Chazary: mif i istorija
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Mosty Kulʹtury [u.a.]
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Chazarskij proekt
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?23084415_toc.pdf Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | PT: Khazars |
| Beschreibung: | 407 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785932733257 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Содержание
Вместо предисловия.«Неразумны» ли хазары...
Р. Эмануилов, Э. Миришли
...........................9
Введение. Хазарский «миф» и хазарская история. В. Петрухин
.....
із
Часть
і
Проблемы хазарской истории
Т.М. Калинина (Москва). Три стадии существования и падение
Хазарского каганата
..............................25
А.К. Аликберов (Москва). Ранние хазары (до
652/3
г.), тюрки
и Хазарский каганат
..............................42
И.Г. Семёнов (Махачкала). К реконструкции военно-политической
и этнической структуры раннего Хазарского каганата
........66
Б.Е. Рашковский (Москва). Хазария и хазары в библейских
комментариях Саадьи Гаона
(882-942)...................77
А.Ю. Виноградов (Москва),
A.B.
Комар (Киев). Строительная надпись
хагана и тудуна из Горного Крыма.
Republicatio
et reconsideratio
. . 90
Часть
2
Проблемы хазарской археологии
B.C.
Флеров (Москва). «Города», «замки», «феодализм» в Хазарском
каганате. Проблемы исследований
...................
из
В.В. Колода (Харьков). Неотложная задача в деле изучения салтово-
маяцкой археологической культуры и хазароведения
........137
К.И. Красильников, Л.И. Красилъникова (Луганск). Идентифицирую¬
щие признаки населения Степного Подонцовья в структуре
Хазарского каганата
.............................
i53
А.З. Винников (Воронеж). Донские славяне и алано-болгарский мир:
мирное сосуществование или противостояние
............189
В.Н. Зинъко (Керчь). Восточный Крым в эпоху Хазарского каганата
.217
A.A.
Иванов (Ростов^на-Дону). Крымский археологический комплекс
(исследования
2006-2009
гг.)
........................
М9
Часть
з
Иудаизм в Хазарии
Э.Е. Кравченко,
ЏЌ.
Кщьбака (Донецк). Погребение хазарского
времени из Мариуполя
...........................275
Н.В. Кашовская, СВ. Катаев (Санкт-Петербург). Иудаизм на Бое-
поре: археологический контекст
.....................283
Часть
ą
Хазарское наследие:
хазарский язык и хазарский «миф»
М. Кизилов Топоним «Хазария» в источниках позднесредневеко-
вого и раннего нового времени (об инерционности истори¬
ческого мышления)
.............................307
В.А. Шнирельман (Москва). Хазария в зеркале националистичес¬
кого дискурса: истоки символической конфронтации
........
З1^
Л. Фиалкова (Хайфа). «Хазарский код» в современной прозе:
Олег Юрьев, Денис Соболев, Дмитрий Быков
............333
А. Бейдер (Париж). Язык, имена и фамилии евреев Восточной
Европы: существует ли хазарский след?
................
35<>
O.A.
Мудрак
(Москва). Ранние Хазары с точки зрения этимологии
. . 374
A.A.
Турилов (Москва). Дечанский отрывок «Повести о царе
казарине»: к истории византийско-хазарского сюжета на
славянской почве
...............................390
Сведения об авторах
..............................399
Summaries of the
articles.............................
401
Contents
Preface. Were the Khazars unwise? (R. Emanuilov, E. Mirishli)
........9
Introduction. Khazarian myth and Khazarian history
(
V. Petrukhin)
. . . . 13
Part
1
Problems of Khazarian history
T.M. Kalinina. The Three Stages of Existence and Fall of the Khazar
Khaganate
....................................25
A.K.
АШеегтх
The Early Khazars (before
652/3
AD), Turks and Khazar
Khaganate
....................................42
I.G. Semymou On the Reconstruction of the Military, Political and
Ethnic Structure of the Early Khazar Khaganate
............. .66
B.E. Rashkovskiy. Khazaria and the Khazars in the biblical commentar¬
ies of Saadiah Gaon
(882-842).........................77
A. Yu. Vinogradw, A. V.
Komar.
A Construction Inscription of a Khagan
and Tudun from the Mountainous Crimea. Republicato
et
Reconsideration
.................................90
Part
2
Problems of Khazarian archaeology
V.S. Flyonw. Towns , Castles , Feudalism in the Khazar Khaganate.
The Problems of Studies
...........................113
V. V. Koloda. The Task at Hand in the Problem of the Research of
Saltovo-Mayats archeological culture and Khazarian study
.......137
L.I. Krasilnikova, K.I. Krasilnikou The Identifying Signs of the
Population of the Steppe Lands of the Donets River Area
in the Structure of the Khazar Khaganate
.................153
A. L Vinníkov.
The Don Slavs and the Alan-Bolgar World: a Peaceful
Coexistence or Confrontation
........................189
V.N. Zin
Ъв.
The Eastern Crimea in the Epoch of the Khazar Khaganate
. 217
A.A.
Ivanou
The Krymskoje Archaeological Complex. (The
Explorations ofthe Expeditions of
2006-2009)..............249
Part
з
Judaizm
in Khazaria
Ed-E. Kravtshenko, V.K. KulbakaĄ
About the container s discovery with
graffiti in Mariupol
..............................275
S.V.
Kashaev, N.V. Kashovskaya. The Followers of Judaism on the Shores
of the Bosporus (According to the Materials of Archaeological
Explorations)
..................................283
Part
4
Khazarian heritage:
Khazarian language and Khazarian «myth»
Mikhail Kizilou Toponym Khazaria in Late Medieval and Early
Modern Sources
................................307
V.A. Shnirelman. Khazaria in the Mirror of the Nationalist Discourse:
the Roots of the Symbolic Confrontation
.................316
Larisa Fialková.
The Khazarian Code in Contemporary Russian Prose
.333
Alexander
Beider.
Language, Given Names and Surnames of the Jews
from Eastern Europe: Can We Discern the Traces of Khazars?
.....350
O.A.
Mudrak.
Early Khazars through etymology
................374
A.A.
Turilov. Dechan excerpt of The King Kazarin tale : to the history
of the Byzantine-Khazarian plot in the Slavonic tradition (publication)
390
Summaries
.....................................401
SUMMARIES OF THE ARTICLES
T.M. Kalinina. The Three Stages of Existence and Fall of the Khazar Khaganate.
American historian T. Barfield, analyzing the relationship between nomadic empires
and China in the Middle Ages, led the thesis of well-known researcher of nomadic soci¬
eties O. Lattimor, which described the cycle of power of nomads, according to which,
he believed, the duration of the nomadic existence of the state amounted to only three or
four generations, and he referred to the example of Xiongnu. At the first stage of the new
state it included only the nomads, at the second stage the nomads established a state of a
mixed type, collecting tribute from their settled subjects. The State of the mixed type of
transition in the third stage, where the garrison troops, consisting of people referred to the
Settlement of nomads, in the end receive the lion s share of revenue from its less civilized
tribesmen who remained in the steppe. Such conditions create the fourth and last stage at
which the fall of the State is going . T. Barfield did not agree with the above opinion of
O. Lattimor, bringing his arguments.
However, we can try to apply the scheme of O. Lattimor to the history of Khazaria.
It calls for a review of three cycles of the existence of the State of Khazars: the first was
the stage of nomadic conquest of its neighbors, the second- stage of a nomadic state of
a mixed type, which levied tribute from their settled subjects, the third stage
-
taxing by
the central government and the military contingent of people referred to the residency and
follow left in the steppe nomads. These circumstances created the conditions for the last
stage at which the tip of the society whose wealth, but its becoming the face, accompanied
by poverty of the surrounding population, leading to the collapse of the state and a return
to nomadism, especially in remote and isolated groups of nomads. In the case of Khazaria
the last stage
-
the decline of the state
-
becomes particularly evident in connection with
the adoption of Judaism as the state religion and the separation of the ruling class of both
the nomadic and settled population. The basis of the study will be the news of the Khazars
from Arab-Persian writers of the X-XII cent. Ibn
Ruste, Ibn
Fadlan, al-Masoudi, al-Is-
tahri, Ibn Haukal, Gardizi, al-Marvaziy, as well as Jewish sources of the X century: The
Jewish-Khazar Correspondence, letter of Joseph King, and some other written records.
Based on analysis of written sources the author concluded that the proposed
O. Lattimor scheme can work to a certain extent on the history of the State of Khazars,
although with reservations. The second and third stages, it seems, not too different from
each other, or do not have enough written sources for more accurate analysis. Perhaps, the
involvement of a generalized archaeological material, which does not yet exist (although
there are many different studies of the different areas of Khaganate), will be able to more
accurately identify the periods of Khazaria.
A.K. Alikberov. The Early Khazars (before
652/3
AD), Turks and Khazar Khaganate.
The article based on Arabic, Persian and local Caucasian sources, as well as upon
recent archaeological, ethnographical and linguistic data presents the problem of the ori¬
gin of the Khazars themselves and the polemical account of their conversion to Judaism.
The author distinguishes between two stages in Khazar history
-
the period of the Early
402
Summaries of the articles
(or Caucasian) Khazars (until
652/3
AD) and the period of Great (or Turcut) Khazars. Ibn
Miskawayh mentioned four groups of Caucasian Khazars from the Land of the
Hunnes
(Hunzan), through to the period of the Turcut conquests, until the first Arab expeditions.
The author presents the interaction between Iranians, Jews,
Hunnes (Savirs)
and the
local tribes of Caucasian origin from Tawyaq in the northern frontiers of Iran; the role of
the Sars (Persian saran, Jewish sarim) of
Darband
and Tabarsaran; the alliance of the
Turcuts with the
Hunnes
in
652/3
AD, a clearer definition between the diverse groups of
ethnic descendants of the Khazars, including Caucasian Jews, Jews from Byzantium and
Spain, and different Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples.
I.G. Semyonov. On the Reconstruction of the Military, Political and Ethnic Structure of
the Early Khazar Khaganate.
In the author s opinion, the most acceptable hypothesis concerning the circumstanc¬
es of formation of the Khazar Khaganate belongs to M.I. Artamonov. He supposed that
this state had been formed about the year
651
by an overthrown Western-Turkic khagan
who had fled to the North-Western Caspian area. At the same time part of Western Turks
from the confederation of Nushibi had settled there too. It is confirmed by the information
of Sebeos about the participation of Western Turks in the rout of an Arab army in
653.
According to Arab sources this event took place near Balandjar. However, the main sup¬
porters of the first Khazar khagans were the Khazars. In the author s opinion, they had a
special ruler of their own, who had the title of elteber, and was a vassal of the Khagan.
B.E. Rashkovskiy. Khazaria and the Khazars in the biblical commentaries of Saadiah
Gaon
(882-842).
The matter discussed in this article is an image of the Khazar state in medieval
Jewish exegetical literature, dealing with the fragments extracted from the biblical com¬
mentaries of Saadiah Gaon al-Fayumi
(882-942)
as an example. Two quotations on
Khazars are published in Russian translation from original Judeo-Arabic Ms. Evr-Arab I.
№ 129
of Abraham Firkovitch Second Collection. Two other texts, published in this ar¬
ticle (the quotation from a rabbinic
Responsa,
attributed to Saadiah, and the interpretation
of the Biblical name Togarma as al-Khazar, attributed to Saadiah by Ibn Khaldun) are
also given in Russian translation. This Sadiah s fragments on Khazars demonstrate an ex¬
istence of wide-spread knowledge about Khazar State and Khazars ethnic
(non-
Jewish)
origin between the audience of Saadiah s commentaries
-
well educated rabbinic Jewry
of X century Iraq. Concluding this article, author supposes that the information of that
kind could come to Jewish communities in West Mediterranean and especially of Muslim
Spain owing to academic contacts between these two Diaspora s centers and studying
of Andalusian Jewish scholars in Babylonian Yeshivas.
A.Yu. Vinogradov, A.V.
Komar.
A Construction Inscription of a Khagan and Tudun
from the Mountainous Crimea. Republicatio
et
Reconsiderarlo.
The article is devoted to the
republication
and expanded analysis of the lost Greek
inscription from the Mountainous Crimea on the construction of a temple in the time
of a Khazar khagan and tudun (governor-general). The monument, to all appearances,
came from
Mangup.
If
Mangup
is identical to
Doros
-
the centre of Crimean Gothea, this
inscription should be considered in the context of the Khazars with the local population
and the Church after the suppression of the uprising of Ioanne the Gothic in the 2nd half
of the 780s.
Summaries of the articles
403
V.S. Flyorov. Towns , Castles , Feudalism in the Khazar Khaganate. The Problems
of Studies.
The author has set the goal to find out whether there were towns, castles in the
Khazar Khaganate, and also on what stage of social and economic development this state
was. The article contains some observations and conclusions.
1)
The author suggests reconsidering the correctness of translations from written
sources of the terms for defining big settlements of the Khaganate by the Russian world
gorod
[город
-
town].
2) S.A.
Pletnyova s conception from nomads camps to towns
is examined in a critical way. The author casts doubt on the fact of the primordial spread¬
ing of nomadism over the whole territory of the Khaganate.
3)
The author does not find
any signs of town (house types, street planning, etc) at the sites of the Saltovo-Mayats
culture.
4)
It is impossible to speak about Itil s social and economic structure if it is re¬
flected in the architecture and planning before large-scale excavations. Whether the site of
Samosdelka is Itil is not established yet.
5)
The Crimean towns (Kerch, Sudak) and those
of the
Taman
peninsula (Fanagoria, Tamatarkha) were not Khazar ones. They were not
within the Khaganate. The existence of a Crimean variant of the Saltovo-Mayats culture
is denied.
6)
The stone and brick fortresses of the Khaganate are not feudal castles like
those of Western Europe. The West European term
domen
must not be used for the
Khazar Khagans lands described by Josef, because land relations in the Khaganate are not
known.
6)
Social and economic relations in the Khaganate are studied badly. The archaeo¬
logical signs of feudalism (for examle, the
feudais
houses), contrary to
S.A.
Pletnyova s
opinion, have not been found in the Khaganate.
7)
The author objects to using the term
protogorod Vprototown for a number of the Khaganate sites, since originally it had a dif¬
ferent meaning in historical and archaeological historiography. The most ancient towns of
the East (Mesopotamia, India) were called so.
V.V. Koloda. The Task at Hand in the Problem of the Research of Saltovo-Mayats archeo-
logical culture and Khazarian study.
The Khazar Khaganate is an early feudal state that managed to unite numerous tribes
and peoples of the South of Eastern Europe under the domination of Khazar Khaganate
from the kin of Ashina. The embodiment of high material and diverse spiritual culture of
the Khazarian peoples is considered to be the antiquities of the Saltov-Mayats archeologi-
cal culture. Kharkov was one of the centers of its study during the whole XX century. At
the end of the last century, thanks to the activity of V.K. Miheev, a school of Khazarian
studies was founded that has been functioning till nowadays. Active studies of the Saltov
culture and the problems of Khazarian state s history have been carried out on the terri¬
tory of the Kharkov region (Ukraine) during the last
20-25
years. It is born out by the
field study scale and a great number of publications. At this moment, the necessity of
creating a single informational basis for the further study of Khazar Khaganate s history
and culture exists. Such a basis can be a single many-volumed list of the Saltovo-Mayats
sites. This list would include appropriate Russian and Ukrainian regions. We are calling to
all scientists
-
researchers, publishers and businessmen
-
supporters for the collaboration
for the benefit of science and the conservation of the ancient culture of Khazaria.
L.I. Krasilnikova,
KJ. Krasilnikov.
The Identifying Signs of the Population of the
Steppe Lands of the Donets River Area in the Structure of the Khazar Khaganate.
Burial grounds made as pits with the use of wood stand out among the burial com¬
plexes of the pre-Bolgars of Steppe Donets area. The percentage of such graves is up to
404
Summaries of the articles
35%
or about
75
of the
250
ones studied by us. The specific character of the use of wood
appears both as traditional blocks and as the constructions of boards in the shape of fac¬
ing boards, boxes, coffin frames, coffin blocks. The use of wood can be observed only in
connection with the graves made in the loamy soil.
We distinguish five methods of forming burial pits with the use of wood: the first
method
-
blocks laid in a perpendicular way
(29%),
the second one
-
block-boards laid
over the pit along its length
(8%),
the third one
-
blocks with the help of which the wall
of the pits are framed
(7%),
the fourth one
-
the boards frame the pit along the perimeter
thereby creating a frame in the shape of a coffin (up to
10%).
The top of the box is some¬
times covered with boards; the fifth method
-
burials in coffin blocks made of massive
logs
(1.5%).
The logs were covered with blocks or board covers.
The ratio of graves of pagan pre-Bolgars of two up to
78%
used wood for graves is
not equal at burial grounds as unequal is its use in the graves with other religious signs.
One should note a considerable, up to
50%,
number of graves with burials according to
Moslem rites.
The revealed systems show two kinds of rituals that had developed in a system of the
ethnic and religious symbiosis of the population that was in the steppe area on the right
side of the Don in the structure of Saltovo-Mayats culture, but the main ethnic sign here
was still the pre-Bulgar one.
A.Z.
Vinníkov.
The Don Slavs and the Alan-Bolgar World: a Peaceful Coexistence or
Confrontation.
The author of the article considers the interaction and contacts of the Eastern
Slavs and the Alan-Bolgar population of the north-western border lands of the Khazar
Khaganate. He notes that the works by
S.A.
Pletnyova, D.T. Berezovets, I.I. Lyapushkin
and other researchers of the 60-70-s of the XXth century revealed the main directions of
the mutual relations between these two settled ethnic formations. The author emphasizes
the role and importance of archaeological material for throwing light on these problems.
Some scientists views are criticized in the article; of those who attempt to define
these relations only from the point of view of the dependence and subjugation of the Slavs
on and to the Alan-Bolgars, the establishing of control over the formed by the Khazar
Khaganate. On the basis of excarations of Slavic monuments of Borshev type in the Don
basin and of a number of settlements of the Saltovo-Mayats culture it was made possible
to determine the diverse forms of the interaction between the Slavs and their southern
neighbours. At the same time it is emphasized in the article that one must not exaggerate
the degree of influence of the Alan and Bolgars on the Don Slavs, especially in ceram¬
ics production, in which they had preserved their traditional methods of making ceramic
artefacts till the end of their being in the basin of the Don.
V.N. Zin ko. The Eastern Crimea in the Epoch of the Khazar Khaganate.
In the Vlllth century several hundreds of settlements and burial grounds left by the
coming population that had migrated from the territory of the Khazar Khaganate appeared
on the Crimean peninsula. The majority of researchers are unanimous concerning the time
of their appearance and ethnic belonging, but the causes of the influx of a new population
have till now remained a subject of discussion.
Depending on the landscape conditions all the settlements of the Saltovo-Mayats
culture on the Kerch peninsula can be divided into two groups. In the steppe regions that
were far from the sea they occupied the valleys of the steppe rivers, the southern gentle
Summaries of the articles
405
slopes of the hills and heights. Settlements gravitating towards the sea coast usually lay
in convenient bays on gentle sea terraces and capes. Originally dugouts were made and
half-dugouts, later single-chamber constructions were erected, but in the IXth century
double-chamber houses, the so-called five-walled ones appeared. They were built as
separate dwellings or within estates with fenced, partly paved yards, household pits and
other auxiliary structures.
As the most important branch of economy the inhabitants of the settlements of the
Eastern Crimea had agriculture, of which the evidence are the numerous finds of rotary
millstones and mortars. Among the crops most probably sorts of wheat, barley, rye; their
seeds were found at the settlement of Geroevka-S.
Not a single settlement has been found on the Kerch peninsula till now that can be
dated to the second half of the X-XIII centuries. But from the second half of the Xth
century the steppes of the Eastern Crimea fell under the power of the Pechenegs, and
then the Polovtsy. A settled population appeared here only in the end of the Xlll-XIVth
centuries.
A.A.
Ivanov.
The Krymskoje Archaeological Complex. (The Explorations of the
Expeditions of
2006-2009).
The article is devoted to the publication of the results of excavations of the Krymskoje
archaeological complex in
2006-2009.
It is one of the most important monuments of Saltovo culture of the Lower Don,
consisting of two ancient settlements, burial ground and four unfortified settlements. The
monument is located in the Lower
Severskí
Donets not far from the modern Krymskoje
homestead.
In
2006-2009
the expedition of the Teachers Training Institute of the Southern
Federal University studied one of the ancient settlements of the Krymskoje complex
-
the
Second Krymskoje settlement. This article describes the objects which were studied in
the process of the excavations. Remains of yurta-like housing, service pits and a hearth
were found here in
2006-2009.
This article gives characteristic of the findings as well,
it describes the ceramic complex of the settlement that includes fragments of ampho¬
rae, curved, moulded, honed ceramics. In addition, the article describes individual find¬
ings. The materials from the excavations of
2006-2009
allow dating the monument to the
IX century beforehand and suggest the
artisanal
and settled nature of the settlement.
Ed.E. Kravtshenko, V.K. Kulbaka. About the container s discovery with graffiti in
Mariupol.
During building work in
1989
in the town of Mariupol (Ukraine, Donetsk region) a
burial mound of Khazar time was destroyed. Two Arabic
dirhams
(used as pendants), frag¬
ments of a mirror, chain and ceramic container of the potter s quality have remained from
its stock. Two images (a cross and a figure of a complex form) were drawn on its side before
baking, which carried protecting function. The figure, which is near to the cross, resembles a
holy Judaic symbol
-
the menorah. The potter, who made the container, was not a Christian
or a Jew and perceived the holy symbols from the other religions within the frame of his pa¬
gan world outlook. Thereby, the container with scenes from Mariupol is the evidence of the
processes connected with monotheistic belief in Khazar. The main object of the preacher s
activity was the city population. The paganism detained on many centuries far from the
central region at small steppe settlings, sometimes emerging in its pure type, but sometimes
gaining fanciful forms, which border on belief in two different religions.
406
Summaries of the articles
S.V.
Kashaev, N.V. Kashovskaya. The Followers of Judaism on the Shores of the
Bosporus (According to the Materials of Archaeological Explorations).
The work is devoted to
a historiographie
review of studies of the appearance of the
first Jewish communities on the territory of the south of Russia. From the time of the be¬
ginning of archaeological work on the both shores of the Bosporus, from the first half of
the XlXth century and to the end of the XXth, more than
200
gravestones with the images
of Judaic symbols had been found: menorah
-
seven candles, trumpet horn
-
shofar, palm
tree branch
-
lulav and sometimes etrog
-
a citrus fruit. The archaeological group of the
Jewish monuments were supplemented by marble and limestone stelae with consecratory
texts, legal acts
-
manumissions. During the last
8
years of work at the archaeological
monument of Vyshesteblievskaya-11
20
whole and fragmented gravestones with Judaic
symbols have been found. Generalizing the collected material important conclusions have
been drawn that such a number coming from one monument makes Vyshesteblievskaya-
11
the third after Fanagoria and Germonasy place of compact habitation of Judaists on the
Asian Bosporus since the ancient times.
Mikhail Kizilov. Toponym Khazaria in Late Medieval and Early Modern Sources.
The article focuses on the late medieval and early modern use of the toponym
Khazaria . According to the author, this place name had been sometimes used also after
the disintegration of Khazarian empire in the late tenth century. In late medieval and
early modern times this toponym had been used by the Byzantinians, Genoese and Jews
to designate the Crimean peninsula, or, wider, the Crimea and other parts of the Golden
Horde. The article dedicates special attention to the analysis of the seventeenth-century
geographic treatise written by rav Gershon ben Eliezer of Prague.
V.A. Shnirelman. Khazaria in the Mirror of the Nationalist Discourse: the Roots of the
Symbolic Confrontation.
The article focuses on the social and political role of the Khazar myth in the Russian
society of the late 19th and very early 20th centuries. The author argues that several
different versions of the Khazar history developed by both professional historians and
amateur authors aimed at different goals and met demands of various ethnic and social
communities such as the Cossacks, Jews, Karaites, let alone Russian nationalists. They
have made up a basis for the Khazar discourse among the contemporary Russian national¬
ists and racists.
Larisa Fialková.
The Khazarian Code in Contemporary Russian Prose.
This paper investigates the Khazar theme in the prose of three contemporary Russian
writers, of Jewish or partially Jewish origin, each of whom made an important choice
related to it. Dennis Sobolev and
Oleg
Jurjew emigrated in
1991,
the former to Israel and
the latter to Germany, while the third, Dmitrii Bykov, an Orthodox Christian, remained
in Russia. All the three rely, at least partially, on Arthur Koestler s notion of the Khazars
as the ancestors of East European Jewry. While Soviet literature regularly attacked the
Khazar state from an overtly anti-Semitic standpoint as the evil other, the writers under
discussion reflect on it, positively (Sobolev and Jurjew) or negatively (Bykov), but always
as a part of the self-identification process. Importantly, the various kinds of Jews (kikes,
Khazars) in the prose of all these authors do not recognize each other. The libraries or
archives are discredited in the plots of all the novels, signifying a skeptical attitude to his¬
torical truth in general and that of the Khazars in particular. In Jurjew s and Bykov s
nov-
Summaries of the articles
407
els the idea of the Messiah is associated with a child (children) of mixed origin, whether
living in America or in Russia. Sobolev s novel lacks a Messiah altogether. This renewed
interest in the Khazars signifies the all three authors crises in their understanding of
Jewry; Israel is not perceived as the Promised Land by any of them.
Alexander
Beider.
Language, Given Names and Surnames of the Jews from Eastern
Europe: Can We Discern the Traces of Khazars?
The paper considers linguistic and
onomastic
data that could potentially link modern
Ashkenazic Jews to their coreligionists from medieval Khazaria. It presents the general
methodological principles that allow distinguishing various substrata in the vernacular
language of the Jews from Eastern Europe, in their given names and surnames. It appears
that only a few Yiddish words (but not a single name) are likely to be related to Khazars.
Slavic-speaking Jewish communities
-
that dwelled on the territory of modern Ukraine
and Belarus, most likely until the 16th century
-
represent the only plausible channel
through which the Khazarian legacy may have been transmitted to modern Jews. In the
Slavic component of Yiddish, it is impossible to tell words inherited from these commu¬
nities from those borrowed from the East Slavs during the last centuries. Yet, a number
of given names typical of these communities have survived in the corpus of traditional
Yiddish names.
O.A.
Mudrak.
Early Khazars through etymology.
The historical reconstruction of the early Khazar State is based on documents con¬
taining names of tribes and geographical names. Some of them can be etimologized.
Author shows that the main lexemes associated with the Early Khazars have the sourc¬
es from the Northern
Daghestan
and Chechnia. They have etymology in Avar-Andian,
Cezian,
Laki
and Nakh linguistic groups. So it shows the big influence of such tribes in
the organisation of the early Kahazar State.
A.A.
Turilov. Dechan excerpt of The King Kazarin tale : to the history of the Byzantine-
Khazarian plot in the Slavonic tradition.
SUMMARIES OF THE ARTICLES
T.M. Kalinina. The Three Stages of Existence and Fall of the Khazar Khaganate.
American historian T. Barfield, analyzing the relationship between nomadic empires
and China in the Middle Ages, led the thesis of well-known researcher of nomadic soci¬
eties O. Lattimor, which described the cycle of power of nomads, according to which,
he believed, the duration of the nomadic existence of the state amounted to only three or
four generations, and he referred to the example of Xiongnu. At the first stage of the new
state it included only the nomads, at the second stage the nomads established a state of a
mixed type, collecting tribute from their settled subjects. The State of the mixed type of
transition in the third stage, where the garrison troops, consisting of people referred to the
Settlement of nomads, in the end receive the lion s share of revenue from its less civilized
tribesmen who remained in the steppe. Such conditions create the fourth and last stage at
which the fall of the State is going . T. Barfield did not agree with the above opinion of
O. Lattimor, bringing his arguments.
However, we can try to apply the scheme of O. Lattimor to the history of Khazaria.
It calls for a review of three cycles of the existence of the State of Khazars: the first was
the stage of nomadic conquest of its neighbors, the second
-
stage of a nomadic state of
a mixed type, which levied tribute from their settled subjects, the third stage
-
taxing by
the central government and the military contingent of people referred to the residency and
follow left in the steppe nomads. These circumstances created the conditions for the last
stage at which the tip of the society whose wealth, but its becoming the face, accompanied
by poverty of the surrounding population, leading to the collapse of the state and a return
to nomadism, especially in remote and isolated groups of nomads. In the case of Khazaria
the last stage
-
the decline of the state
—
becomes particularly evident in connection with
the adoption of Judaism as the state religion and the separation of the ruling class of both
the nomadic and settled population. The basis of the study will be the news of the Khazars
from Arab-Persian writers of the X-XII cent. Ibn
Ruste, Ibn
Fadlan, al-Masoudi, al-Is-
tahri, Ibn Haukal, Gardizi, al-Marvaziy, as well as Jewish sources of the X century: The
Jewish-Khazar Correspondence, letter of Joseph King, and some other written records.
Based on analysis of written sources the author concluded that the proposed
O. Lattimor scheme can work to a certain extent on the history of the State of Khazars,
although with reservations. The second and third stages, it seems, not too different from
each other, or do not have enough written sources for more accurate analysis. Perhaps, the
involvement of a generalized archaeological material, which does not yet exist (although
there are many different studies of the different areas of Khaganate), will be able to more
accurately identify the periods of Khazaria.
A.K. Alikberov. The Early Khazars (before
652/3
AD), Turks and Khazar Khaganate.
The article based on Arabic, Persian and local Caucasian sources, as well as upon
recent archaeological, ethnographical and linguistic data presents the problem of the ori¬
gin of the Khazars themselves and the polemical account of their conversion to Judaism.
The author distinguishes between two stages in Khazar history
-
the period of the Early
402
Summaries of the articles
(or Caucasian) Khazars (until
652/3
AD) and the period of Great (or Turcut) Khazars. Ibn
Miskawayh mentioned four groups of Caucasian Khazars from the Land of the
Hunnes
(Hunzan), through to the period of the Turcut conquests, until the first Arab expeditions.
The author presents the interaction between Iranians, Jews,
Hunnes (Savirs)
and the
local tribes of Caucasian origin from Tawyaq in the northern frontiers of Iran; the role of
the Sars (Persian saran, Jewish sarim) of
Darband
and Tabarsaran; the alliance of the
Turcuts with the
Hunnes
in
652/3
AD, a clearer definition between the diverse groups of
ethnic descendants of the Khazars, including Caucasian Jews, Jews from Byzantium and
Spain, and different Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples.
I.G. Semyonov. On the Reconstruction of the Military, Political and Ethnic Structure of
the Early Khazar Khaganate.
In the author s opinion, the most acceptable hypothesis concerning the circumstanc¬
es of formation of the Khazar Khaganate belongs to M.I. Artamonov. He supposed that
this state had been formed about the year
651
by an overthrown Western-Turkic khagan
who had fled to the North-Western Caspian area. At the same time part of Western Turks
from the confederation of Nushibi had settled there too. It is confirmed by the information
of Sebeos about the participation of Western Turks in the rout of an Arab army in
653.
According to Arab sources this event took place near Balandjar. However, the main sup¬
porters of the first Khazar khagans were the Khazars. In the author s opinion, they had a
special ruler of their own, who had the title of elteber, and was a vassal of the Khagan.
B.E. Rashkovskiy. Khazaria and the Khazars in the biblical commentaries of Saadiah
Gaon
(882-842).
The matter discussed in this article is an image of the Khazar state in medieval
Jewish exegetical literature, dealing with the fragments extracted from the biblical com¬
mentaries of Saadiah Gaon al-Fayumi
(882-942)
as an example. Two quotations on
Khazars are published in Russian translation from original
Judeo-
Arabic Ms. Evr-Arab I.
№ 129
of Abraham Firkovitch Second Collection. Two other texts, published in this ar¬
ticle (the quotation from a rabbinic
Responsa,
attributed to Saadiah, and the interpretation
of the Biblical name Togarma as al-Khazar, attributed to Saadiah by Ibn Khaldun) are
also given in Russian translation. This Sadiah s fragments on Khazars demonstrate an ex¬
istence of wide-spread knowledge about Khazar State and Khazars ethnic
(non-
Jewish)
origin between the audience of Saadiah s commentaries
-
well educated rabbinic Jewry
of X century Iraq. Concluding this article, author supposes that the information of that
kind could come to Jewish communities in West Mediterranean and especially of Muslim
Spain owing to academic contacts between these two Diaspora s centers and studying
of Andalusian Jewish scholars in Babylonian Yeshivas.
A.Yu. Vinogradov, A.V.
Komar.
A Construction Inscription of a Khagan and Tudun
from the Mountainous Crimea. Republicatio
et Reconsideratio.
The article is devoted to the
republication
and expanded analysis of the lost Greek
inscription from the Mountainous Crimea on the construction of a temple in the time
of a Khazar khagan and tudun (governor-general). The monument, to all appearances,
came from
Mangup.
If
Mangup
is identical to
Doros
-
the centre of Crimean Gothea, this
inscription should be considered in the context of the Khazars with the local population
and the Church after the suppression of the uprising of Ioanne the Gothic in the 2nd half
of the 780s.
Summaries of the articles
403
V.S. Flyorov. Towns , Castles , Feudalism in the Khazar Khaganate. The Problems
of Studies.
The author has set the goal to find out whether there were towns, castles in the
Khazar Khaganate, and also on what stage of social and economic development this state
was. The article contains some observations and conclusions.
1)
The author suggests reconsidering the correctness of translations from written
sources of the terms for defining big settlements of the Khaganate by the Russian world
gorod
[город
-
town].
2) S.A.
Pletnyova s conception from nomads camps to towns
is examined in a critical way. The author casts doubt on the fact of the primordial spread¬
ing of nomadism over the whole territory of the Khaganate.
3)
The author does not find
any signs of town (house types, street planning, etc) at the sites of the Saltovo-Mayats
culture.
4)
It is impossible to speak about Itil s social and economic structure
ifit
is re¬
flected in the architecture and planning before large-scale excavations. Whether the site of
Samosdelka is Ml is not established yet.
5)
The Crimean towns (Kerch, Sudak) and those
of the
Taman
peninsula (Fanagoria, Tamatarkha) were not Khazar ones. They were not
within the Khaganate. The existence of a Crimean variant of the Saltovo-Mayats culture
is denied.
6)
The stone and brick fortresses of the Khaganate are not feudal castles like
those of Western Europe. The West European term
domen
must not be used for the
Khazar Khagans lands described by Josef, because land relations in the Khaganate are not
known.
6)
Social and economic relations in the Khaganate are studied badly. The archaeo¬
logical signs of feudalism (for examle, the
feudais
houses), contrary to
S.A.
Pletnyova s
opinion, have not been found in the Khaganate.
7)
The author objects to using the term
protogorod Vprototown for a number of the Khaganate sites, since originally it had a dif¬
ferent meaning in historical and archaeological historiography. The most ancient towns of
the East (Mesopotamia, India) were called so.
V.V. Koloda. The Task at Hand in the Problem of the Research of Saltovo-Mayats archeo-
logical culture and Khazarian study.
The Khazar Khaganate is an early feudal state that managed to unite numerous tribes
and peoples of the South of Eastern Europe under the domination of Khazar Khaganate
from the kin of Ashina. The embodiment of high material and diverse spiritual culture of
the Khazarian peoples is considered to be the antiquities of the Saltov-Mayats archeologi-
cal culture. Kharkov was one of the centers of its study during the whole XX century. At
the end of the last century, thanks to the activity of V.K. Miheev, a school of Khazarian
studies was founded that has been functioning till nowadays. Active studies of the Saltov
culture and the problems of Khazarian state s history have been carried out on the terri¬
tory of the Kharkov region (Ukraine) during the last
20-25
years. It is born out by the
field study scale and a great number of publications. At this moment, the necessity of
creating a single informational basis for the further study of Khazar Khaganate s history
and culture exists. Such a basis can be a single many-volumed list of the Saltovo-Mayats
sites. This list would include appropriate Russian and Ukrainian regions. We are calling to
all scientists
-
researchers, publishers and businessmen
-
supporters for the collaboration
for the benefit of science and the conservation of the ancient culture of Khazaria.
L.I. Krasilnikova, K.I. Krasilnikov. The Identifying Signs of the Population of the
Steppe Lands of the Donets River Area in the Structure of the Khazar Khaganate.
Burial grounds made as pits with the use of wood stand out among the burial com¬
plexes of the pre-Bolgars of Steppe Donets area. The percentage of such graves is up to
404
Summaries of the articles
35%
or about
75
of the
250
ones studied by us. The specific character of the use of wood
appears both as traditional blocks and as the constructions of boards in the shape of fac¬
ing boards, boxes, coffin frames, coffin blocks. The use of wood can be observed only in
connection with the graves made in the loamy soil.
We distinguish five methods of forming burial pits with the use of wood: the first
method
-
blocks laid in a perpendicular way
(29%),
the second one
-
block-boards laid
over the pit along its length
(8%),
the third one
-
blocks with the help of which the wall
of the pits are framed
(7%),
the fourth one
-
the boards frame the pit along the perimeter
thereby creating a frame in the shape of a coffin (up to
10%).
The top of the box is some¬
times covered with boards; the fifth method
-
burials in coffin blocks made of massive
logs
(1.5%).
The logs were covered with blocks or board covers.
The ratio of graves of pagan pre-Bolgars of two up to
78%
used wood for graves is
not equal at burial grounds as unequal is its use in the graves with other religious signs.
One should note a considerable, up to
50%,
number of graves with burials according to
Moslem rites.
The revealed systems show two kinds of rituals that had developed in a system of the
ethnic and religious symbiosis of the population that was in the steppe area on the right
side of the Don in the structure of Saltovo-Mayats culture, but the main ethnic sign here
was still the pre-Bulgar one.
A.Z.
Vinníkov.
The Don Slavs and the Alan-Bolgar World: a Peaceful Coexistence or
Confrontation.
The author of the article considers the interaction and contacts of the Eastern
Slavs and the Alan-Bolgar population of the north-western border lands of the Khazar
Khaganate. He notes that the works by
S.A.
Pletnyova, D.T. Berezovets, I.I. Lyapushkin
and other researchers of the 60-70-s of the XXth century revealed the main directions of
the mutual relations between these two settled ethnic formations. The author emphasizes
the role and importance of archaeological material for throwing light on these problems.
Some scientists views are criticized in the article; of those who attempt to define
these relations only from the point of view of the dependence and subjugation of the Slavs
on and to the Alan-Bolgars, the establishing of control over the formed by the Khazar
Khaganate. On the basis of excarations of Slavic monuments of Borshev type in the Don
basin and of a number of settlements of the Saltovo-Mayats culture it was made possible
to determine the diverse forms of the interaction between the Slavs and their southern
neighbours. At the same time it is emphasized in the article that one must not exaggerate
the degree of influence of the Alan and Bolgars on the Don Slavs, especially in ceram¬
ics production, in which they had preserved their traditional methods of making ceramic
artefacts till the end of their being in the basin of the Don.
V.N. Zin ko. The Eastern Crimea in the Epoch of the Khazar Khaganate.
In the Vlllth century several hundreds of settlements and burial grounds left by the
coming population that had migrated from the territory of the Khazar Khaganate appeared
on the Crimean peninsula. The majority of researchers are unanimous concerning the time
of their appearance and ethnic belonging, but the causes of the influx of a new population
have till now remained a subject of discussion.
Depending on the landscape conditions all the settlements of the Saltovo-Mayats
culture on the Kerch peninsula can be divided into two groups. In the steppe regions that
were far from the sea they occupied the valleys of the steppe rivers, the southern gentle
Summaries of the articles
405
slopes of the hills and heights. Settlements gravitating towards the sea coast usually lay
in convenient bays on gentle sea terraces and capes. Originally dugouts were made and
half-dugouts, later single-chamber constructions were erected, but in the IXth century
double-chamber houses, the so-called five-walled ones appeared. They were built as
separate dwellings or within estates with fenced, partly paved yards, household pits and
other auxiliary structures.
As the most important branch of economy the inhabitants of the settlements of the
Eastern Crimea had agriculture, of which the evidence are the numerous finds of rotary
millstones and mortars. Among the crops most probably sorts of wheat, barley, rye; their
seeds were found at the settlement of Geroevka-3.
Not a single settlement has been found on the Kerch peninsula till now that can be
dated to the second half of the X-XIII centuries. But from the second half of the Xth
century the steppes of the Eastern Crimea fell under the power of the Pechenegs, and
then the Polovtsy. A settled population appeared here only in the end of the Xlll-XIVth
centuries.
A.A.
Ivanov.
The Krymskoje Archaeological Complex. (The Explorations of the
Expeditions of
2006-2009).
The article is devoted to the publication of the results of excavations of the Krymskoje
archaeological complex in
2006^2009.
It is one of the most important monuments of Saltovo culture of the Lower Don,
consisting of two ancient settlements, burial ground and four unfortified settlements. The
monument is located in the Lower Severski Donets not far from the modern Krymskoje
homestead.
In
2006-2009
the expedition of the Teachers Training Institute of the Southern
Federal University studied one of the ancient settlements of the Krymskoje complex
-
the
Second Krymskoje settlement. This article describes the objects which were studied in
the process of the excavations. Remains of yurta-like housing, service pits and a hearth
were found here in
2006-2009.
This article gives characteristic of the findings as well,
it describes the ceramic complex of the settlement that includes fragments of ampho¬
rae, curved, moulded, honed ceramics. In addition, the article describes individual find¬
ings. The materials from the excavations of
2006-2009
allow dating the monument to the
IX century beforehand and suggest the
artisanal
and settled nature of the settlement.
Ed.E. Kravtshenko, V.K. Kulbaka. About the container s discovery with graffiti in
Mariupol.
During building work in
1989
in the town of Mariupol (Ukraine, Donetsk region) a
burial mound of Khazar time was destroyed. Two Arabic
dirhams
(used as pendants), frag¬
ments of a mirror, chain and ceramic container of the potter s quality have remained from
its stock. Two images (a cross and a figure of a complex form) were drawn on its side before
baking, which carried protecting function. The figure, which is near to the cross, resembles a
holy Judaic symbol
-
the menorah. The potter, who made the container, was not a Christian
or a Jew and perceived the holy symbols from the other religions within the frame of his pa¬
gan world outlook. Thereby, the container with scenes from Mariupol is the evidence of the
processes connected with monotheistic belief in Khazar. The main object of the preacher
s
activity was the city population. The paganism detained on many centuries far from the
central region at small steppe settlings, sometimes emerging in its pure type, but sometimes
gaining fanciful forms, which border on belief in two different religions.
406
Summaries of the articles
S.V.
Kashaev, N.V. Kashovskaya. The Followers of Judaism on the Shores of the
Bosporus (According to the Materials of Archaeological Explorations).
The work is devoted to
a historiographie
review of studies of the appearance of the
first Jewish communities on the territory of the south of Russia. From the time of the be¬
ginning of archaeological work on the both shores of the Bosporus, from the first half of
the XlXth century and to the end of the XXth, more than
200
gravestones with the images
of Judaic symbols had been found: menorah
-
seven candles, trumpet horn
-
shofar, palm
tree branch
-
lulav and sometimes etrog
-
a citrus fruit. The archaeological group of the
Jewish monuments were supplemented by marble and limestone stelae with consecratory
texts, legal acts
-
manumissions. During the last
8
years of work at the archaeological
monument of Vyshesteblievskaya-11
20
whole and fragmented gravestones with Judaic
symbols have been found. Generalizing the collected material important conclusions have
been drawn that such a number coming from one monument makes Vyshesteblievskaya-
11
the third after Fanagoria and Germonasy place of compact habitation of Judaists on the
Asian Bosporus since the ancient times.
Mikhail Kizilov. Toponym Khazaria in Late Medieval and Early Modern Sources.
The article focuses on the late medieval and early modern use of the toponym
Khazaria . According to the author, this place name had been sometimes used also after
the disintegration of Khazarian empire in the late tenth century. In late medieval and
early modern times this toponym had been used by the Byzantinians, Genoese and Jews
to designate the Crimean peninsula, or, wider, the Crimea and other parts of the Golden
Horde. The article dedicates special attention to the analysis of the seventeenth-century
geographic treatise written by rav Gershon ben Eliezer of Prague.
V.A. Shnirelman. Khazaria in the Mirror of the Nationalist Discourse: the Roots of the
Symbolic Confrontation.
The article focuses on the social and political role of the Khazar myth in the Russian
society of the late 19th and very early 20th centuries. The author argues that several
different versions of the Khazar history developed by both professional historians and
amateur authors aimed at different goals and met demands of various ethnic and social
communities such as the Cossacks, Jews, Karaites, let alone Russian nationalists. They
have made up a basis for the Khazar discourse among the contemporary Russian national¬
ists and racists.
Larisa Fialková.
The Khazarian Code in Contemporary Russian Prose.
This paper investigates the Khazar theme in the prose of three contemporary Russian
writers, of Jewish or partially Jewish origin, each of whom made an important choice
related to it. Dennis Sobolev and
Oleg
Jurjew emigrated in
1991,
the former to Israel and
the latter to Germany, while the third, Dmitrii Bykov, an Orthodox Christian, remained
in Russia. All the three rely, at least partially, on Arthur Koestler s notion of the Khazars
as the ancestors of East European Jewry. While Soviet literature regularly attacked the
Khazar state from an overtly anti-Semitic standpoint as the evil other, the writers under
discussion reflect on it, positively (Sobolev and Jurjew) or negatively (Bykov), but always
as a part of the self-identification process. Importantly, the various kinds of Jews (kikes,
Khazars) in the prose of all these authors do not recognize each other. The libraries or
archives are discredited in the plots of all the novels, signifying a skeptical attitude to his¬
torical truth in general and that of the Khazars in particular. In Jurjew s and Bykov s
nov-
Summaries of the articles
407
els the idea of the Messiah is associated with a child (children) of mixed origin, whether
living in America or in Russia. Sobolev s novel lacks a Messiah altogether. This renewed
interest in the Khazars signifies the all three authors crises in their understanding of
Jewry; Israel is not perceived as the Promised Land by any of them.
Alexander
Beider.
Language, Given Names and Surnames of the Jews from Eastern
Europe: Can We Discern the Traces of Khazars?
The paper considers linguistic and
onomastic
data that could potentially link modern
Ashkenazic Jews to their coreligionists from medieval Khazaria. It presents the general
methodological principles that allow distinguishing various substrata in the vernacular
language of the Jews from Eastern Europe, in their given names and surnames. It appears
that only a few Yiddish words (but not a single name) are likely to be related to Khazars.
Slavic-speaking Jewish communities
-
that dwelled on the territory of modern Ukraine
and Belarus, most likely until the 16th century
-
represent the only plausible channel
through which the Khazarian legacy may have been transmitted to modern Jews. In the
Slavic component of Yiddish, it is impossible to tell words inherited from these commu¬
nities from those borrowed from the East Slavs during the last centuries. Yet, a number
of given names typical of these communities have survived in the corpus of traditional
Yiddish names.
O.A.
Mudrak.
Early Khazars through etymology.
The historical reconstruction of the early Khazar State is based on documents con¬
taining names of tribes and geographical names. Some of them can be etimologized.
Author shows that the main lexemes associated with the Early Khazars have the sourc¬
es from the Northern
Daghestan
and Chechnia. They have etymology in Avar-Andian,
Cezian,
Laki
and Nakh linguistic groups. So it shows the big influence of such tribes in
the organisation of the early Kahazar State.
A.A.
Turilov. Dechan excerpt of The King Kazarin tale : to the history of the Byzantine-
Khazarian plot in the Slavonic tradition.
|
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| author2 | Alikberov, Alikber Kalabekovič 1964- |
| author2_role | edt |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)130271454 |
| author_facet | Alikberov, Alikber Kalabekovič 1964- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037332547 |
| classification_rvk | NM 4700 NM 9460 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)729965786 (DE-599)HEB230844154 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV037332547 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:22:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1007674-8 |
| isbn | 9785932733257 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022486421 |
| oclc_num | 729965786 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | 407 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Mosty Kulʹtury [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Chazarskij proekt |
| spelling | Chazary mif i istorija Institut Vostokovedenija RAN ... Red. kollegija A. K. Alikberov ... Khazars Moskva Mosty Kulʹtury [u.a.] 2010 407 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Chazarskij proekt PT: Khazars In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Inhaltsverz. und Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Chasaren (DE-588)4009796-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Chasaren (DE-588)4009796-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Alikberov, Alikber Kalabekovič 1964- (DE-588)130271454 edt Institut vostokovedenija (Moskau) Sonstige (DE-588)1007674-8 oth V:DE-603;B:DE-26 application/pdf http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?23084415_toc.pdf Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022486421&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022486421&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chazary mif i istorija Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Chasaren (DE-588)4009796-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4009796-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Chazary mif i istorija |
| title_alt | Khazars |
| title_auth | Chazary mif i istorija |
| title_exact_search | Chazary mif i istorija |
| title_full | Chazary mif i istorija Institut Vostokovedenija RAN ... Red. kollegija A. K. Alikberov ... |
| title_fullStr | Chazary mif i istorija Institut Vostokovedenija RAN ... Red. kollegija A. K. Alikberov ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chazary mif i istorija Institut Vostokovedenija RAN ... Red. kollegija A. K. Alikberov ... |
| title_short | Chazary |
| title_sort | chazary mif i istorija |
| title_sub | mif i istorija |
| topic | Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Chasaren (DE-588)4009796-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kultur Chasaren Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?23084415_toc.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022486421&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022486421&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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