Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem: polovina 16. - polovina 19. století
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav
Oblastní Muzeum Praha-Východ
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Craftsmen's guilds in Brandýs nad Labme, from the midst of the 16th century to the midst of the 19th century |
| Beschreibung: | 108 S. zahlr. Ill. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvodem
5
I. Vznik a vývoj cechovních organizací v Čechách
7
II.
Hospodářské předpoklady vzniku brandýských cechů
15
III.
Potravinářská řemesla
23
Cech pekařů
24
Cech řezníků
33
Cech sladovníků
40
IV.
Oděvní a kožedělná řemesla
47
Cech krejčích
48
Cech novoševců
54
Cech kožešníků
57
Cech řemenářů, provazníků a sedlářů
60
V. Dřevozpracující a kovozpracující řemesla
65
Cech kovářů, kolářů a bednářů
66
Cech truhlářů, zámečníků, sklenářů a hrnčířů
69
Sjednocený cech zámečníků
75
VI.
Stavební řemesla
79
Cech zedníků a kameníků
80
Cech tesařů
87
Závěr
93
Summary
97
Seznam pramenů
100
Seznam literatury
102
Seznam vyobrazení
103
SUMMARY
Craftsmen s Guilds in
Brandys
nad Labem,
From the midst of the 16th/century to the midst of the 19th century
The origins of the guilds in Bohemia date back to the middle ages, when the first occupational
associations comprising artisans and craftsmen in one or more particular branches were formed
in the urban areas. The guilds helped their members to eliminate foreign competitors; they
establish the prices for consumers and the quality levels. Thanks to the internal rules of the
guilds, the towns benefited from regular supplies of the basic products to their markets. The
system of guilds was spreading from more important bigger cities to smaller towns. In the early
modern era, every craftsman or artisan living in a town had to join the respective guild. Along
with a strict hierarchy of master craftsman
-
journeyman
-
apprentice, the guilds had developed
their articles of association that defined the scope of activity of the guild and set its rights and
responsibilities for the members.
This document, called
articule
or
statuta,
had to be confirmed by the city council or by the ruler.
Those who had decided to establish a guild often used to address an existing guild of the same
branch or trade in a neighbouring town or eventually in Prague with the intention to adopt their
statuta
and create contacts with a more experienced organizations the advice of which might be
useful in the future. The adopted document could be further completed or modified. If necessary,
the Articles were updated and completed, and every such change had to be approved by the city
council or the suzerain. The Articles set the principal rules that governed the craftsmen activities.
Originally, the
statuta
used to be more simple and shorter, but gradually it has developed into
a more complex set of rules. It contained namely articles about apprentices and journeymen, the
prerequisites one had to satisfy before becoming a master craftsman, the obligatory fees paid to
the common budget and the quality of products. The journeymen, if gathered in so-called lesser
guilds, could also ask the approval of their own articles.
After a schooling period, the apprentice could rise to the level of journeyman. To qualify
for admission to the guild, the journeyman was obliged to satisfy the prescribed requirements,
including several years of work in the masters workshop. Both apprentices and journeymen were
bound to obey the master craftsman, were expected to be a child of a married couple and with
a honest family on their background. Only master craftsmen could become fully authorized
members of a guild. Admission to the rank of master required passing a master examination,
conclusion of a marriage and getting the citizenship of the respective town. The candidates
usually had to prove their abilities by producing the so-called masterpiece, which parameters
were often prescribed by the guild. They also had to pay a kind of admission fee and donate
a set amount of wax to the guild treasury and invite the other masters of the guild to a banquet,
called a snack. Sons of the masters, who were expected to receive sufficient knowledge and skills
from the father, were excused from making the masterpiece and paid only a reduced fee. Similar
privileges were granted to the journeymen who had married master s daughter or widow. The
statuta
issued in the period after the Battle of the White Mountain added the requirement of an
unconditional worship of the Catholic religion.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
ι
97
München
The guilds were headed by grandmasters that organized the life within the guild, exercised
inspections or professional control over the respective trade and represented the guild in contacts
with the municipal authorities. They conducted quality controls of raw materials and products
and the inspections were also meant to monitor that the goods is sold at reasonable prices. Sale
of poor-quality products was punished by penalty, the products were confiscated and distributed
free of charge to hospitals, to the poor, or simply destroyed. A special attention was paid to the
quality of food products, by means of frequent controls usually conducted once or twice per
week.
The grandmasters were also given a judicial authority over the guild members. They used to
play the role of arbiter in case of disputes among masters, journeymen or apprentices, and also
between masters and clients, and they were empowered to resolve problems with debtors. The
grandmasters had sufficient powers to impose a penalty or even send to a prison those who had
violated the guilds rules or had been in delay with payment. The list of the most frequent offences
against the guilds statute included, among others, absence in the guild meeting, disobedience to
the grandmasters, imprudence, enticing clients of the others, omission to the funeral of a guilds
member.
The guild played an important role in handing over the skills to younger generations. The
guild served a guarantee of the qualification of apprentices, who went through a schooling period
with one particular master. Though the apprentice fully depended on his master and served as
a cheap manpower under a permanent watch of his peer, as he was living and eating in his
masters household, the system ensured him a proper training certified by an official testimonial.
In this respect, guilds proved their importance mainly in case the apprentices master had died
before the end of the schooling period. The guild was obliged to find a new master with whom
the apprentice could conclude the education.
The guilds organization had an important social aspect. Its funds could be used to support
the craftsmen in material need. The economic problems of many craftsmen resulted not only
from low sales but also from then quite frequent fires or because the craftsman simply grew old
or ill. The aspect of material conditions was taken into account also in case of new apprentices;
the poor ones were allowed to pay a lesser admission fee. Financial contribution from the guild
funds to the funeral of deceased masters is one of its social and charitable roles present since the
very beginning of the guild organization.
The general letters of patent issued in
1731
and the general articles of guilds published in
1739
meant a decisive moment for the guild system. The two documents unified the rules for guilds
and put an end to the guilds seclusion, individuality and
monopoles.
It introduced common
standardized articles, opened the process of admission to the level of mastery and defined a new
function of inspectors, appointed as the leaders of guilds. Despite of the state regulations that
limited the guild autonomy, the system of guilds went on till
1859,
when all trades were declared
free and a trade licence allowing its owner to run the business can be bought by anybody who
could pay for it. From then on, the craftsmen used to gather in so-called associations, established
on a voluntary base and playing mainly a social role.
The first craftsmen s guilds in
Brandys
nad Labem
were constituted in the midst of the
16
century, and comprised the branches of food and cloth production, as well as those of metalwork
98
and wooden products. The suzerains showed interest in establishing the guilds, at least in case
of the trades of butchers, bakers and tailors. Having made the first steps even before the midst
of the
16
century, the suzerains of
Brandys
then transferred some of their powers, namely
the economic ones, to the members of the town council, who from then on assumed the
responsibility. The regulation of the craftsmen s production, control over the quality of products,
regular supplies and also the protection against the foreign producers seemed to play a crucial
role in the councils decision to support the guilds. The approach could be much more reflected
in the control over the goods of daily consumption, produced by butchers and bakers.
Before the end of the
16
century, there were guilds of butchers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers,
furriers and a joined guild of blacksmiths, wheelwrights and coopers in
Brandys
nad Labem.
Further development of the guilds in
Brandýs
was interrupted by the Thirty Years War, in the
course of which the furriers guild ceased to exist and the number of other guilds members
decreased proportionally to the sharp decrease of the
Brandýs
population. Many craftsmen
belonged to the impoverished groups of inhabitants. Nevertheless, the war had not affected all
craftsmen in the same way. While there were only few metal or wooden trades present in the
midst of the
17
century, with one or two producers per branch, there were relatively many
butchers. And butchers also constituted the wealthiest groups among craftsmen, though their
high standard of life was partly due to their own agricultural production. Rich butchers were
not specific for the
Brandýs
region, as they used to rank among the wealthiest producers in the
previous periods, too.
Guilds flourished In
Brandýs nad Labem
during the period between the end of the
17
century and the midst of the
18
century. First, the guild of malsters was established, followed
by the guild of bricklayers and stonemasons. The guild of furriers was restored by the year
1740
and news guilds of
beltmakers,
ropemakers and saddlers were formed, followed by the guilds of
carpenters, locksmiths, glaziers and potters. In the same period, a guild of carpenters (builders)
was founded, but no further information about it remained till our days. The flourishing of
guilds in
Brandýs nad Labem
was due partly to the gradual revival of the town after the Thirty
Years War, and partly to the state legislation that imposed the membership in a craftsmen guild
as a compulsory requirement. The guild of locksmiths was the newest one. The locksmiths, who
originally shared the same guild with carpenters, glaziers and potters, founded their independent
guild at the end of the
18™
century. That is the time of a general increase of number of guild
members, to which the admission of craftsmen from villages had contributed.
This book tries to cover the historical development of individual guilds in
Brandýs nad Labem
from the 16th century to the midst of the 19th century, when the guilds ceased to exist. It also
wants to explain their objective, composition, obligations, products, etc. Information collected in
this book has been taken mainly from various unpublished documents kept in the archive: town
books (so-called memory books), articles of association of guilds and guild ledgers, with data
about business transactions and admission of new members. Pictures form an indispensable part
of the book; they offer three-dimensional images of objects related to guilds, usually decorated
by the guild symbols, based on the typical tools, instruments or products, or by a images of the
patron saint.
99
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| spelling | Pátrová, Karin 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1177042398 aut Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století Karin Pátrová 1. vyd. Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav Oblastní Muzeum Praha-Východ 2010 108 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Craftsmen's guilds in Brandýs nad Labme, from the midst of the 16th century to the midst of the 19th century 978-80-903985-9-7 Geschichte 1550-1850 gnd rswk-swf Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 gnd rswk-swf Brandýs nad Labem (DE-588)4564516-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Brandýs nad Labem (DE-588)4564516-4 g Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 s Geschichte 1550-1850 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022464877&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022464877&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pátrová, Karin 1970- Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 gnd |
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| title | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století |
| title_auth | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století |
| title_exact_search | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století |
| title_full | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století Karin Pátrová |
| title_fullStr | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století Karin Pátrová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem polovina 16. - polovina 19. století Karin Pátrová |
| title_short | Řemeslnické cechy v Brandýse nad Labem |
| title_sort | remeslnicke cechy v brandyse nad labem polovina 16 polovina 19 stoleti |
| title_sub | polovina 16. - polovina 19. století |
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