Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
3278 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Balkan conflicts during the formation of nation states in the 19th and the early 20th centuries |
| Beschreibung: | 331 s., [16] s. tabl. il. - Ill., Kt. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788322931554 |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Balkan conflicts during the formation of nation states in the 19th and the early 20th centuries | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143903630163968 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
...................................................................... 9
ROZDZIALI
Bałkany w przededniu wielkich przemian
......................................... 15
Imperium osmańskie w pierwszej połowie
XIX
wieku
.............................. 15
Panowanie Mahmuda
II
1808-1839.
Trudności wewnętrzne i próby reform
......... 18
Problemy na arenie międzynarodowej
....................................... 23
Reformy Tanzimat
1839-1876............................................. 33
Grecja
1821-1864........................................................... 38
Powstanie w
1821
roku
.................................................. 38
Budowanie państwa
..................................................... 42
Serbia
1804-1876........................................................... 46
U progu odrodzenia narodowego. Powstanie serbskie
1804-1815................. 46
Drugie powstanie serbskie i rządy ks. Miłosza
1815-1839....................... 51
Od autonomii ku niepodległości
—
Serbia
1839-1876.......................... 57
Polityka zagraniczna
.................................................... 60
Bułgaria przed
1878
rokiem
................................................... 68
Początki odrodzenia narodowego
........................................... 68
Utworzenie Egzarchatu Kościoła Bułgarskiego
................................ 70
Ruch rewolucyjny i przygotowania do powstania w Bułgarii
..................... 73
Migracje muzułmanów na Bałkany
1859-1867................................ 76
ROZDZIAŁU
Wielki kryzys wschodni
....................................................... 81
Wybuch powstania w Bośni i Hercegowinie w
1875
roku
............................ 81
Wojna serbsko-turecka
1876-1877.............................................. 89
Położenie międzynarodowe i powstanie kwietniowe w Bułgarii w
1876
roku
........ 89
Działania armii serbskiej
................................................. 100
Działania armii czarnogórskiej
............................................. 105
Przy dyplomatycznym stole
............................................... 106
Wojna rosyjsko-turecka
1877-1878
i jej skutki dla sytuacji politycznej Bałkanów
......... 110
Sytuacja międzynarodowa w przededniu wojny
............................... 110
Na froncie czarnogórskim
................................................ 115
Przekroczenie Dunaju i początek wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej
...................... 117
Oblężenie Plewny
....................................................... 120
Walka o przełęcz Szypka
................................................. 124
Losy ludności cywilnej
.................................................. 126
Powrót Serbii do działań wojennych: grudzień
1877
roku
....................... 130
Działania wojenne zimą
1877/1878
roku
..................................... 134
Rokowania pokojowe. Kongres berliński
.................................... 139
Serbia i Bułgaria po kongresie berlińskim
........................................ 152
Wojna serbsko-bułgarska w
1885
roku
........................................... 164
8
Spis treści
ROZDZIAŁ
III
Bałkany na przełomie
XIX
IXX
wieku
............................................. 175
Turcja
.................................................................... 175
Bułgaria
................................................................... 178
Serbia
.................................................................... 184
Kryzys w sprawie Krety. Wojna grecko-turecka w
1897
roku
......................... 189
Problem macedoński na przełomie
XIX
i
XX
wieku
................................ 198
Początek odrodzenia albańskiego
............................................... 205
ROZDZIAtIV
Wojny bałkańskie
1912-1913.................................................. 214
Sytuacja międzynarodowa przed wybuchem I wojny bałkańskiej
...................... 214
Rewolucja młodoturecka i kryzys bośniacki w
1908
roku
............................ 224
Albański ruch narodowy
...................................................... 229
Budowanie sojuszu bałkańskiego
............................................... 233
I wojna bałkańska w
1912
roku
................................................ 239
Przygotowania wojenne
.................................................. 239
Działania wojsk czarnogórskich
............................................ 245
Działania armii serbskiej
.................................................. 248
Działania armii bułgarskiej
................................................ 251
Działania armii greckiej
.................................................. 259
Konferencja pokojowa w Londynie i wznowienie działań wojennych
................... 265
Narastające konflikty między sojusznikami bałkańskimi
............................. 273
II
wojna bałkańska
........................................................... 278
Konferencje pokojowe w Bukareszcie i Stambule
.................................. 288
Położenie ludności cywilnej w czasie wojen bałkańskich i po ich zakończeniu
........... 294
Zakończenie
.................................................................. 300
Bibliografia
................................................................... 305
Summary
.................................................................... 314
Indeksosób
.................................................................. 317
Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych
................................................. 324
Balkan conflicts during the formation of nation states
in the 19th and the early 20th centuries
Summary
The beginning of the nineteenth century was a time of dynamic transformations in Europe
that also affected the situation in the Balkans. Important changes took place in the Ottoman Empire
during the reign of
Selim
III, who tried to implement necessary reforms in order to strengthen the
central administration. The reforms failed, hampered by the resistance of the conservatives, inclu¬
ding the Janissary corps, and the sultan was forced to abdicate in
1807.
His successor,
Mahmud
II,
had to face great challenges, both external and internal. Increasing strength of the Great Powers
—
Russia, Great Britain and France
—
posed a threat to Turkey s integrity and sovereignty. Wars
with Russia in
1807-1812
and
1828-1829
forced the sultan to introduce changes beneficial for the
Balkan peoples. The peoples themselves tried to fight for freedom as well. In
1804,
when
Selim
III
was a sultan, a Serbian uprising broke out, marking the beginning of political changes in the region.
When Serbia gained the status of an autonomous duchy under Turkish protectorate, the leaders
of the Balkan nations realized that independence from Turkish oppression was possible. Greece s
independence, confirmed by Turkey in
1830,
encouraged a cautious belief in the liberation of other
Balkan nations. As a result of growing involvement of the Great Powers in the region, Turkey beca¬
me more and more dependent on them both politically and economically. This also led to positive
changes, such as the implementation of the Tanzimat reforms in
1839,
which were to modernize and
internally strengthen the empire. The process could have thwarted the Balkan nations aspirations
for freedom, but the reforms were introduced inconsistently and did not change the fact that Turkey
was still perceived as the sick man of Europe.
Great transformations in the Balkans started with the outbreak of an uprising in Bosnia and
Herzegovina in
1875,
which gave rise to the so-called Great Eastern Crisis. As a consequence of
the Christian uprising in Bosnia, the conflict spilled to other regions of the peninsula. Already one
year later, though weak and unprepared, Serbia started a war with Turkey hoping to win full inde¬
pendence. However, Serbia lost the war after a few months and only a Russian diplomatic interven¬
tion saved it from another Turkish conquest. As a result of the Serbian defeat, and, even more so,
due to the escalating Turkish persecution in Bulgaria caused by the so-called April Uprising, Rus¬
sia finally declared war against the Ottoman Empire. The conflicts of
1876-1878:
Serbo-Turkish,
Montenegrin-Turkish and Russo-Turkish marked the beginning of completely driving the Turks
out the Balkans. The Russo-Turkish war
(1877/1878)
was the greatest conflict in the Balkans in
the 19th century. Russia sent a few hundred thousand soldiers who crossed the Danube and started
a massive operation against the Turkish army. The Turkish forces equalled the Russian army in
numbers, but it was the fortresses that were key in the Turkish defence system. The most important
battles of the campaign fought in Bulgaria included the Battle of Plevna, a fortress of key impor¬
tance, and the Battle of the Shipka pass, in the central part of the Balkan range, which opened the
way towards the southern parts of Bulgaria and further, to Thrace and Istanbul. The Battle of Plevna
lasted several long months with huge casualties on both sides and ended in December of
1877
with
the fall of the fortress. Having crossed the Shipka pass in the winter, the Russian forces crushed the
last Turkish troops and advanced to threaten Istanbul in January
1878.
The Treaty of
San Stefano,
signed in March
1878,
was a great success for the Russians and the Bulgarians. For the latter, the
Treaty provided for the creation of the Grand Principality of Bulgaria under Russian protectorate,
Summary
315
covering a vast area from Lake
Ohrid
to the Black Sea. It made the western powers intervene and
Russia was compelled to agree to a revision of the Treaty. The decisions taken at the Congress of
Berlin reduced Russia s success. The Principality of Bulgaria and the Turkey-dependent province of
Eastern Rumelia were created instead of Greater Bulgaria. Serbia s territory was expanded and the
country s independence was formally recognized, together with that of Romania and Montenegro
which expanded its territory at Turkey s expense, gaining access to the Adriatic Sea. The war had
other consequences as well: it caused suffering, persecution and death of civilians on both sides
of the conflict, and made over a million Muslims flee the Balkans. This aspect of Balkan conflicts
would be present during all other wars in the future. The Congress of Berlin, although it regulated
the crucial issues among the states involved, did not secure peace in the Balkan Peninsula. Ambi¬
tions of the leaders of the newly created nation states caused new political conflicts, as the building
of the Bulgarian and Serbian statehoods took place in difficult economic and social conditions. The
loss of economic ties with Turkey resulted in an economic crisis, sometimes even a breakdown, and
deep disappointment. Peasant societies of Serbia and Bulgaria did not have the potential to boost
their economies. Lack of capital, low level of education, low social awareness and autarkic peasant
farms contributed to the economic stagnation in these countries, and the only developing sphere
was the structure of the state. Thus political modernization remained ahead of social and economic
modernization. The situation in Greece and Montenegro was similar. It seemed that territorial ex¬
pansion was the only remedy for the lack of development or a kind of a surrogate for development.
The unification of the Principality of Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia in
1885
by a national revolution
led to a Serbo-Bulgarian war, because Serbs felt threatened. At the same time the conflict ultimately
ended the period of southern Slavs cooperation and started rivalry among them. This also applied
to the policy pursued by Greece. Each of these countries began to follow their own national policy,
treating their neighbours as rivals on a par with Turkey. This was best illustrated by the dispute
over Macedonia, the biggest Turkish province in the Balkans. The conflict stirred great emotions
in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, involving neighbouring countries and, primarily,
the local population, from which came volunteer guerrilla fighters for both parties of the conflict.
The fight took place simultaneously in the religious sphere, perceived as primary, and in the national
sphere, due to the dominant position in the Orthodox Church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and
the Greeks in general. Numerous Serbian, Bulgarian and Greek guerrilla troops operating in Mace¬
donia ruthlessly fought against the Turkish authorities and against one another. A vendetta spread
across the country. In
1903,
seeing the increasing violence, the Great Powers tried to intervene by
proposing a plan of reforms for Macedonia, but due to the Turkish authorities reluctance, the plan
did not bring the expected results. Great hopes for normalizing relations in Macedonia emerged
with the Young Turk Revolution in
1908,
but the hopes proved unfounded. The new authorities did
not offer any proposals for resolving the severe problem. That is why the Balkan states decided to
act on their own. For several years they had been prepared intensely for a war and held multilateral
Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian and Montenegrin talks about an anti-Turkish alliance. Finally, in
1921,
an informal Balkan alliance was established and in autumn that year it started a war against Turkey,
aiming at pushing the Turks completely out of the Balkans and partitioning their territories on the
peninsula. However, this fundamental goal had not been regulated by any treaties among the allies
and each of them started the war with a simple objective: to annex as much territory as possible.
The war, which broke out on several fronts, ended with a rapid success of the coalition. Turkey was
not able to fight back when attacked from several sides and was only able to maintain resistance in
a few isolated fortresses. Difficult peace negotiations in London lasted from December
1912
to May
1913
and ended with a forced treaty, according to which Turkey lost all its territories in the Balkans,
except for a small part of Eastern Thrace. However, new borders among the Balkan states were not
drawn, which resulted in an almost immediate outbreak of the Second Balkan War. It was initiated
by Bulgaria, the strongest military ally of the Balkan coalition, whose territorial ambitions remained
unsatisfied. The war ended with Bulgaria s defeat and with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest,
316
Summary
in which Bulgaria had to give up a majority of its gains from the First Balkan War to Greece and
Serbia. Bulgaria also lost part of its territory to Romania and, under the Treaty of Istanbul, to Turkey,
which took advantage of Bulgaria s weakness and regained control of Eastern Thrace. The Balkan
Wars of
1912-1913,
like the previous conflicts, caused enormous suffering to the civilian popula¬
tion, and killings, burning of villages and the expulsion of the conquered population would always
be remembered as the unchanging tragic element of all Balkan conflicts.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Dymarski, Mirosław 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1021226904 |
| author_facet | Dymarski, Mirosław 1959- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dymarski, Mirosław 1959- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037276852 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711859966 (DE-599)BVBBV037276852 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1915 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1915 |
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| geographic | Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Balkan |
| id | DE-604.BV037276852 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:55:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322931554 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021189702 |
| oclc_num | 711859966 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 331 s., [16] s. tabl. il. - Ill., Kt. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spelling | Dymarski, Mirosław 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1021226904 aut Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku Mirosław Dymarski Wrocław Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego 2010 331 s., [16] s. tabl. il. - Ill., Kt. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3278 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Balkan conflicts during the formation of nation states in the 19th and the early 20th centuries Geschichte 1800-1915 gnd rswk-swf Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd rswk-swf Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 gnd rswk-swf Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 g Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 s Geschichte 1800-1915 z DE-604 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3278 (DE-604)BV004668106 3278 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021189702&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021189702&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dymarski, Mirosław 1959- Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032081-9 (DE-588)4069099-4 |
| title | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku |
| title_auth | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku |
| title_full | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku Mirosław Dymarski |
| title_fullStr | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku Mirosław Dymarski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku Mirosław Dymarski |
| title_short | Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku |
| title_sort | konflikty na balkanach w okresie ksztaltowania sie panstw narodowych w xix i na poczatku xx wieku |
| topic | Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konflikt Balkan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021189702&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021189702&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dymarskimirosław konfliktynabałkanachwokresiekształtowaniasiepanstwnarodowychwxixinapoczatkuxxwieku |