitation Index
319
A2.10
On-Site
Sanitation Index
320
A3.1
Access to Utility Water
3 24
A3.2 Distribution Infrastructure
328
A3.3 Treatment
336
A3.4 Staffing
340
A3.5
Financial Performance
344
A4.1 Structure of Domestic Tariffs
350
A4.2
Domestic Tariffs at Various Levek of Consumption
352
A4.3 Cost Recovery at Various Levek of Consumption
354
A4.4
Structure of Nondomestic Tariffs
356
A4.5
Structure of Sanitation Tariffs (Only Utilities with
Wastewater Responsibility)
358
A4.6 Structure of
Standpost
Tariffs
359
A4.7
Scorecard on Efficiency, Equity, and Cost Recovery
361
A5.
1
Contribution of Food to Total Spending
366
A5.2 Spending on Water Services
367
A5
.3
Affordability of Piped Water at
5
Percent Budget
Threshold for Urban Households
369
A6.1 Water and Sanitation Expansion and Rehabilitation
372
A6.2 Indicative Water and Sanitation Spending Needs
374
A6.3 Existing Financing Flows to Water and
Sanitation Sectors
376
A6.4 Annual Budgetary Flows {not Traced)
378
A6.5 Public Infrastructure Spending by Sector
and Institution
380
A6.6 Size and Composition of Funding Gap
382
A6.7 Reducing the Funding Gap
384
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| discipline | Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Afrika Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Afrika |
| id | DE-604.BV037420176 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:23:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)121364-7 |
| isbn | 9780821384572 9780821386187 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010047886 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022572440 |
| oclc_num | 730046350 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-634 |
| physical | XXIX, 401 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | World Bank |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Directions in development : infrastructure |
| spelling | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella Washington DC World Bank 2011 XXIX, 401 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Directions in development : infrastructure Includes bibliographical references Water utilities Africa Water-supply Economic aspects Africa Sanitation Economic aspects Africa Sewage disposal Economic aspects Africa Sanitäranlage (DE-588)4051579-5 gnd rswk-swf Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd rswk-swf Abwasserbeseitigung (DE-588)4000306-1 gnd rswk-swf Afrika Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 s Sanitäranlage (DE-588)4051579-5 s Abwasserbeseitigung (DE-588)4000306-1 s DE-604 Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh 1973- Sonstige (DE-588)133128083 oth Morella, Elvira 1976- Sonstige (DE-588)144051028 oth Weltbank Sonstige (DE-588)121364-7 oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022572440&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives Water utilities Africa Water-supply Economic aspects Africa Sanitation Economic aspects Africa Sewage disposal Economic aspects Africa Sanitäranlage (DE-588)4051579-5 gnd Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Abwasserbeseitigung (DE-588)4000306-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051579-5 (DE-588)4064811-4 (DE-588)4000306-1 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
| title | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives |
| title_auth | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives |
| title_exact_search | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives |
| title_full | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella |
| title_fullStr | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella |
| title_full_unstemmed | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure access, affordability, and alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella |
| title_short | Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure |
| title_sort | africa s water and sanitation infrastructure access affordability and alternatives |
| title_sub | access, affordability, and alternatives |
| topic | Water utilities Africa Water-supply Economic aspects Africa Sanitation Economic aspects Africa Sewage disposal Economic aspects Africa Sanitäranlage (DE-588)4051579-5 gnd Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Abwasserbeseitigung (DE-588)4000306-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Water utilities Africa Water-supply Economic aspects Africa Sanitation Economic aspects Africa Sewage disposal Economic aspects Africa Sanitäranlage Wasserversorgung Abwasserbeseitigung Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022572440&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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