Measurement and detection of radiation:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press
2011
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 493 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781420091854 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Measurement and detection of radiation |c Nicholas Tsoulfanidis ; Sheldon Landsberger |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL |b CRC Press |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 493 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145590527852544 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Measurement and detection of radiation
Autor: Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xix
Preface to the Third Edition xxi
Authors xxiii
1 Introduction to Radiation Measurements.............................................1
1.1 What Is Meant by Radiation?.....................................................1
1.2 Statistical Nature of Radiation Emission...........................................1
1.3 The Errors and Accuracy and Precision of Measurements............................2
1.4 Types of Errors.................................................................4
1.5 Nuclear Instrumentation........................................................4
1.5.1 Introduction.............................................................4
1.5.2 The Detector.............................................................5
1.5.3 The Nuclear Instrument Module Concept...................................7
1.5.4 The High Voltage Power Supply............................................7
1.5.5 The Preamplifier.........................................................7
1.5.6 The Amplifier...........................................................9
1.5.7 The Oscilloscope........................................................11
1.5.8 The Discriminator or Single-Channel Analyzer.............................12
1.5.9 TheScaler..............................................................14
1.5.10 The Timer..............................................................14
1.5.11 The Multichannel Analyzer..............................................14
Bibliography.....................................................................15
References.......................................................................15
2 Statistical Errors of Radiation Counting..............................................17
2.1 Introduction..................................................................17
2.2 Definition of Probability........................................................17
2.3 Basic Probability Theorems.....................................................18
2.4 Probability Distributions and Random Variables...................................20
2.5 Location Indexes (Mode, Median, Mean).........................................22
2.6 Dispersion Indexes, Variance, and Standard Deviation..............................24
2.7 Covariance and Correlation.....................................................24
2.8 The Binomial Distribution......................................................26
2.9 The Poisson Distribution.......................................................27
2.10 The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution............................................29
2.10.1 The Standard Normal Distribution........................................32
2.10.2 Importance of the Gaussian Distribution for Radiation Measurements.........34
2.11 The Lorentzian Distribution....................................................34
2.12 The Standard, Probable, and Other Errors........................................36
2.13 The Arithmetic Mean and Its Standard Error.....................................37
vii
CONTENTS
2.14 Confidence Limits............................................................39
2.15 Propagation of Errors.........................................................41
2.15.1 Calculation of the Average and Its Standard Deviation.......................41
2.15.2 Examples of Error Propagation?Uncorrelated Variables.....................42
2.16 Goodness of Data?X2 Criterion?Rejection of Data...............................44
2.17 The Statistical Error of Radiation Measurements..................................47
2.18 The Standard Error of Counting Rates...........................................48
2.18.1 Combining Counting Rates...............................................50
2.19 Methods of Error Reduction....................................................51
2.19.1 The Background Is Constant and There Is No Time Limit
for Its Measurement.....................................................51
2.19.2 There Is a Fixed Time T Available for Counting Both Background
and Gross Counts.......................................................52
2.19.3 Calculation of the Counting Time Necessary to Measure a
Counting Rate with a Predetermined Statistical Error........................53
2.19.4 Relative Importance of Error Components..................................53
2.20 Minimum Detectable Activity..................................................54
2.21 Detector Dead-Time Correction and Measurement of Dead Time....................56
2.22 Loss Free Counting and Zero Dead Time.........................................58
Problems.........................................................................58
Bibliography.....................................................................61
References.......................................................................61
3 Review of Atomic and Nuclear Physics..............................................63
3.1 Introduction..................................................................63
3.2 Elements of Relativistic Kinematics..............................................63
3.3 Atoms........................................................................66
3.4 Nuclei.......................................................................68
3.5 Nuclear Binding Energy........................................................69
3.6 Nuclear Energy Levels.........................................................72
3.7 Energetics of Nuclear Decays....................................................73
3.7.1 Gamma Decay...........................................................73
3.7.2 Alpha Decay............................................................76
3.7.3 Beta Decay..............................................................78
3.7.4 Particles, Antiparticles, and Electron-Positron Arinihilation....................82
3.7.5 Complex Decay Schemes..................................................82
3.8 The Radioactive Decay Law.....................................................82
3.9 Nuclear Reactions.............................................................86
3.9.1 General Remarks.........................................................86
3.9.2 Kinematics of Nuclear Reactions...........................................87
3.10 Fission......................................................................90
Problems......................................................... , ... 93
vm
CONTENTS
Bibliography.....................................................................95
References.......................................................................95
4 Energy Loss and Penetration of Radiation through Matter.............................97
4.1 Introduction..................................................................97
4.2 Mechanisms of Charged Particle Energy Loss.....................................97
4.2.1 Coulomb Interactions.....................................................97
4.2.2 Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation (Bremsstrahlung)......................98
4.3 Stopping Power due to Ionization and Excitation..................................99
4.4 Energy Loss due to Bremsstrahlung Emission....................................103
4.5 Calculation of dE/dx for a Compound or Mixture.................................104
4.6 Range of Charged Particles....................................................105
4.6.1 Range of Heavy Charged Particles (p, d, t, a; 1 , A . 4).......................106
4.6.2 Range of Electrons and Positrons..........................................109
4.6.3 Transmission of Beta Particles.............................................113
4.6.4 Energy Loss after Traversing a Material of Thickness t R....................114
4.7 Stopping Power and Range of Heavy Ions (Z 2, A 4)...........................115
4.7.1 Introduction............................................................115
4.7.2 The dE/dx Calculation...................................................115
4.7.3 Range of Heavy Ions....................................................118
4.8 Interactions of Photons with Matter.............................................119
4.8.1 The Photoelectric Effect..................................................119
4.8.2 Compton Scattering or Compton Effect....................................122
4.8.3 Pair Production.........................................................125
4.8.4 Total Photon Attenuation Coefficient......................................126
4.8.5 Photon Energy Absorption Coefficient.....................................129
4.8.6 Buildup Factors.........................................................129
4.9 Interactions of Neutrons with Matter............................................132
4.9.1 Types of Neutron Interactions............................................132
4.9.2 Neutron Reaction Gross Sections..........................................133
4.9.3 The Neutron Flux.......................................................136
4.9.4 Interaction Rates of Polyenergetic Neutrons................................137
Problems........................................................................138
Bibliography....................................................................140
References......................................................................140
5 Gas-Filled Detectors..............................................................143
5.1 Introduction.................................................................143
5.2 Relationship between High Voltage and Charge Collected.........................144
5.3 Various Types of Gas-Filled Detectors...........................................145
5.4 Ionization Chambers..........................................................147
5.4.1 Pulse Formation in an Ionization Chamber.................................147
5.4.2 Current Ionization Chambers.............................................150
ix
CONTENTS
5.5 Proportional Counters.........................................................152
5.5.1 Gas Multiplication in Proportional Counters................................152
5.5.2 The Pulse Shape of a Proportional Counter.................................155
5.5.3 The Change of Counting Rate with High Voltage?The High-Voltage Plateau ... 156
5.6 Geiger-Müller Counters.......................................................158
5.6.1 Operation of a GM Counter and Quenching of the Discharge.................158
5.6.2 The Pulse Shape and the Dead Time of a GM Counter........................160
5.7 Gas-Flow Detectors...........................................................161
5.7.1 The Long-Range Alpha Detector (LRAD)...................................163
5.7.2 Internal Gas Counting...................................................163
5.8 Rate Meters..................................................................164
5.9 General Comments about Construction of Gas-Filled Detectors.....................165
5.10 Applications of Gas-Filled Detectors...........................................166
Problems........................................................................167
Bibliography....................................................................167
References......................................................................168
6 Scintillation Detectors............................................................171
6.1 Introduction.................................................................171
6.2 Inorganic (Crystal) Scintillators.................................................171
6.2.1 The Mechanism of the Scintillation Process.................................171
6.2.2 Time Dependence of Photon Emission.....................................173
6.2.3 Important Properties of Certain Inorganic Scintillators.......................175
6.2.4 Applications of Inorganic Scintillators.....................................175
6.3 Organic Scintillators..........................................................176
6.3.1 The Mechanism of the Scintillation Process.................................176
6.3.2 Organic Crystal Scintillators..............................................177
6.3.3 Organic Liquid Scintillators..............................................178
6.3.4 Plastic Scintillators......................................................178
6.4 Gaseous Scintillators..........................................................178
6.5 The Relationship between Pulse Height and Energy and Type of Incident Particle.....179
6.5.1 The Response of Inorganic Scintillators....................................179
6.5.2 The Response of Organic Scintillators......................................180
6.6 The Photomultiplier Tube......................................................181
6.6.1 General Description.....................................................181
6.6.2 Electron Multiplication in a Photomultiplier................................183
6.7 Assembly of a Scirttillation Detector and the Role of Light Pipes....................184
6.8 Dead Time of Scintillation Detectors............................................185
6.9 Sources of Background in a Scintillation Detector.................................186
6.10 The Phoswich Detector.......................................................186
Problems........................................................................187
Bibliography....................................................................137
References......................................................................Igg
CONTENTS
7 Semiconductor Detectors.........................................................191
7.1 Introduction.................................................................191
7.2 Electrical Classification of Solids................................................191
7.2.1 Electronic States in Solids?The Fermi Distribution Function..................191
7.2.2 Insulators..............................................................193
7.2.3 Conductors............................................................193
7.3 Semiconductors.............................................................. 194
7.3.1 The Change of the Energy Gap with Temperature...........................196
7.3.2 Conductivity of Semiconductors..........................................197
7.3.3 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Semiconductors?The Role of Impurities...............198
7.4 The p-n Junction.............................................................201
7.4.1 The Formation of a p-n Junction..........................................201
7.4.2 The p-n Junction Operating as a Detector..................................202
7.5 The Different Types of Semiconductor Detectors..................................204
7.5.1 Surface-Barrier Detectors.................................................204
7.5.2 Diffused-Junction Detectors..............................................204
7.5.3 Silicon Lithium-Drifted [Si(Li)] Detectors..................................204
7.5.4 Germanium Lithium-Drifted [Ge(Li)] Detectors.............................208
7.5.5 Germanium (Ge) Detectors...............................................209
7.5.6 CdTe, CdZnTe, and Hgl2 Detectors........................................209
7.6 Radiation Damage to Semiconductor Detectors...................................211
Problems........................................................................211
Bibliography....................................................................212
References......................................................................212
8 Relative and Absolute Measurements...............................................217
8.1 Introduction.................................................................217
8.2 Geometry Effects.............................................................218
8.2.1 The Effect of the Medium between Source and Detector......................218
8.2.2 The Solid Angle?General Definition......................................218
8.2.3 The Solid Angle for a Point Isotropie Source and a Detector with a
Circular Aperture......................................................219
8.2.4 The Solid Angle for a Disk Source Parallel to a Detector with a
Circular Aperture......................................................223
8.2.5 The Solid Angle for a Point Isotropie Source and a Detector with a
Rectangular Aperture...................................................223
8.2.6 The Solid Angle for a Disk Source and a Detector with a Rectangular Aperture.. 224
8.2.7 The Use of the Monte Carlo Method for the Calculation of the Solid Angle......226
8.3 Source Effects................................................................226
8.3.1 Source Self-Absorption Factor (£).........................................226
8.3.2 Source Backscattering Factor (fb)...........................................228
8.4 Detector Effects...............................................................230
xi
CONTENTS
8.4.1 Scattering and Absorption due to the Window of the Detector.................230
8.4.2 Detector Efficiency (e)...................................................231
8.4.3 Determination of Detector Efficiency......................................232
8.5 Relationship between Counting Rate and Source Strength..........................234
8.6 Reference Materials for Relative and Absolute Measurements......................235
Problems........................................................................236
References......................................................................238
9 Introduction to Spectroscopy......................................................239
9.1 Introduction.................................................................239
9.2 Definition of Energy Spectra...................................................239
9.3 Measurement of an Integral Spectrum with a Single-Channel Analyzer..............241
9.4 Measurement of a Differential Spectrum with a Single-Channel Analyzer............241
9.5 The Relationship between Pulse-Height Distribution and Energy Spectrum..........241
9.6 Energy Resolution of a Detection System........................................243
9.6.1 The Effect of Statistical Fluctuations: The Fano Factor........................244
9.6.2 The Effect of Electronic Noise on Energy Resolution.........................245
9.6.3 The Effect of Incomplete Charge Collection.................................246
9.6.4 The Total Width T.......................................................246
9.7 Determination of the Energy Resolution?The Response Function..................247
9.8 The Importance of Good Energy Resolution......................................247
9.9 Brief Description of a Multichannel Analyzer.....................................249
9.10 Calibration of a Multichannel Analyzer.........................................251
Problems........................................................................254
References......................................................................256
10 Electronics......................................................................257
10.1 Introduction................................................................257
10.2 Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, and Impedance.............................257
10.3 A Differentiating Circuit......................................................260
10.4 An Integrating Circuit........................................................262
10.5 Delay Lines.................................................................264
10.6 Pulse Shaping...............................................................265
10.7 Timing.....................................................................266
10.7.1 The Leading-Edge Timing Method.......................................267
10.7.2 The Zero-Crossing Tirrdng Method.......................................267
10.7.3 The Comtant-Fraction Timing Method....................................268
10.7.4 Applications of Novel Timing Methods...................................268
10.8 Coincidence-Anticomcidence Measurements....................................269
10.9 Pulse-Shape Discrimination...................................................273
10.10 Preamplifiers..............................................................274
10.11 Amplifiers.................................................................277
10.12 Analog-to-Digital Converters................................................278
xn
CONTENTS
10.13 Multiparameter Analyzers...................................................281
10.14 High Count Rates...........................................................281
10.15 Digital Processing..........................................................282
10.16 Data Manipulation..........................................................282
Problems........................................................................282
Bibliography....................................................................283
References......................................................................283
11 Data Analysis Methods...........................................................287
11.1 Introduction................................................................287
11.2 Curve Fitting................................................................287
11.3 Interpolation Schemes........................................................288
11.4 Least-Squares Fitting.........................................................291
11.4.1 Least-Squares Fit of a Straight Line.......................................292
11.4.2 Least-Squares Fit of General Functions....................................293
11.5 Folding and Unfolding.......................................................295
11.5.1 Examples of Folding....................................................297
11.5.2 The General Method of Unfolding........................................299
11.5.3 An Iteration Method of Unfolding........................................301
11.5.4 Least-Squares Unfolding................................................302
11.6 Data Smoothing.............................................................303
11.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control.........................................306
Problems........................................................................307
Bibliography....................................................................308
References......................................................................309
12 Photon (7-Ray and X-Ray) Spectroscopy.............................................311
12.1 Introduction................................................................311
12.2 Modes of Energy Deposition in the Detector....................................311
12.2.1 Energy Deposition by Photons with £ 1.022 MeV.........................311
12.2.2 Energy Deposition by Photons with £ 1.022 MeV.........................314
12.3 Efficiency of X-Ray and r-Ray Detectors: rJefinitions.............................316
12.4 Detectionof Photons wim NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detectors.........................319
12.4.1 Efficiency of NaI(Tl) Detectors...........................................319
12.5 Detection of Gammas with Ge Detectors........................................320
12.5.1 Efficiency ofGe Detectors...............................................323
12.5.2 Energy Resolution of Ge Detectors.......................................330
12.5.3 Analysis of Ge Detector Energy Spectra...................................331
12.5.4 Timing Characteristics of the Pulse.......................................336
12.6 CdTeandHgI2 Detectors as Garxuna Spectrometers..............................336
12.7 Detection ofX-Rays with aSifLi) Detector......................................337
Problems........................................................................340
Bibliography....................................................................341
References......................................................................341
xiii
CONTENTS
13 Charged-Particle Spectroscopy....................................................345
13.1 Introduction................................................................345
13.2 Energy Straggling...........................................................345
13.3 Electron Spectroscopy........................................................349
13.3.1 Electron Backscattering.................................................349
13.3.2 Energy Resolution and Response Function of Electron Detectors.............351
13.3.3 Energy Calibration of Electron Spectrometers..............................352
13.4 Alpha, Proton, Deuteron, and Triton Spectroscopy...............................353
13.4.1 Energy Resolution and Response Function of Alpha Detectors...............354
13.4.2 Energy Calibration.....................................................354
13.4.3 Source Preparation.....................................................354
13.5 Heavy-Ion (Z 2) Spectroscopy...............................................354
13.5.1 The Pulse-Height Defect................................................355
13.5.2 Energy Calibration: The Schmitt Method..................................357
13.5.3 Calibration Sources.....................................................358
13.5.4 Fission Foil Preparation.................................................359
13.6 The Time-of-Flight Spectrometer...............................................359
13.7 Detector Telescopes (E dE/dX Detectors)........................................360
13.8 Position-Sensitive Detectors...................................................361
13.8.1 Position-Sensitive Semiconductor Detectors...............................362
13.8.2 Multiwire Proportional Chambers........................................362
Problems........................................................................364
Bibliography....................................................................364
References......................................................................365
14 Neutron Detection and Spectroscopy...............................................369
14.1 Introduction................................................................369
14.2 Neutron Detection by (n, Charged Particle) Reaction.............................369
14.2.1 The BF3 Detector.......................................................370
14.2.2 Boron-Lined Detectors..................................................373
14.2.3 6Li Detectors...........................................................374
14.2.4 3He Detectors..........................................................375
14.3 Fission Chambers............................................................375
14.4 Neutron Detection by Foil Activation...........................................377
14.4.1 Basic Equations........................................................377
14.4.2 Determination of the Neutron Flux by Counting the Foil Activity.............380
14.5 Measurement of a Neutron Energy Spectrum by Proton Recoil.....................381
14.5.1 Differentiation Unfolding of Proton Recoil Spectra..........................383
14.5.2 Proportional Counters Used as Fast-Neutron Spectrometers.................384
14.5.3 Organic Scintillators Used as Fast-Neutron Spectrometers...................386
14.6 Detection of Fast Neutrons Using Threshold Activation Reactions..................390
14.7 Neutron Energy Measurement with a Crystal Spectrometer.......................392
xiv
CONTENTS
14.8 The Time-of-Flight (TOF) Method..............................................394
14.8.1 The Neutron Velocity Selector (Neutron Chopper)..........................396
14.8.2 Pulsed-Ion Beams......................................................397
14.9 Compensated Ion Chambers..................................................397
14.10 Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND)......................................398
14.10.1 SPNDs with Delayed Response.........................................399
14.10.2 SPNDs with Prompt Response..........................................402
14.11 Concluding Remarks........................................................403
Problems........................................................................404
Bibliography....................................................................406
References......................................................................406
15 Activation Analysis and Related Techniques........................................409
15.1 Introduction................................................................409
15.2 Selection of the Optimum Nuclear Reaction.....................................409
15.3 Preparation of the Sample for Irradiation.......................................410
15.4 Sources of Radiation.........................................................412
15.4.1 Sources of Neutrons....................................................412
15.4.2 Sources of Charged Particles.............................................413
15.4.3 Sources of Photons.....................................................414
15.5 Irradiation of the Sample.....................................................414
15.6 Counting of the Sample......................................................415
15.7 Analysis of the Results...............................................:.......415
15.8 Sensitivity of Activation Analysis..............................................417
15.9 Interference Reactions........................................................419
15.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Activation Analysis Method...............419
15.11 Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis..........................................420
15.12 Neutron Depth Profile.......................................................420
15.13 Neutron Radiography.......................................................420
Problems........................................................................421
Bibliography....................................................................422
References......................................................................423
16 Health Physics Fundamentals.....................................................425
16.1 Introduction................................................................425
16.2 Units of Exposure and Absorbed Dose..........................................426
16.3 The Relative Biological Effectiveness?The Dose Equivalent.......................427
16.4 Dosimetry for Radiation Externa! to the Body...................................429
16.4.1 Dose due to Charged Particles...........................................429
16.4.2 Dose due to Photons....................................................431
16.4.3 Dose due to Neutrons..................................................433
16.5 Dosimetry for Radiation Inside the Body.......................................436
16.5.1 Dose from a Source of Charged Particles Inside the Body....................436
xv
CONTENTS
16.5.2 Dose from a Photon Source Inside the Body...............................437
16.6 Internal Dose Time Dependence?Biological Half-Life............................438
16.7 Biological Effects of Radiation.................................................441
16.7.1 Basic Description of the Human Cell......................................442
16.7.2 Stochastic and Nonstochastic Effects......................................443
16.8 Radiation Protection Guides and Exposure Limits...............................445
16.9 Health Physics Instruments...................................................448
16.9.1 Survey Instruments....................................................448
16.9.2 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters..........................................448
16.9.3 Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry.............................452
16.9.4 The Bonner Sphere (the Rem Ball)........................................452
16.9.5 The Neutron Bubble Detector............................................452
16.9.6 The Pocket Ionization Dosimeter.........................................453
16.9.7 The Electronic Personal Dosimeter.......................................454
16.9.8 Foil Activation Used for Neutron Dosimetry...............................454
16.10 Proper Use of Radiation.....................................................455
Problems........................................................................457
Bibliography....................................................................458
References......................................................................459
17 Applications of Radiation Detection................................................463
17.1 Introduction................................................................463
17.2 Health Physics within Nuclear Power Plants and Radiological Facilities............463
17.2.1 Active Personal Dosimeters.............................................463
17.2.2 Continuous Air Monitors and Continuous Air Particulate Monitors...........463
17.2.3 Area Monitors and Environmental Monitoring.............................463
17.2.4 Foot and Hand Surface Contamination Monitors...........................464
17.2.5 Whole Body Counters..................................................464
17.3 Portal Monitors and Passive Detection.........................................464
17.4 Interactive Radiation Detection Systems........................................465
17.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Radiation Detection...............................465
17.6 Coincidence and Anticoincidence Detection Systems.............................465
17.7 Nuclear Medicine............................................................466
17.8 Detection of Nuclear Materials/Nonproliferation Issues..........................466
References......................................................................467
Appendixes
A Useful Constants and Conversion Factors.......................................471
B Atomic Masses and Other Properties of Isotopes.................................473
C Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Sources Commonly Used..............................475
D Tables of Photon AttenuationCoefficients.......................___............479
E Table of Buildup Factor Constants..............................................483
Index................................................................................485
xvi
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas 1938- Landsberger, Sheldon 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172422078 (DE-588)1253701202 |
| author_facet | Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas 1938- Landsberger, Sheldon 1950- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas 1938- |
| author_variant | n t nt s l sl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037314113 |
| classification_rvk | UN 7000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)712489642 (DE-599)BVBBV037314113 |
| dewey-full | 539.77 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 539 - Modern physics |
| dewey-raw | 539.77 |
| dewey-search | 539.77 |
| dewey-sort | 3539.77 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037314113 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:21:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420091854 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022468467 |
| oclc_num | 712489642 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXIII, 493 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)172422078 aut Measurement and detection of radiation Nicholas Tsoulfanidis ; Sheldon Landsberger 3. ed. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 2011 XXIII, 493 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd rswk-swf Strahlungsmessung (DE-588)4183543-8 gnd rswk-swf Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 s Strahlungsmessung (DE-588)4183543-8 s 1\p DE-604 Landsberger, Sheldon 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)1253701202 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022468467&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas 1938- Landsberger, Sheldon 1950- Measurement and detection of radiation Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd Strahlungsmessung (DE-588)4183543-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027633-8 (DE-588)4183543-8 |
| title | Measurement and detection of radiation |
| title_auth | Measurement and detection of radiation |
| title_exact_search | Measurement and detection of radiation |
| title_full | Measurement and detection of radiation Nicholas Tsoulfanidis ; Sheldon Landsberger |
| title_fullStr | Measurement and detection of radiation Nicholas Tsoulfanidis ; Sheldon Landsberger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurement and detection of radiation Nicholas Tsoulfanidis ; Sheldon Landsberger |
| title_short | Measurement and detection of radiation |
| title_sort | measurement and detection of radiation |
| topic | Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd Strahlungsmessung (DE-588)4183543-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ionisierende Strahlung Strahlungsmessung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022468467&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tsoulfanidisnicholas measurementanddetectionofradiation AT landsbergersheldon measurementanddetectionofradiation |