Carskaja chora Bospora: (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) 1 Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
IA RAN
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Drevnosti Bospora
Supplementum ; 3,1 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 243 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785943750861 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Carskaja chora Bospora |b (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) |n 1 |p Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov |c A. A. Maslennikov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b IA RAN |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 243 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Drevnosti Bospora : Supplementum |v 3,1 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Drevnosti Bospora : Supplementum |v ... | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022547457&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145685116747776 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Содержание
Введение
...............................................................................................................................7
I.
Архитектурно-строительная и археологическая характеристика
памятников
.............................................................................................................14
1.
Усадьба Чокракский мыс
.......................................................................................14
2.
Усадьба Бакланья скала
..........................................................................................21
3.
Усадебный комплекс Генеральское (западное)
....................................................54
а. Усадьба Генеральское (западное)
.....................................................................54
б. «Форт»
..............................................................................................................124
в. Поселение Салачик
..........................................................................................129
г. Усадьба Юго-западный склон
.........................................................................135
4.
Поселение Пустынный берег
I
............................................................................187
5.
Поселение Пустынный берег
II
...........................................................................192
6.
Поселение Пустынный берег
III
.........................................................................198
7.
Поселение Казантип (западный) (Мысовое)
......................................................206
II.
Социально-экономическая и историческая интерпретация
памятников
...........................................................................................................220
Заключение
.....................................................................................................................231
Вместо послесловия
........................................................................................................232
Библиография
.................................................................................................................235
Список сокращений
.......................................................................................................238
Summary
..........................................................................................................................239
Summary
Τ
he Azov coast of the Crimea, perhaps, is the most notable, in many respects, natural-
geographic and historic-archaeological zone of Eastern Crimea. Whereas, the first circumstance
somewhat determines the second. In other words, this territory was, apparently, in all historical
periods the most favourable for habitation. However, corresponding archaeological surveys
convincingly testify that up to the antique period (conventionally, end of the VI century
ВС
—
the last third of the VI century AD), as well as afterwards (in fact, up to the
1
9th century) the
local population was neither very large nor constant. As a kind of exception, probably, we may
consider only the period of the so-called Middle Bronze Age (about the middle of the II millen¬
nium
ВС)
and the mature medieval period (XII-XIV centuries).
The first traces of Greek presence, or rather, just influence in the form of separate ceramic
findings, date back here to the end of the VI century, but mostly to the V century
ВС.
While actual
pioneering of these territories began, most probably from the middle of the next century, and is
connected with the appearance and prevalence of the whole group of specific and, in their own
way, specific and outstanding monuments. Practically, they are all various, but obviously antique,
by their archaeological characteristics, dwelling structures on the coast. Here is their general, rela¬
tive chronology: the major part of the IV
—
and the third century of the III centuries
ВС.
These
objects are characterized by quite a complex, regular, with a number of common features, but
various planning of dwelling and utility rooms, built in strict conformity with the existing practice
of the Greek construction art. Besides tiled roofs and some elements of beautification, they were
distinguished by the abundance of various findings, specifically typical to the Hellenic way of life,
and also the presence of purely ancient, in terms of their origin, production facilities and wineries
in particular. The latter are one of the best preserved and oldest in northern Black Sea region.
The largest and most explored of these settlements is a complex of buildings, almost com¬
pletely excavated a little to the west from the so-called Generalskaya bay. It was situated in the
coastal plain at northern foot of a high rocky hill. Apparently there used to be a small inlet or
simply a shore section convenient for mooring. Some part of buildings due to quite intensive
coastal erosion is ruined. Excavations on the total area of about
4850
sq. m. revealed several
separate, though closely spaced, but certainly interconnected and practically synchronous ar¬
chaeological objects. They are three multi-purpose and complex in terms of planning bocks of
dwelling (religious?) and facilities; two lines (or rather curves) of defense trenches and em¬
bankments with stone-dressed passages and some space between the buildings, filled with ashes
and garbage. In all respects, it is the most abundant with findings monument in the whole region
under study. There have been found
184
graffiti and
dipinti
drawings,
133
coins,
48
fragments
of terracotta statuettes,
354
tile and
1811
amphora stamps.
240 A.A.
Масленников
The cessation of use of the larger part of the settlement and, quite possibly, its partial de¬
struction: about the middle of the second quarter of the III century
ВС.
Later on life went on
here for a very short period and on a very restricted scale.
Apart form the central (coastal) part the given complex included some buildings on the top
of the abovementioned rocky hill. They represented remains of some walls, a paved court (area)
and even a small water drain. Due to the bad state of preservation their purpose is not quite
clear. (A kind of refuge for the residents of this settlements or their fort ). The place for it is
very appropriate, because of the steep slopes and splendid view of the surrounding area.
The second associated object was situated at the southern foot of a large rocky cape, near the
mouth of a small steppe river, approximately
350
meters to the east of the estate center. Occupa¬
tion layers and buildings of the IV—III centuries
ВС
were the earliest on the territory of this mul-
tilayered and permanent, though small, monument. Besides several rows of supporting walls,
the above included a well, square in the plan, partly (in the lower part) carved in the rock.
The next nearest suburb (Generalskoye-zapadnoye southwestern slope), perhaps as large
in the built-up area as the main coastal part of the onshore of the manor under study was about
650
meters to the south-west from it, at the foot of extensive rocky upland. Here on the terri¬
tory of more than
3300
sq. meters archaeologists found three, initially isolated, and then united
blocks of buildings. The whole complex of buildings appeared at about the same time with the
abovementioned. During the first construction period the constructions in the west represented
somewhat elaborate subtrapezoidal in the plane block of rooms and walls, with a rather small,
partly paved yard inside. There were tiled roofs of one-storied rooms, internal storm drains and
paved sections. The second house was situated just a few meters to the east. In the plan it s
three-four rows of rooms along the perimeter of a small-enclosed courtyard. The walls orienta¬
tion is by parts of the world. Most of the rooms had stone-paved floors and storm drains. Within
a few meters to the north there was a last and simplest in planning block of buildings, consisting
of several quite large rooms adjoining in the north quite a long and solid supporting wall.
The entrance to whole complex of buildings, in the form of specially made gates, was be¬
tween the two last blocks and was leading from the east.
During the second construction period, which was preceded by some destructions (about
the turn of the third and last quarters of the IV century
ВС),
all the above-mentioned buildings
were united by mutual walls. Meanwhile, part of the rooms was redesigned, and a large cylin¬
drical pit for grain storage was made to the south of second building block. In general the whole
planning became more elaborate. Part of the original roof was replaced but major functional
purpose of the buildings remained.
The presence of the third construction chronological period represented by very unpreten¬
tious walls of some small rooms is not impossible.
By no means a ceremonial appearance and the purpose of the whole complex of buildings are also
confirmed by the general characteristic of the findings. For example, only
30
graffito and
dipinti
paint¬
ings were found here.
42
coins of Panticapaeum die coining, terracotta fragments
—
five, amphora
stamps
— 361,
tile fragments
— 120.
The percentage of molded dishes here was somewhat higher;
while that of black lacquer dishes
,
on the contrary, was noticeably lower, than in the area of the coastal
part of this estate. As for chronology, then it is, basically, the middle of the IV century
—
end of the first
third of the III century
ВС.
In addition, both early and relatively late materials are dated with difficulty.
It is likely that it was not independent settlement, but a part of a large manor complex.
Other objects of the group under study were excavated to the west and east of the above
described.
Царская хора Боспора
241
A small settlement
Pustynny bereg I
(about
2,5
km from Generalskoye) was an isolated
building with an area of about
72
sq. meters with a simple planning within the limits of two
construction periods. It must have been home of a family of some vine-grower or a farmer. It
was a house with a tiny enclosed court, a paved court outside and tiled roof. There are remains
of a stove in the rooms and the walls, at least partly, were plastered. It is dated to the middle of
the IV century
—
the first third of the III century
ВС.
In the distance of
1,6
km to the west of the settlement called Generalskoye-zapadnoye, on
a small elevated terrace,
350
meters from the sea, another monument (on the territory of about
850
sq. m) was also completely excavated: a seasonal winery
(Pustynny
bereg II). It consisted
of a building, probably used as a temporary housing with a roof, a substantial basement and
almost a square courtyard. The most notable objects here are as follows: a cistern in fairly good
condition, a pit for pithos, and two deep grounds for grape pressing, covered with a layer of
pink cemyanka (opus signinum). In proximity to the settlement there were found a few not wide
terraces, used for grape wine growing in ancient times. Rather scarce findings offer the dating
of this object: the second half of the IV century
ВС.
The next, the third object was excavated about
3,5
km to the west from Generalskoye-za¬
padnoye. It appeared perhaps to be the least preserved of the series of small settlements of this
neighbourhood. Its location is peculiar: the western, quite steep, slope of a rocky ridge. Judging
from the obtained data on quite a large territory (a little more than
1000
sq. m), its population,
either cattle-farmers or farmers, built their houses and other facilities on three terraces.
Scarcely any terracotta or coins were found here, but quite large is the percentage-molded
ceramics. There are a lot of bones of animals. The monument dates back to the second half of
the IV century
ВС
—
the beginning of the next century.
The next quite a large monument of the same time was only
2,5
km to the east of General-
skaya bay (settlement Baklaniya
skala).
Actually, it is also a manor complex. Though, it s more
compact and kind of traditional, in terms of general design. Along the perimeter of the common
court there were blocks of dwelling houses and economic and production. (The area covered by
buildings is apparently about
1500
sq. m.). The orientation of all the walls is general (by parts
of the world), the construction quality of the main building (block I) is quite high. Situated in
the southeastern part of the whole complex, it is in a good state of preservation. It is most likely
to have had the second floor and a tiled roof. On the ground, sunk, floor, there is a preserved
winery, the most productive of all synchronous objects of this kind. The second winery was in
another, neighbouring on from the west, quite spacious facility (building). Two other blocks of
facilities are in a worse state of preservation. Besides, two ash dumps were found in the area of
a sea cliff to the northwest and northeast of the manor buildings.
On the whole, the findings from here are not very numerous. Nevertheless, we will mention
halfa
dozen of graffiti paintings,
25
coins and
152
ceramic stamps. The abundance of tile frag¬
ments stressed the well being of the owner. The manor appeared later than others, probably at
the end of the IV century
ВС.
The population must have left it in about
270
ВС.
No traces of
catastrophic destructions, fires and hostilities were found here.
Most probably, a similar, if not larger manor complex existed at about the same time at the
western end of Cape Kazantip. But so far, it has been excavated only partly.
Thus, almost all the above-considered settlements, despite the differences in their size and
state of preservation, demonstrate an absolute dominant of ancient homebuilding and domestic
traditions, obvious systems of interrelations in commercial and economic activity of the popu¬
lations, as well as sort of administrative subordination. In other words, they represented a kind
242 A.A.
Масленников
of local business, microeconomic complex. All these objects had obvious agricultural focus,
with the corresponding mode of life of their population and the environment. They were situ¬
ated on the coast, in the most habitual conditions for the Greeks, as convenient as possible for
navigation, trade, as well as safe, due to close barbarian proximity.
It should be also noted that necropolises that should attend them are practically unknown
to us.
As it has been already said, life ceases, stops dead or shows very weak signs in all settle¬
ments of Karalarsky area about the end of the first third of the III century
ВС.
Partly, destruc¬
tions and fires as a result of hostilities accompanied it, but in most cases, they were simply left.
The reasons for this crisis are not quite clear.
Taking into consideration the aforementioned peculiarities of the chronology of particular
monuments and even their parts, the given micro-economic community did not exist in its most
developed state all the time. The whole structure converged into one (the first third of the III
century AD) (two?) centers. Tiny agricultural objects were on a small area, and, sometimes did
not presuppose to have any permanent population at all.
The absence of any special defensive fortifications in all the settlements, except the coastal
part of Generalskoye-zapadnoye attest to some extent to relatively peaceful Greek-barbarian
contacts in this region. Though, obvious warfare traces are registered only here. At the same
time, traces of destruction and rebuilding are registered almost everywhere. Apparently, they
were caused by what we know, owing one of the speeches, attributed to Demosthenes (Dem.
34, 8),
as the Scythian-Bosporan war in
328/327
ВС.
Thus, there must have been a special, rather complex ancient type of farming and displace¬
ment of population in the central part of the Azov coast, which can be reasonably called as a
manor complex. Those could be the so-called collective manors, i.e. settlements of a special
kind belonging to several dozens (hardly a lot more) of families of approximately equal status
and wellbeing. Since they were military and agricultural settlements of large civil groups of
citizens, these manors contributed to their better settlement on newly developed lands, remote
from the center territories.
We don t know the exact administrative status of the population of these collective man¬
ors, but archeological examples, on the contrary, are very well studied and illustrative by the
examples of the distant
chora
of Tauric Chersonese. However, such interpretation is unlikely
to be acceptable in this case. For instance, the largest of the settlements under consideration
(Generalskoye
—
zapadnoye and Baklaniya
skala)
differed in their structure and planning both
from Chersonese manors, and each other. (Conventionally, those were poly- and mono-blocks
of buildings.) Unlike the collective manors of Western Crimea, they had special buildings,
standing out because of their planning, construction quality and the character of findings: own¬
ers apartments . Besides, no traces of collective land distribution (klers), so characteristic of
classical
polis
structures. On the other hand, there are quite extensive signs of land use works,
which would be beyond the capacities of small groups of common settlers. In general, one has
the impression that there were, so to say, major and some, servicing them, second-rate settle¬
ment structures, and not dozens of unpretentious, uniform manors.
Finally, the findings of graffiti and
dipinti
drawings mentioning the names of Spartok and
Pairysad, may, though great prudence, indicate to the presence of the representatives of the
Bosporan ruling house
—
the Spartokids dynasty.
Maybe, in this connection, it s possible to explain the above-mentioned absence of necropo¬
lises associated with these manors. (It s quite possible that they haven t been found yet. But,
Царская хора Боспора
243
it s possible that most of their citizens buried the dead on town cemeteries.) Paleo-osteological
material, as well as the collection of molded ceramics, demonstrates a specific character. Speak¬
ing about those ceramics, there have been found several samples that have, in the form and
ornamentation, certainly, barbarian, though, quite remote analogies.
Thus, in this case, we are not dealing with a distant
chora
of
a polis type
of Panticapey
citizens or some military settlers, but lands with a totally different legal status and economic
organization. In the latter case, it is even more appropriate to say: specialization. Those were
local centers of land ownership,
ofthat
economic structure, which, to a certain degree conven¬
tionally, can be called the royal
chora
of the Spartokids in the given period of their history.
Most probably, those were large households, specializing in the trade with local barbarians,
cereal farming, and winegrowing and, sometimes, fishing. It s not impossible that, that besides
the immediate servants and farm laborers
—
of Greek origin mainly, there also lived other cat¬
egories of the population dependent on the supreme power. Some findings may also testify to a
minor barbarian, and not necessarily Scythian, component.
Taking into consideration all particular features of the Bosporan economy of the given pe¬
riod, specializing in large-scale grain exports, only a political structure standing above the
polis
could the ensure efficient operation of the whole economic chain . Such was the local,
monarchic in its form, supreme authority. Only this authority could ensure inadequate goods
exchange with the barbarians, which (goods exchange) heavily depended on the local win-
emaking.
To conclude, the most part of the Crimean Azov coast was in the IV—III centuries
ВС
(as
well as later on), most probably, in possession of the ruling Bosporan dynasty. This was, in fact,
a very large, complex manor-type economic unit with a special legal status
—
royal domain
(royal
chora).
The business and demographic potential of this territory was one of the economic
foundations of the Spartokids power.
|
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| id | DE-604.BV037394641 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:23:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785943750861 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022547457 |
| oclc_num | 712493880 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 243 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | IA RAN |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Drevnosti Bospora |
| series2 | Drevnosti Bospora : Supplementum |
| spelling | Maslennikov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovič 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)143489895 aut Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) 1 Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov A. A. Maslennikov Moskva IA RAN 2010 243 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Drevnosti Bospora : Supplementum 3,1 Drevnosti Bospora : Supplementum ... Zsfassung in engl. Sprache (DE-604)BV037394628 1 Drevnosti Bospora Supplementum ; 3,1 (DE-604)BV019867802 3,1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022547457&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022547457&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Maslennikov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovič 1948- Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) Drevnosti Bospora |
| title | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) |
| title_auth | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) |
| title_exact_search | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) |
| title_full | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) 1 Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov A. A. Maslennikov |
| title_fullStr | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) 1 Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov A. A. Maslennikov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carskaja chora Bospora (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) 1 Architekturno-stroitelʹnaja i archeologičeskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov A. A. Maslennikov |
| title_short | Carskaja chora Bospora |
| title_sort | carskaja chora bospora po materialam raskopok v krymskom priazovʹe architekturno stroitelʹnaja i archeologiceskaja charakteristika pamjatnikov |
| title_sub | (po materialam raskopok v Krymskom Priazovʹe) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022547457&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022547457&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037394628 (DE-604)BV019867802 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maslennikovaleksandraleksandrovic carskajachorabosporapomaterialamraskopokvkrymskompriazovʹe1 |