Uzależnienie czy suwerenność?: odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.]
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Dependency or sovereignty? |
| Beschreibung: | 317 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788375431605 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? |b odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 |c Jacek Tebinka |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
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| 300 | |a 317 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Dependency or sovereignty? | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1956-1961 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Außenpolitik |0 (DE-588)4003846-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145615153659904 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.......................................
7
Rozdział I:
1956 -
rok przełomowy dla dziejów dyplomacji PRL
. 14
Rozdział
II:
W kręgu planu Rapackiego
.................. 44
Rodział III: Problem granicy na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej
i stosunków z RFN w działaniach dyplomacji PRL
....... 59
Rozdział
IV:
Dyplomacja PRL wobec ZSRR i europejskich państw
socjalistycznych
..............................
81
1.
ZSRR
...................................
81
2.
Europejskie kraje socjalistyczne
..................... 96
A. Czechosłowacja
............................. 97
B. NRD
..................................
101
С
Węgry
..................................
105
D. Rumunia
................................
109
E. Bułgaria
.................................
nl
F.Albania
.................................
113
G. Jugosławia
................................
H6
Rozdział
V:
Dyplomacja PRL wobec Europy Zachodniej
.......120
1.
Najważniejsze państwa NATO
......................
122
A. Wielka Brytania
.............................
122
B. Francja
................................. 133
C.Włochy
..................................
I41
2.
Kraje skandynawskie
........................... 146
A. Szwecja
.................................
I46
ß.
Norwegia
................................ 149
С
Dania
.................................. 153
D. Finlandia
................................ 156
3.
Pozostałe kraje neutralne
......................... 158
A. Austria
................................. 158
ß.
Szwajcaria
................................
316
Spis
tresei
4.
Kraje
Beneluksu
..............................162
5.
Pozostałe państwa europejskie
......................165
A. Grecja
..................................165
B. Kraje na Półwyspie Pirenejskim i Republika Irlandii
............167
Rozdział
VI:
Dyplomacja PRL wobec Stanów Zjednoczonych
i Kanady
..................................170
1.
USA
....................................170
2.
Kanada
...................................187
Rozdział
VII:
Bliski i Środkowy Wschód
.................191
1.
Egipt
....................................195
2.
Syria
....................................199
3.
Irak
....................................201
4.
Liban
....................................202
5.
Izrael
....................................203
6.
Iran
....................................208
7.
Turcja
...................................208
Rozdział
VIII:
Dyplomacja PRL wobec krajów Azji, Dalekiego
Wschodu i Pacyfiku
...........................210
1.
Azjatyckie kraje socjalistyczne
......................212
A. Chińska Republika Ludowa
........................212
B. Koreańska Republika Ludowo-Demokratyczna
...............222
C. Demokratyczna Republika Wietnamu
...................226
D. Mongolska Republika Ludowa
......................229
2.
Państwa Azji Południowo-Wschodniej
..................232
A. Laos
...................................232
B. Kambodża
................................235
С
Birma
..................................237
D. Indonezja
................................237
3.
Państwa subkontynentu indyjskiego i Afganistan
............241
A. Indie
...................................241
B. Cejlon
..................................246
С
Pakistan
.................................247
D. Afganistan
................................248
4.
Japonia
...................................251
5.
Australia
..................................254
Rozdział
IX:
Afryka
...............................256
Rozdział
X:
Ameryka Łacińska i Antarktyda
............... 263
1.
Brazylia
.................................. 265
2.
Argentyna
................................. 267
3.
Meksyk
.................................. 268
4.
Kuba
.................................... 269
5.
Bezludny kontynent Antarktyda
..................... 273
Spis
tresei
317
Rozdział
XI:
Dyplomacja PRL w Organizacji Narodów
Zjednoczonych
..............................275
Zakończenie
................................... 282
Bibliografia
.................................... 289
Abstract
...................................... 302
Wykaz skrótów
................................. 305
Indeks osób
.................................... 307
f
Bayerische ]
I
Staatsbibliothek
Dependency or Sovereignty?
The October Thaw in the Diplomacy
of the Polish People s Republic
1956-1961
Abstract
From the perspective of international law, the Polish People s Republic was independ¬
ent state that had not transferred the attributes of its sovereignty to any other country.
In actual fact, however, it was a state-like construct deeply dependent upon the Soviet
Union. It is difficult to find suitable designations to describe its actual status. Such terms
as protectorate, autonomy, occupation, etc. are not entirely consistent with the reality of
the so-called Polish People s Republic.
Poland s international activity as a communist state was especially limited between
1944
and
1955.
The thaw in the relations between the Kremlin and the Western pow¬
ers in
1955
had an impact on the policy of Polish authorities that wanted to gradually
improve their relations both with the powers and other countries of Western Europe. In
October
1956
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was ready to use military force to prevent
Władysław Gomulka
from being elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the
Polish United Workers Party (Polish acronym:
КС
PZPR).
Yet the latter, supported by
a part of the Party apparatus and carried by public support in the first place, opposed
Moscow cleverly enough to prevent the armed intervention of the USSR in Poland.
To Gomulka and a majority of the communist power elite, the dilemma between
dependence and sovereignty did not exist. Poland after the October
1956
was the fulfilment
of communist and national expectations of Gomulka. He thought that the single-party
system with a leading communist party was the best solution, and the command-and-
quota economy would make it possible to win the economic race against capitalist states.
The basic guidelines of the foreign policy of the People s Republic resulted from
decisions made at meetings of communist and workers parties in
1957
and
1960.
The
first rule resulting from the professed ideology was an alliance with the Soviet Union
and socialist countries. Gomulka was aware of the USSR importance as the only world
power recognising, although not formally but actually, the Polish western frontier along
the
Odra
(Oder) and
Nysa Łużycka
(Lausitzer Neisse)
Rivers.
To Poland, an important element of the de-Stalinization process was the adoption at
the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the concept of peaceful
coexistence with capitalist states. Despite of the principle that socialism would ulti¬
mately win in peaceful economic competition, it opened up the way to develop contacts
with Western countries so much needed by Poland eager for technologies, raw materi¬
als and grain. Polish diplomatic action was made easier by a new NATO policy toward
Poland, initiated by the US and Great Britain by the end of
1956
that supported Gomulka
as the exemplary model for the evolution of political system in other satellites. A new
policy of the West towards Poland regarded between
1956
and
1961
as a special case
within the Soviet Bloc made it easier for Polish diplomacy to assist the development of
Polish commerce and acquire modern technologies.
Abstract
303
In his capacity of First Secretary of the
КС
PZPR, Władysław Gomułka
dominated
the Political Bureau, although he was unable to control every aspect of governing of the
state due to the complexity of international relations but also to an increasing number
of states with which Poland maintained diplomatic relations.
In the communist political system in Poland the most important role in the sphere
of ruling was played not by a state institution in the form of Council of Ministers, but
by a party institution in the form of the Political Bureau of the
КС
PZPR.
Apart from
Gomułka,
it consisted of the most important figures shaping Polish foreign policy: Prime
Minister
Józef Cyrankiewicz,
Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki, and President of the State
Council
Aleksander Zawadzki
who performed mainly representative functions.
The Political Bureau had the power to make the most important decisions relating
to employment policy, including the approval of candidates for ambassadors of the Polish
People s Republic. Decisions of the Bureau were not always predictable, which
Gomułka
experienced himself at the beginning of
1960,
when a candidate proposed by the Foreign
Ministry for the ambassador to China lost during his absence.
Apart from important matters, such as making familiar with thesis for important
international talks or with reports on foreign visits by high-level Polish representatives,
the Political Bureau was to decide in petty affairs, as, for instance, whether an individual
journalist could be allowed to accept a scholarship for a visit to capitalist country or how
much money should be given in the form of subsidy to communist parties in capitalist
states. And yet, even the Political Bureau was not the highest instance. Moscow was
constantly consulted on various levels by the Foreign Ministry in Warsaw, from petty
matters to the most important ones.
The accounts by higher functionaries of the
PZPR
reveal a picture of an informal
circle of decision-makers in the sphere of foreign affairs that included, in the first place,
Gomułka,
Cyrankiewicz and Rapacki. It is also worth to notice the people who were
responsible for international matters on behalf of the Secretariat of the
КС
PZPR:
Edward
Ochab,
Zenon
Kliszko and
Jerzy Morawski. Gomułka
had a decisive position in this cir¬
cle. Rapacki, on the other hand, in few years became a well-known figure in the Western
World, mainly due to a plan of nuclear-free zone in Central Eastern Europe that became
his distinguishing mark used in the international arena by Polish diplomacy long after
it had been rejected by NATO.
The October
56
did not bring any major personnel changes in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. In
1956
the Ministry personnel was already hardened after the purges, especially
those from
1949-1951,
and the escape of those who did not wanted to serve the regime.
At the beginning of
1956
the quality of the employees of Polish diplomacy was low.
There was a lack of people knowing international law or speaking foreign languages. The
October, however, changed the methods of Polish diplomacy. There disappeared, at least
partly, overpowering fear, which was to be seen in much freer contacts with western dip¬
lomats, especially compared to the representatives of other countries of the Soviet Bloc.
The
PZPR
membership was a necessary condition (with few exceptions) of a career
in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Periodic meetings of local Party organisations in
Polish foreign posts were an important ceremony in their lives. Loyalty secured privi¬
leges, for although the jobs were not paid the highest salaries, working abroad placed
diplomacy employees in an advantageous situation, not only materially, over a majority
of the Polish people.
After the October of
1956,
the most creative diplomats in the Polish Foreign Ministry
were those who did not descend from the pre-war communist party. In contacts with
Western countries the strength of Polish diplomacy laid mainly in the personalities of
Józef
Winiewicz, and also
Jerzy Michałowski, Stanisław Gajewski, Witold Rodziński,
Bohdan Tomorowicz, Przemysław Ogrodziński
and outstanding lawyer
Manfred
Lachs.
304
Abstract
It is not easy to distinguish areas of autonomy in the operations of Polish diplomacy,
and not because they did not exist, but rather because the principle of Gomulka s policy
was not to admit to the existence of differences between Poland and the Soviet Union
and other states of the Soviet Bloc. Undoubtedly, the question of international recogni¬
tion of the Polish western frontier was for him one of the most important priorities in
foreign policy, especially that despite the publicly announced faith in the alliance with
the Soviet Union, he was distrustful of Khrushchev s attitude to the German problem.
Polish efforts to gain recognition of its frontier along the
Odra
and
Nysa Łużycka
Rivers by the Western Powers did not bring clear declarations of support, except for
General Charles
de
Gaulle, but in this case it was more the result of his personal con¬
viction rather than the influence of Rapacki s subordinates.
However, an incessant presentation of the Polish point of view in Washington, London
and Paris, together with the Berlin crisis, influenced the conviction that in the case of
the unification of Germany it would be difficult to imagine the changes in Polish west¬
ern frontier.
To Polish diplomacy, the relationship with the Soviet Union was regarded as equal,
although Gomulka had no illusions about the Kremlin s dominant role. At the same time,
in talks with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union s leadership Gomulka displayed
firmness that was lacking in his successors. He attached great significance to securing
the supply of raw materials for Poland from the USSR, looking at the same time for a
ready market for uncompetitive products of Polish industry.
Another area when Polish diplomacy played an important part, more trying to promote
Polish export than the struggle for national independence were developing countries.
The geography of Poland s external relations broadened suddenly after
1956
to include
the Near East and Asia, and after
1960 -
Black Africa.
Between
1956
and
1961
the diplomacy of the Polish People s Republic went all
the way from certain independence to the gradual return to the rut of Soviet policy
and development of new forms of dependence, this time not only of bilateral character,
but of multilateral in the form the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance. There was no return, however, to the radically vassal subjugation of Stalin s
time, although the aggravation of the situation between the West and the East in the
summer of
1961
due to the Berlin Crisis further limited the possibilities to search for
the areas of independence, reassuring the Polish authorities that in this sphere they had
achieved all there was to achieve and was favourable to the communist establishment.
Translated by
Grażyna Waluga
|
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| author_facet | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- |
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| era | Geschichte 1956-1961 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1956-1961 |
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| id | DE-604.BV037331070 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:22:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375431605 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022484991 |
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| physical | 317 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)1043878467 aut Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 Jacek Tebinka Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.] 2010 317 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Dependency or sovereignty? Geschichte 1956-1961 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 s Geschichte 1956-1961 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022484991&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022484991&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4012402-2 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 |
| title_auth | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 |
| title_exact_search | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 |
| title_full | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 Jacek Tebinka |
| title_fullStr | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 Jacek Tebinka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 Jacek Tebinka |
| title_short | Uzależnienie czy suwerenność? |
| title_sort | uzaleznienie czy suwerennosc odwilz pazdziernikowa w dyplomacji polskiej rzeczypospolitej ludowej 1956 1961 |
| title_sub | odwilż październikowa w dyplomacji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1956 - 1961 |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Diplomatie Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022484991&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022484991&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tebinkajacek uzaleznienieczysuwerennoscodwilzpazdziernikowawdyplomacjipolskiejrzeczypospolitejludowej19561961 |