Spoken language understanding: systems for extracting semantic information from speech
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2011
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Cover image Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | "This book is the first to focus exclusively on this growing topic. It begins with basic coverage of typical approaches used in SLU, such as favourite classification methods and modeling techniques, and discussion of the terminology used. It then provides state of the art approaches for the application of SLU in both human/human communication, and spoken dialog systems"-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XXX, 450 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780470688243 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | SPOKEN LANGUAGE
UNDERSTANDING
SYSTEMS FOR EXTRACTING
SEMANTIC INFORMATION FROM
SPEECH
Gokhan T ir
Microsoft Speech Labs, Microsoft Research, USA
Renato De Mori
McGill University, Montreal, Canada and University of Avignon, France
)WILEY
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
Contents
List of Contributors xvii
Foreword xxv
Preface xxix
1 Introduction 1
Gokhan Tur and Renato De Mori
11A Brief History of Spoken Language Understanding 1
1 2 Organization of the Book 4
121 Parti Spoken Language Understanding for Human/Machine
Interactions 4
122 Part II Spoken Language Understanding for Human/Human
Conversations 6
References 7
PART 1 SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR
HUMAN/MACHINE INTERACTIONS
2 History of Knowledge and Processes for Spoken Language Understanding 11
Renato De Mori
2 1 Introduction 11
2 2 Meaning Representation and Sentence Interpretation 12
221 Meaning Representation Languages 12
222 Meaning Extraction from Sentences 16
2 3 Knowledge Fragments and Semantic Composition 18
231 Concept Tags and Knowledge Fragments 19
232 Composition by Fusion of Fragments 21
233 Composition by Attachment 23
234 Composition by Attachment and Inference 24
2 4 Probabilistic Interpretation in SLU Systems 25
2 5 Interpretation with Partial Syntactic Analysis 26
2 6 Classification Models for Interpretation 28
2 7 Advanced Methods and Resources for Semantic Modeling and Interpretation 30
2 8 Recent Systems 32
2 9 Conclusions 35
References 36
CONTENTS
Semantic Frame-based Spoken Language Understanding 41
Ye-Yi Wang, Li Deng and Alex Acero
3 1 Background 41
311 History of the Frame-based SLU 41
312 Semantic Representation and Semantic Frame 43
313 Technical Challenges 45
314 Standard Data Sets 47
375 Evaluation Metrics Al
3 2 Knowledge-based Solutions 49
321 Semantically Enhanced Syntactic Grammars 49
322 Semantic Grammars 51
323 Knowledge-based Solutions in Commercial Applications 52
3 3 Data-driven Approaches 54
331 Generative Models 55
332 Integrating Knowledge in Statistical Models - A Case Study
of the Generative HMM/CFG Composite Model 65
333 Use of Generative Understanding Models in Speech Recognition 71
334 Conditional Models 74
335 Other Data-driven Approaches to SLU 84
336 Frame-based SLU in Context 86
3 4 Summary 87
References 88
Intent Determination and Spoken Utterance Classification 93
Gokhan Tur and Li Deng
4 1 Background 93
4 2 Task Description 96
4 3 Technical Challenges 97
4 4 Benchmark Data Sets 98
4 5 Evaluation Metrics 98
451 Direct Metrics 98
452 Indirect Metrics 99
4 6 Technical Approaches 99
461 Semantic Representations 100
462 The HMIHY Way: Using Salient Phrases 101
463 Vector-state Model 103
464 Using Discriminative Classifiers 103
465 Using Prior Knowledge 105
466 Beyond ASR 1-Best: Using Word Confusion Networks 106
467 Conditional Understanding Models Used for Discriminative
Training of Language Models 108
468 Phone-based Call Classification 115
4 7 Discussion and Conclusions 115
References 117
CONTENTS ix
5 Voice Search 119
Ye-Yi Wang, Dong Yu, Yun-Cheng Ju and Alex Acero
5 1 Background 119
511 Voice Search Compared with the Other Spoken Dialogue
Technologies 120
512 History of Voice Search 122
575 Technical Challenges 124
514 Data Sets 125
575 Evaluation Metrics 125
5 2 Technology Review 128
527 Speech Recognition 128
522 Spoken Language Understanding/Search 133
523 Dialogue Management 140
524 Closing the Feedback Loop 143
5 3 Summary 144
References 144
6 Spoken Question Answering 147
Sophie Rosset, Olivier Galibert and Lori Lamel
6 1 Introduction 147
6 2 Specific Aspects of Handling Speech in QA Systems 149
6 3 QA Evaluation Campaigns 150
631 General Presentation 151
632 Question Answering on Speech Transcripts: Evaluation Campaigns 154
6 4 Question-answering Systems 156
641 General Overview 156
642 Approaches Used in the QAst Campaigns 158
643 QAst Campaign Results 162
6 5 Projects Integrating Spoken Requests and Question Answering 166
6 6 Conclusions 167
References 167
7 SLU in Commercial and Research Spoken Dialogue Systems 171
David Suendermann and Roberto Pieraccini
7 1 Why Spoken Dialogue Systems do not have to Understand 171
7 2 Approaches to SLU for Dialogue Systems 173
727 Rule-based Semantic Grammars 174
722 Statistical SLU 175
723 Dealing with Deficiencies of Speech Recognition and SLU in Dialogue
Systems 177
724 Robust Interaction Design and Multiple Levels of Confidence
Thresholds 111
725 N-best Lists 178
726 One-step Correction and Mixed Initiative 179
727 Belief Systems 180
CONTENTS
7 3 From Call Flow to POMDP: How Dialogue Management Integrates
with SLU 180
731 Rule-based Approaches: Call Flow, Form-filling, Agenda,
Call-routing, Inference 181
732 Statistical Dialogue Management: Reinforcement Learning,
MDP, POMDP
Benchmark Projects and Data Sets
747 ATIS
742 Communicator
743 Let s Go!
744 Datasets in Commercial Dialogue Systems
Time is Money: The Relationship between SLU and Overall Dialogue
System Performance
757 Automation Rate
752 Average Handling Time
753 Retry Rate and Speech Errors
Conclusion
References
Active Learning
Dilek Hakkani-Tiir and Giuseppe Riccardi
Introduction
Motivation
821 Language Variability
822 The Domain Concept Variability
823 Noisy Annotation
824 The Data Overflow
Learning Architectures
831 Passive Learning
832 Active Learning
Active Learning Methods
841 The Statistical Framework
842 Certainty-based Active Learning Methods
843 Committee-based Active Learning
844 Density-based Active Learning
845 Stopping Criteria for Active Learning
Combining Active Learning with Semi-supervised Learning
Applications
861 Automatic Speech Recognition
862 Intent Determination
863 Concept Segmentation/Labeling
864 Dialogue Act Tagging
Evaluation of Active Learning Methods
Discussion and Conclusions
References
CONTENTS
PART 2 SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR HUMAN/HUMAN
CONVERSATIONS
9 Human/Human Conversation Understanding 227
Gokhan Tur and Dilek Hakkani-Tur
9 1 Background 227
9 2 Human/Human Conversation Understanding Tasks 229
9 3 Dialogue Act Segmentation and Tagging 231
931 Annotation Schema 232
932 Modeling Dialogue Act Tagging 236
933 Dialogue Act Segmentation 237
934 Joint Modeling of Dialogue Act Segmentation and Tagging 239
9 4 Action Item and Decision Detection 240
9 5 Addressee Detection and Co-reference Resolution 242
9 6 Hot Spot Detection 244
9 7 Subjectivity, Sentiment, and Opinion Detection 244
9 8 Speaker Role Detection 245
9 9 Modeling Dominance 247
9 10 Argument Diagramming 247
9 11 Discussion and Conclusions 250
References 251
10 Named Entity Recognition 257
Frederic Bechet
10 1 Task Description 258
70 7 7 What is a Named Entity? 258
70 7 2 What are the Main Issues in the NER Task? 260
10 1 3 Applicative Frameworks of NER in Speech 261
10 2 Challenges Using Speech Input 263
10 3 Benchmark Data Sets, Applications 265
10 3 1 NER as an IE Task 265
10 3 2 NER as an SLU Task in a Spoken Dialogue Context 266
10 4 Evaluation Metrics 266
10 4 1 Aligning the Reference and Hypothesis NE Annotations 267
70 4 2 Scoring 267
10 5 Main Approaches for Extracting NEs from Text 269
10 5 1 Rules and Grammars 269
70 5 2 NER as a Word Tagging Problem 270
10 5 3 Hidden Markov Model 271
10 5 4 Maximum Entropy 273
70 5 5 Conditional Random Field 214
10 5 6 Sample Classification Methods 275
10 5 7 Conclusions on the Methods for NER from Text 276
10 6 Comparative Methods for NER from Speech 277
70 6 7 Adapting NER Systems to ASR Output 277
70 6 2 Integrating ASR and NER Processes 281
CONTENTS
10 7 New Trends in NER from Speech 284
70 7 7 Adapting the ASR Lexicon 284
70 7 2 Collecting Data on the ASR Lexicon 285
10 7 3 Toward an Open-vocabulary ASR System for NER from Speech 286
10 8 Conclusions 287
References 287
11 Topic Segmentation 291
Matthew Purver
11 1 Task Description 291
77 7 7 Introduction 291
77 7 2 What is a Topic? 292
11 1 3 Linear versus Hierarchical Segmentation 292
11 2 Basic Approaches, and the Challenge of Speech 293
77 2 7 Changes in Content 293
11 2 2 Distinctive Boundary Features 294
77 2 3 Monologue 294
77 2 4 Dialogue 295
11 3 Applications and Benchmark Datasets 295
11 3 1 Monologue 296
77 3 2 Dialogue 296
11 4 Evaluation Metrics 297
77 4 7 Classification-based 297
11 4 2 Segmentation-based 298
77 4 3 Content-based 302
11 5 Technical Approaches 302
11 5 1 Changes in Lexical Similarity 302
11 5 2 Similarity-based Clustering 305
11 5 3 Generative Models 306
11 5 4 Discriminative Boundary Detection 310
11 5 5 Combined Approaches, and the State of the Art 310
11 6 New Trends and Future Directions 313
77 6 7 Multi-modality 313
11 6 2 Topic Identification and Adaptation 313
References 314
12 Topic Identification 319
Timothy J Hazen
12 1 Task Description 319
72 7 7 What is Topic Identification? 319
72 7 2 What are Topics? 320
12 1 3 How is Topic Relevancy Defined? 321
12 1 4 Characterizing the Constraints on Topic ID Tasks 321
12 1 5 Text-based Topic Identification 323
CONTENTS
12 2 Challenges Using Speech Input 323
12 2 1 The Naive Approach to Speech-based Topic ID 323
12 2 2 Challenges of Extemporaneous Speech 323
12 2 3 Challenges of Imperfect Speech Recognition 324
12 2 4 Challenges of Unconstrained Domains 325
12 3 Applications and Benchmark Tasks 326
72 3 7 The TDTProject 326
12 3 2 The Switchboard and Fisher Corpora 327
12 3 3 Customer Service/Call Routing Applications 327
12 4 Evaluation Metrics 328
12 4 1 Topic Scoring 328
12 4 2 Classification Error Rate 328
12 4 3 Detection-based Evaluation Metrics 328
12 5 Technical Approaches 333
12 5 1 Topic ID System Overview 333
12 5 2 Automatic Speech Recognition 333
12 5 3 Feature Extraction 334
12 5 4 Feature Selection and Transformation 335
12 5 5 Latent Concept Modeling 340
12 5 6 Topic ID Classification and Detection 343
12 5 7 Example Topic ID Results on the Fisher Corpus 346
12 5 8 Novel Topic Detection 350
72 5 9 Topic Clustering 350
12 6 New Trends and Future Directions 352
References 353
13 Speech Summarization 357
Yang Liu and Dilek Hakkani-Tur
13 1 Task Description 357
13 1 1 General Definition of Summarization 357
13 1 2 Speech Summarization 359
13 1 3 Applications 361
13 2 Challenges when Using Speech Input 362
13 2 1 Automatic Speech Recognition Errors 363
13 2 2 Speaker Turns 363
73 2 3 Sentence Boundaries 363
13 2 4 Disfluencies and Ungrammatical Utterances 364
13 2 5 Other Style and Structural Information 365
13 3 Data Sets 366
73 3 7 Broadcast News (BN) 367
73 3 2 Lectures 368
13 3 3 Multi-party Conversational Speech 369
73 3 4 Voice Mail 371
13 4 Evaluation Metrics 371
13 4 1 Recall, Precision, and F-measure 372
73 4 2 ROUGE 372
xiv
73 4 3 The Pyramid Method
13 4 4 Weighted Precision
13 4 5 SumACCY and Weighted SumACCY
13 4 6 Human Evaluation
13 4 7 Issues and Discussions
13 5 General Approaches
13 5 1 Extractive Summarization: Unsupervised Methods
13 5 2 Extractive Summarization: Supervised Learning
Methods
13 5 3 Moving Beyond Generic Extractive Summarization
13 5 4 Summary
13 6 More Discussions on Speech versus Text Summarization
13 6 1 Speech Recognition Errors
13 6 2 Sentence Segmentation
13 6 3 Disfluencies
13 6 4 Acoustic/Prosodic and Other Speech Features
13 7 Conclusions
References
14 Speech Analytics
7 Dan Melamed and Mazin Gilbert
14 1 Introduction
14 2 System Architecture
14 3 Speech Transcription
14 4 Text Feature Extraction
14 5 Acoustic Feature Extraction
14 6 Relational Feature Extraction
14 7 DBMS
14 8 Media Server and Player
14 9 Trend Analysis
14 10 Alerting System
14 11 Conclusion
References
15 Speech Retrieval
CONTENTS
Ciprian Chelba, Timothy J Hazen, Bhuvana Ramabhadran and Murat Saraqlar
15 1 Task Description
15 1 1 Spoken Document Retrieval
15 1 2 Spoken Utterance Retrieval
15 1 3 Spoken Term Detection
15 1 4 Browsing
15 2 Applications
15 2 1 Broadcast News
15 2 2 Academic Lectures
15 2 3 Sign Language Video
15 2 4 Historical Interviews
15 2 5 General Web Video
CONTENTS xv
15 3 Challenges Using Speech Input 420
75 3 7 Overview 420
15 3 2 Coping with ASR Errors Using Lattices 421
75 3 3 Out-of-vocabulary Words All
15 3 4 Morphologically Rich Languages 423
15 3 5 Resource-limited Languages and Dialects 423
15 4 Evaluation Metrics 424
15 5 Benchmark Data Sets 425
75 5 7 TREC 425
75 5 2 NISTSTD 426
15 6 Approaches 426
75 6 7 Basic SDR Approaches 426
75 6 2 Basic STD Approaches 428
75 6 3 Using Sub-word Units 430
75 6 4 Using Lattices 432
15 6 5 Hybrid and Combination Methods 434
15 6 6 Determining Thresholds 435
15 6 7 Presentation and Browsing 437
15 6 8 Other Previous Work 438
15 7 New Trends 439
15 7 1 Indexing and Retrieval for very Large Corpora 439
15 7 2 Query by Example 441
15 7 3 Optimizing Evaluation Performance 442
15 7 4 Multilingual Speech Retrieval 443
15 8 Discussion and Conclusions 443
References 444
Index 447
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spelling | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech ed. by Gokhan Tur ... Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2011 XXX, 450 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book is the first to focus exclusively on this growing topic. It begins with basic coverage of typical approaches used in SLU, such as favourite classification methods and modeling techniques, and discussion of the terminology used. It then provides state of the art approaches for the application of SLU in both human/human communication, and spoken dialog systems"-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index Speech processing systems Semantics Discourse analysis Corpora (Linguistics) TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electronics / General bisacsh Gesprochene Sprache (DE-588)4020717-1 gnd rswk-swf Automatische Spracherkennung (DE-588)4003961-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gesprochene Sprache (DE-588)4020717-1 s Automatische Spracherkennung (DE-588)4003961-4 s DE-604 Tur, Gokhan Sonstige (DE-588)1012854256 oth http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470688243.jpg Cover image HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022527150&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech Speech processing systems Semantics Discourse analysis Corpora (Linguistics) TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electronics / General bisacsh Gesprochene Sprache (DE-588)4020717-1 gnd Automatische Spracherkennung (DE-588)4003961-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4020717-1 (DE-588)4003961-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech |
title_auth | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech |
title_exact_search | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech |
title_full | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech ed. by Gokhan Tur ... |
title_fullStr | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech ed. by Gokhan Tur ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech ed. by Gokhan Tur ... |
title_short | Spoken language understanding |
title_sort | spoken language understanding systems for extracting semantic information from speech |
title_sub | systems for extracting semantic information from speech |
topic | Speech processing systems Semantics Discourse analysis Corpora (Linguistics) TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electronics / General bisacsh Gesprochene Sprache (DE-588)4020717-1 gnd Automatische Spracherkennung (DE-588)4003961-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Speech processing systems Semantics Discourse analysis Corpora (Linguistics) TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electronics / General Gesprochene Sprache Automatische Spracherkennung Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470688243.jpg http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022527150&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT turgokhan spokenlanguageunderstandingsystemsforextractingsemanticinformationfromspeech |