Pathological altruism:
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| Format: | Buch |
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Oxford Univ. Press
2012
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| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199738571 |
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| adam_text | PATHOLOGICAL
EDITED BY
Barbara Oakley
Ariel Knafo
Guruprasad Madhavan
David Sloan Wilson
FOREWORD BY
Francisco J Ayala
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xxi
Foreword xxiii
Contributors xxv
PART I THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 1
CHAPTER 1 PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM—AN INTRODUCTION 3
Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, and Michael McGrath
• Pathological altruism might be thought of as any behavior or personal tendency in which
either the stated aim or the implied motivation is to promote the welfare of another But,
instead of overall beneficial outcomes, the “altruism” instead has irrational (from the
point of view of an outside observer) and substantial negative consequences to the other
or even to the self
• Many harmful deeds—from codependency to suicide martyrdom to genocide—are
committed with the altruistic intention to help companions or one’s own in-group
Thus, it is worthwhile to study how well-meaning altruism can shade into pathology
• Studies of pathological altruism provide for a more nuanced and sophisticated
understanding of altruism
CHAPTER 2 EMPATHY-BASED PATHOGENIC GUILT, PATHOLOGICAL
ALTRUISM, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 10
Lynn E O’ Connor, Jack W Berry, Thomas B Lewis, and David J Stiver
• Empathic reactions to pain or distress in others are instantaneous and begin the path to
both normal and pathological altruism These reactions move quickly to implicit empathy
based guilt, linked to a belief that one should try to relieve the suffering of others
• Empathic guilt is further linked to evaluations of fairness, equality, and the equitable
distributions of resources
• Survivor guilt (inequity guilt) is a specific form of empathic guilt that tends to become
pathogenic when based on a false belief that one’s own success, happiness, or well-being
is a source of unhappiness for others, simply by comparison People with high survivor
guilt may falsely believe they are “cheaters ”
• Pathogenic guilt leads to pathological altruism In pathological altruism, the altruistic
behavior helps no one and potentially harms the altruist, the recipient of the altruism,
or both
• Empathic concern and empathic guilt are evolved psychological mechanisms sustaining
mammalian group cohesion Altruism may fail to favor fitness at the level of the
individual in within-group competition, while increasing fitness at the level of the group
in between-group competition
CONTENTS
• Pathogenic guilt and pathological altruism are commonly found in mental disorders,
such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)
CHAPTER 3 A CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
TO PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 31
Roger Vilardaga and Steven C Hayes
• In the same way that the process of natural evolution selects features of the human
species, the cultural environment selects for patterns of behaviors during the lifetime of
an individual or a group
One particular form of human behavior, language, is of great survival value But language
also amplifies the way we experience both the positive and negative aspects of the world
This can reinforce behaviors that are damaging for individuals and groups
Some behaviors that may play a role in pathological altruism are experiential avoidance,
a conceptualized self, perspective-taking, and values-based action
• Acceptance and commitment therapy and relational frame theory lay forth a scientific
framework and provide tools to modify such behaviors, which points to their potential
utility to reduce pathological altruism
CHAPTER 4 CODEPENDENCY AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 49
Michael McGrath and Barbara Oakley
• Codependency is an inability to tolerate a perceived negative affect in others that
leads to a dysfunctional empathic response
• Codependency likely shares roots with pathological altruism
• There are evolutionary, genetic, and neurobiological components to the expression
and propagation of codependent behaviors
PART II PSYCHIATRIC IMPLICATIONS OF
PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 75
CHAPTER 5 SELF-ADDICTION AND SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS 77
David Brin
• The word, “addiction” appears to limit our perception of a wider realm—general
behavioral reinforcement within the human brain If neurochemical processes reinforce
“good” habits such as love, loyalty, joy in music or skill, then addiction should be studied
in a larger context
• If a mental state causes pleasurable reinforcement, there will be a tendency to return to
it Meditation, adoration, gambling, rage, and indignation might all, at times, be “mental
addictions ”
• This more general view of reinforcement suggests potential ways to reduce or eliminate
drug addiction, as well as self-induced rage
• Self-righteousness and indignation may sometimes be as much about chemical
need as valid concerns about unfair actions Among other outcomes, this may cause
“pathologically altruistic” behavior
• Moderate-progressives who seek problem-solving pragmatism may get a boost if it were
proved that dogmatic self-righteousness is often an addiction ”
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6 PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM AND PERSONALITY DISORDER 85
Thomas A Widiger and Jennifer Ruth Presnail
• The Five-Factor Model of personality can be used to describe adaptive and maladaptive
variants of altruism
• Research suggests that maladaptive altruism is a component of dependent personality
disorder
• Case studies illustrate how maladaptive altruism, combined with differing levels of
neuroticism, may impact treatment
CHAPTER 7 THE RELEVANCE OF PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM
TO EATING DISORDERS 94
Rachel Bachner-Melman
• Individuals with eating disorders tend to sacrifice their own needs and interests and
devote themselves instead to helping and serving others
• Selflessness and concern for appropriateness, concepts linked to pathological altruism,
have been shown to characterize women with eating disorders
• Developmental, interpersonal, family, cultural, genetic, personality, and social factors
no doubt combine to make pathological altruism a characteristic of people who develop
eating disorders
CHAPTER 8 ANIMAL HOARDING: HOW THE SEMBLANCE
OF A BENEVOLENT MISSION BECOMES ACTUALIZED
AS EGOISM AND CRUELTY 107
Jane N Nathanson and Gary J Patronek
• In animal hoarding, animals are used to support the hoarders own emotional needs
with respect to intimacy, self-esteem, control, identity, and fear of abandonment
• Self- versus other-centeredness in animal hoarding reflects a lack of empathy and often
leaves the true needs of animals unmet
• Precipitating factors for animal hoarding likely include failure to develop functional
attachment styles during childhood as a result of caregiver unavailability, neglect, or
abuse
• A hoarder’s feeling of being a savior of animals is not the same as actually saving those
animals Although believing they are animals’ saviors, rescuer hoarders fail to provide
for the animals’ basic life requirements
CHAPTER 9 EVERYONE’S FRIEND? THE CASE OF
WILLIAMS SYNDROME 116
Deborah M Riby, Vicki Bruce, and Ali Jawaid
• Williams syndrome illustrates how atypical development can affect social
functioning
• Individuals with the disorder are often referred to as caring, empathetic, and
hypersociable
• The Williams syndrome style of social engagement occurs alongside high levels of
anxiety and social vulnerability in adults
PART III SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF
PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 129
CHAPTER 10 PATHOLOGICAL CERTITUDE 131
Robert A Burton
• Believing that you are acting in another’s best interest is not synonymous with acting in
another’s best interest It is a belief, not a fact
• Moral judgments, such as “good intentions,” arise out of basic biological drives, not out
of inherent goodness or evilness
• Justifications of behavior such as “I’m just trying to help,” should be used with great
restraint and viewed with great skepticism
CHAPTER 11 ALTRUISM AND SUFFERING IN THE CONTEXT
OF CANCER: IMPLICATIONS OF A RELATIONAL PARADIGM 138
Madeline Li and Gary Rodin
• Individuals who disavow their own need for support may be vulnerable to distress in the
context of medical illness, both as patients themselves and as caregivers to others
• The term “pathological altruism” has heuristic appeal, but is problematic in the context
of life-threatening illness in that:
o The term “pathology” in this circumstance implies a categorical external judgment of
behavior and motivation, based on an arbitrary threshold that does not necessarily
account for the social or relational context or the degree of suffering of the other,
o The concept of altruism implies a dichotomy, often false, between the interests of
self and those of the other
° Humans are relationally organized, such that acts of caregiving, particularly toward
family members or loved ones, are often intrinsically rewarding and therefore not
purely altruistic
• The multiple determinants of altruism in the cancer caregiving context challenge us to
develop a new nosology of such behavior and concern, informed by biological, social,
and psychodynamic theory
CHAPTER 12 CONSIDERING PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM
IN THE LAW FROM THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE
AND NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVES 156
Michael L Perlin
• Therapeutic jurisprudence and neuroimaging are valuable tools when considering the
treatment of pathological altruism in the law, in cases of organ donations to strangers
and cases raising “cultural defenses ”
• Therapeutic jurisprudence gives us a benchmark by which we can assess whether the
pathological altruist (if, indeed, the altruist is pathological) has sacrificed her dignity
to do the putatively pathologically altruistic act, an assessment process that can
also illuminate whether the underlying behavior is irrational, harmful to others, or
self-harming
• Neuroimaging gives us new tools to potentially assess whether the pathological altruist
is a rational moral agent in doing such acts
CHAPTER 13 PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM: VICTIMS AND
MOTIVATIONAL TYPES
Brent E Turvey
• Healthy forms of altruism and pathological altruism are distinguished by the compulsion
to he altruistic coupled with a maladaptive outcome
• Pathological altruism may be found in association with criminal behavior, in which the
altruist may be the victim, the victimizer, or both
• Pathological altruism may be viewed as a manifestation of cognitive distortions
resulting from genetic, chemical, environmental, or developmental factors acting alone
or in concert
• Pathologically altruistic behavior can be classified into four major types: protective,
defensive, masochistic, and malignant, each having both psychotic and nonpsychotic
incarnations
CHAPTER 14 DOES NO GOOD DEED GO UNPUNISHED?
THE VICTIMOLOGY OF ALTRUISM 193
Robert J Homant and Daniel B Kennedy
• Pathological altruism can be briefly summarized as altruism that:
o is unnecessary or uncalled for
o has consequences that cause the actor to complain, yet the actor continues doing it
anyway
° is motivated by values or needs within the altruist that are irrational or are symptoms
of psychological disturbance
o is of no real benefit to anyone, and a reasonable person would have foreseen this
• The higher the level of altruistic behavior reported by subjects, the higher their level of
criminal victimization
• Self-reported altruism has been found to be a significant predictor of both property and
personal crime victimization
• The relationship between altruism and victimization has been found to be especially
due to risky altruism, which in turn is correlated with the basic personality trait of
Sensation Seeking
CHAPTER 15 SUICIDE ATTACK MARTYRDOMS: TEMPERAMENT
AND MINDSET OF ALTRUISTIC WARRIORS 207
Adolf Tobena
• Suicide attacks are a combative tactic arising from a lethal, nonpathological altruism in
some warfare contexts
• Altruism is the only widely agreed upon temperamental attributes of suicide attackers
• Strong altruistic dispositions are increasingly being found to have underlying biological
mediators
• Understanding the neurocognitive underpinnings of willingness to commit extreme
altruistic acts may help us understand suicide attacks
CHAPTER 16 GENOCIDE: FROM PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM
TO PATHOLOGICAL OBEDIENCE 225
Augustine Brannigan
• Low self-control, which is a major covariate of criminal behavior, appears early in life
and is relatively stable over the life course
• Levels of self-control may vary across historical periods as people become more sensitive
to socially intrusive behavior
• The perplexing levels of obedience in major genocides do not reflect deficiencies in self
control but suggest the oversocialization of the internal executive function by external
social hierarchies
CHAPTER 17 TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING? FOREIGN AID
AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM
Guruprasad Madhavan and Barbara Oakley
• Altruism and emotional contagion have a powerful capacity to mobilize financial and
humanitarian aid to impoverished nations
• Although external economic assistance has been helpful for many countries, a large
number of altruistic, non-strategic, foreign aid programs over the past several decades
have failed—worsening the very situation they were meant to help Many other
humanitarian programs have also been ineffective at enormous cost
• Altruistic efforts for social improvements must be guided, not purely by emotion, but
with a well thought-out objective strategy and endpoint
• Neuroscience is allowing us to understand how default emotional approaches to helping
others can backfire and cripple otherwise noble intentions
• Public policies and interventions that have incorporated smart, strategic, and
tempered altruism may be effective in alleviating poverty and stimulating economic
development
• There may be value in recruiting a new breed of non-traditional talent that is capable of
reframing the way development assistance is carried out
CHAPTER 18 WAS GANDHI A “PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUIST”? 246
Arun Gandhi
• Finding Truth was Gandhi’s ultimate objective
• Nonviolence is a key means for obtaining Truth
• Nonviolence can, on occasion, become a pathologically altruistic enterprise,
unnecessarily hurting others, and it cannot be dogmatically followed if the greater good
of Truth is to be attained
CHAPTER 19 A CONTRARIAN PERSPECTIVE ON ALTRUISM:
THE DANGERS OF FIRST CONTACT 251
David Brin
• Much of what is called “altruistic” behavior in nature can have self-serving, kinship, or
game-based roots that we should hot ignore simply out of aesthetic Puritanism
• Unselfish altruism can emerge out of satiability, satiation, empathy, and sympathy, as
well as cultural and individual values Although sometimes implemented in ways that
are ill-conceived or pathological, this trait is viewed as a high feature of intelligence
• Occasionally, altruism between species seems to be unleashed by full bellies and
sympathy, (sometimes) along with enlightened self-interest in the long-term survival
of an entire world
• Modern Western society disavows the notion that ideas are inherently dangerous or
toxic, or that an elite should guide gullible masses toward correct thinking However,
virtually every other culture held the older, prevalent belief in “toxic memes ” As yet,
there is no decisive proof supporting one side over the other
• Western assumptions color the “search for extra-terrestrial intelligence” (SETI), just
as previous “first-contact” events were driven by cultural assumptions of past eras
Especially pervasive—and unwarranted—is the belief that all advanced civilizations will
automatically be altruistic
chapter 20 IS PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM ALTRUISM? 262
Bernard Berofsky
• Ethical altruism can be defined either as the view that we have obligations to others or
that altruism is a virtue Ethical egoists believe that we have obligations only to ourselves
and that altruism is not a virtue
• Psychological egoists deny that there are altruists Since altruism is characterized by
intention rather than outcome, and there are people who act with the intention to help
others at their own expense, psychological egoism seems clearly false
• Since a conscious intention to help can conceal an unconscious motivation to harm,
one can redefine psychological egoism more plausibly as the view that no one is really
motivated to sacrifice his or her own interests to help others
• If the psychological egoist is right and there are no altruists, how can there be pathological
altruists?
o First answer: Pathological types have some common characteristics—compulsiveness,
destructiveness, ignorance of motivation
o Second answer: More importantly, the pathological altruist’s altruistic intention is
an essential expression of his self-regarding motivation He must intend to help in
order to serve his own destructive needs
CHAPTER 21 ALTRUISM, PATHOLOGY, AND CULTURE 272
John W Traphagan
• Altruism and pathology are concepts that do not necessarily translate well from one
culture to another; this raises questions for how biological and cultural aspects of these
concepts influence behavior
• Certain features of altruistic behavior may be relatively consistent across different
cultures, but nuances of meaning vary, necessarily implying that deviation from the
“norm” will vary as well
• Pathological altruism is behavior that deviates from norms of action that shape concepts
of altruism in particular cultures, but those acts themselves have no moral value and are
not necessarily parallel from one culture to another
PART IV CULTURAL AND EVOLUTIONARY DIMENSIONS
OF PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 289
chapter 22 CULTURE-GENE COEVOLUTION OF
EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM 291
Joan Y Chiao, Katherine D Blizinsky, Vani A Mathur, and Bobby K Cheon
• Western and East Asian cultures vary in individualism and collectivism, or cultural
values that influence how people think about themselves in relation to others
• Cultural differences in social behavior are associated with cultural differences in allelic
frequency of serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region v (5-HTTLPR) variants
• Culture-gene coevolution between individualism-collectivism and the 5-HTTLPR may
influence brain regions associated with empathy and altruism
CHAPTER 23 THE MESSIANIC EFFECT OF PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 300
Jorge M Pacheco and Francisco C Santos
• Without additional mechanisms, cooperation is not an evolutionarily viable behavior,
as the tragedy of the commons often emerges as the final doomsday scenario
• In a black-and-white world in which individuals’ actions are limited to cooperate or to
defect, pathological altruists can be seen as obstinate cooperators, who go to all lengths
to maintain their behavior
• Pathological altruists cooperate indiscriminately, being unmoved by the temptations of
greed and fear that lead to defection
• A single pathological altruist can obliterate the evolutionary advantage of defectors,
letting others ignore the temptation to cheat and become, themselves, cooperators
Hence, they generate a messianic effect, which spreads through the entire community
• Pathological altruists catalyze social cohesion, as their presence benefits the entire
community even when defection remains as the single rational option and individuals
act in their own selfish interest
CHAPTER 24 BATTERED WOMEN, HAPPY GENES: THERE IS NO SUCH
THING AS ALTRUISM, PATHOLOGICAL OR OTHERWISE 311
Satoshi Kanazawa
• Psychologically altruistic acts may not necessarily be evolutionarily altruistic
• Battered women and their violent mates have more sons than others
• Therefore, battered women’s decision to stay with their abusers may be psychologically
altruistic, but evolutionarily self-interested, as they gain the genetic benefit of producing
violent sons
PARTV THE DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERLYING BRAIN
PROCESSES OF PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 319
CHAPTER 25 EMPATHY, GUILT, AND DEPRESSION: WHEN CARING
FOR OTHERS BECOMES COSTLY TO CHILDREN 321
Carolyn Zahn-Waxier and Carol Van Hulle
• Empathy emerges early in life and often motivates caring, prosocial actions toward
others This leads to social competence and healthy emotional development
• Children’s empathy can lead to pathogenic guilt, anxiety, and a sense of personal failure
when early family environments require too much of them
• Parental depression contributes to pathogenic guilt in children which, in turn, creates
conditions conducive to risk for developing depression
• Genetic and environmental factors combine to determine why some children, especially
girls, are likely to develop empathy-based pathogenic guilt and depression
chapter 26 AUTISM, EMPATHIZING-SYSTEMIZING (E-S) THEORY,
AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 345
Simon Baron-Cohen
• Empathy involves two very different neural processes: affective (feeling an emotion
appropriate in response to another person’s thoughts and feelings), and cognitive
(also called Theory of Mind—that is, being able to imagine someone else’s thoughts or
feelings)
• The ability to empathize forms one pole of a personality-related dimension—the
opposite pole is the ability to systemize (Put briefly, systemizing is the drive to create and
understand systems, for example, the mechanical system of an old-fashioned clock)
• On average, empathizing is stronger in females, whereas systemizing is stronger in
males
• Empathizing-Systemizing theory can be used to quantify people’s drive to empathize and
systemize More importantly, it makes predictions regarding the origins of conditions such as
autism, which involves intact or even strong systemizing alongside difficulties in empathy
• Empathizing-Systemizing theory also predicts that some individuals will have
difficulties systemizing, but an intact or even a strong drive to empathize These
“hyper-empathizers” may escape clinical notice
CHAPTER 27 SEDUCTION SUPER-RESPONDERS AND HYPER-TRUSTERS:
THE BIOLOGY OF AFFILIATIVE BEHAVIOR 349
Karol M Pessin
• People are social animals who go to great lengths to belong—a need that maybe rooted
in biology This behavior and biology directed toward social belonging may result in
heightened altruism toward some and diminished empathy toward others
• Whether altruism is pathological depends on its context, as empathy maybe selective toward
particular individuals or one’s own in-group, at the expense of other individuals or groups
• Oxytocin and vasopressin systems, structurally flexible and capable of rapid changes,
appear to be key in understanding social behaviors in rapidly changing human societies
• A “seduction super-response” may be rooted in biological systems for how receptive one
is to social signals, such as vocalizing Similarly, impaired sensitivity to social signals
may lead to “hyper-trust” in failing to detect social threats
• More broadly, social signals are transmitted through groups; a seduction super-response
or undue hyper-trust may be a response to social contagions involving neurosensory or
chemosensory means yet to be discovered
CHAPTER 28 EMPATHIC DISTRESS FATIGUE RATHER THAN COMPASSION
FATIGUE? INTEGRATING FINDINGS FROM EMPATHY RESEARCH
IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE 368
Olga Klimecki and Tania Singer
• Compassion fatigue is introduced as a form of pathological altruism since it is
altruistically motivated and gives rise to symptoms of burnout
• Empirical findings are discussed that dissociate different forms of vicarious responses
• We conclude that the term compassion fatigue should be replaced by the term empathic
distress fatigue
PART VI SYNTHESIS OF VIEWS ON
PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 385
CHAPTER 29 HELL’S ANGELS: A RUNAWAY MODEL OF
PATHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM 387
Marc D Hauser
• Pathological altruism emerges as a by-product of a runaway process of selection for
in-group favoritism and self-deception
• In-group favoritism coupled with self-deception or denial of the other, leads to
pathological commitment to one group’s ideology, coupled with out-group antagonism
that can lead to mass genocides
• Self-sacrifice and martyrdom represent the ultimate forms of pathological altruism, at least
from the perspective of the victims From the perspective of the pathological altruist’s group
(e g , religion), however, it is divine altruism, revered, and adaptive for the martyr’s faith
XX CONTENTS
• When pathological altruism runs away, it can lead to mass genocides, as obstinate
cooperators disregard the humanity—and human rights—of all who interfere with the
ideological cause
chapter 30 ALTRUISM GONE MAD 395
Joachim I Krueger
• Personality-based approaches to pathological altruism are either typological or
dimensional, with distinct implications for the question of how pathological altruism
is propagated
• In a mixed population of individuals with different social preferences, altruists do poorly
They may not see it that way, however, which makes their behavior pathological
• In a Volunteer’s Dilemma, altruists suffer when interacting with other altruists
• When interpersonal dilemmas are nested within intergroup dilemmas, the meaning of
altruism is contingent on perspective
• Evolution has favored parochial morality (altruism), leaving us with the intractable
problem of how to satisfy the local group and the general population at the same time
CHAPTER 31 PATHOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND ALTRUISM 406
David Sloan Wilson
• The concept of a pathological adaptation might seem like a contradiction of terms, but
traits that count as adaptive in the evolutionary sense can be harmful to others and even
to oneself over the long term
• When altruism is defined in terms ofbehavioral consequences, it is inherently vulnerable
to exploitation by selfishness and evolves only when altruists manage to confine their
interactions with each other Even when altruism evolves because it is more successful
than selfishness, on average, some altruists still encounter selfish individuals and are
harmed by their own behavior
• Social environments are pathological when they are structured to make altruists
vulnerable to exploitation Much can be done to create social environments that favor
altruism as a successful behavioral strategy
• Altruism at one level of a multitiered hierarchy (e g , within groups) can be used for
selfish purposes at higher levels (e g , between-group conflict) The costs and benefits of
altruism are repeated at all levels
• When altruism is defined in psychological terms, it can be regarded as a proximate
mechanism for motivating altruistic behavior Just as there are many ways to skin a cat,
there are many proximate mechanisms for motivating altruistic behavior that can be
expected to vary among individuals and cultures
• The analysis of pathological altruism in this volume should be extended to other traits
associated with morality and group-level functional organization
About the Editors 412
About the Contributors 414
Index 433
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| discipline | Psychologie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV037377082 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:22:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199738571 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022530291 |
| oclc_num | 730006630 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXVIII, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pathological altruism ed. by Barbara Oakley ... Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2012 XXVIII, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pathologie (DE-588)4044893-9 gnd rswk-swf Altruismus (DE-588)4129281-9 gnd rswk-swf Einfühlung (DE-588)4133262-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Altruismus (DE-588)4129281-9 s Einfühlung (DE-588)4133262-3 s Pathologie (DE-588)4044893-9 s DE-604 Oakley, Barbara A. 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)136332021 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022530291&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pathological altruism Pathologie (DE-588)4044893-9 gnd Altruismus (DE-588)4129281-9 gnd Einfühlung (DE-588)4133262-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4044893-9 (DE-588)4129281-9 (DE-588)4133262-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Pathological altruism |
| title_auth | Pathological altruism |
| title_exact_search | Pathological altruism |
| title_full | Pathological altruism ed. by Barbara Oakley ... |
| title_fullStr | Pathological altruism ed. by Barbara Oakley ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathological altruism ed. by Barbara Oakley ... |
| title_short | Pathological altruism |
| title_sort | pathological altruism |
| topic | Pathologie (DE-588)4044893-9 gnd Altruismus (DE-588)4129281-9 gnd Einfühlung (DE-588)4133262-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pathologie Altruismus Einfühlung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022530291&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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