Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava
Pro Historia
2010
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 186 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788097006075 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143896324734976 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
I. ÚVOD
7
História
pojmu
antisemitizmus
13
„Moderny
antisemitizmus a teoretické východiská
15
1.
ČASŤ
-
UHORSKO
25
П.
ŽIDOVSKÁ MENŠINA
27
Emancipácia, asimilácia
34
ΠΙ.
POLITICKÝ ANTISEMITIZMUS
45
Formovanie antisemitského hnutia
45
Antisemitská tlač
54
Výhry a prehry Antisemitskej strany
58
Medzinárodná spolupráca antisemitov
66
Dobové interpretácie antisemitizmu. Antisemitská ideológia
70
2.
ČASŤ
-
BRATISLAVSKÁ A NITRIANSKA ŽUPA
83
IV.
PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ
NEPOKOJE
85
IV.l Bratislavská župa. Regionálny kontext
85
Výtržnosti v Bratislave v roku
1882 89
Výtržnosti v Bratislavskej župe v rokoch
1882
a
1883 99
IV.2 Nitrianska župa. Regionálny kontext 108
Výtržnosti v Nitrianskej župe v rokoch
1882
a
1883 11°
Interpretácie kolektívneho násilia Hó
(
Bäyerlsene
)
Staatsbibliothek
I
München
J
V.
PÏŒJAVY
POLITICKÉHO
ANTISEMITIZMU
125
Parlamentné voľby v Bratislavskej župe v rokoch 1884
a 1887
125
Parlamentné
volby
v Nitrianskej župe v rokoch
1884
a
1887 137
Antisemitizmus a duchovenstvo 146
Antisemitizmus ako sociálna otázka
157
VI.
ZÁVER
163
RÉSUMÉ
167
LITERATÚRA
171
Archívne pramene
171
Noviny
171
Dobová literatúra
172
Použitá odborná literatúra
173
MENNÝ REGISTER 181
MIESTNY REGISTER
185
ANTISEMITIZMUS V UHORSKU V
80.
ROKOCH
19-
STOROČIA
RÉSUMÉ
When speaking about the immediate causes of rise of anti-Semitism in the Hunga¬
rian Kingdom in the
l880s,
modern historiography mostly adopted the arguments
of contemporary observers: the catalyst was the scandalous case of an alleged ritual
murder of
Tiszaeszlár
in
1882,
which received a great deal of attention not only in
Hungary, but also abroad. The second reason was the uncoordinated influx of Jewish
refugees from Russia and governmental law proposal of marriage between Christians
and Jews. Finally, there was a German anti-Semitic movement, serving as a model for
Hungary. When reasoning about the failure of political anti-Semitism, the contempo¬
rary opinion makers argued, that anti-Semitic ideas were strange to Hungarian nature
and it was obvious that liberal values, forced by state institutions defeat them. To
a certain degree this statement has been adopted by some modern authors, referring
to golden age of Hungarian Jewry , because there was no legal discrimination (at
least since
1895,
when Judaism received the protected status). Anti-Semitic movement
in Hungary reached its peak in the years
1882
and lasted until the elections in
1884.
It
was the time when several discriminatory petitions had been prepared. Throughout
the country various
anti-
Jewish clubs and professional associations were mushroom¬
ing. The active role in anti-Semitic movement was played by the gentry landlords,
facing reverse side of economic modernization and members of intelligentsia, mostly
county clerks and Catholic priests.
Anti-Semitic Party was founded in the autumn
188З.
In the parliamentary elections
next year it managed to win
17
mandates. At the beginning, anti-Semites actively
participated in parliamentary discussions, later on, however, even the most eloquent
speakers ceased their activity. The party found itself in political isolation, suffering
constant mockery from the members of other political factions. It lacked political
personalities, just the contrary it consisted mostly of strange, incapable individuals,
believing in ritual murder, some of them being entangled in various more or less seri¬
ous lawsuits or other scandalous affairs. Moreover, none of their proposals received
wide support in parliament. In the elections
1887
the party gained only
11
seats. In
the Lower House, consisting of about
400
members, it was really too little. It was the
last time the party entered the elections and towards the end of the second parliamen¬
tary session it gradually declined.
Generally speaking, the party managed to find the followers in the regions, where the
opposite political parties dominated. It however, did not apply entirely to the western
part of Upper Hungary (nowadays western Slovakia). While the opposite parties in
Bratislava County happened to win the half of all electoral districts, in
Nitra
County it
was the governmental Liberal party, which dominated in majority of the districts. Still,
this region proved to be the stronghold of Anti-Semitic Party, since four candidates
managed to win the mandate here, three of whom were Catholic priests. If we look at
167
PETRA
RYBÁŘOVA
Bratislava County, it had already a bad reputation when it came to Christian-Jewish
relations, mainly due to the massive
anti-
Jewish riots during the revolutionary spring
of
1848.
In
1882
the region became the first seat, where the anti-Jewish disturbances
as a side effect of the scandalous lawsuit against the
Tiszaeszlár
Jews appeared. Eco¬
nomic motive of anti-Semitism seems to be dominant here, since both Bratislava and
Nitra
Counties experienced noticeable decline of small and medium landowners and
at the same time high number of Jewish land leaseholders. In Bratislava County it was
almost
73%,
while in
Nitra
County almost
87%.
Besides that, anti-Semitism might have
stemmed from desire of the local landed gentry to dominate the city halls, impor¬
tantly represented by Jews as the biggest local taxpayers. This became thorn in flesh
of the local gentry, typical social strata, harbouring anti-Semitic views.
Anti-Semitic movement was not uniform; its policy had been made more in the pro¬
vincial anti-Semitic cells than in Budapest. In this sense it appeared to be quite a loose
coalition movement, when it comes both to its internal structure and ideological
background. Not every anti-Semitic candidate who was elected the member of parlia¬
ment, entered the Anti-Semitic Party. The only common orientation that anti-Semites
shared was
anti-
Jewish antipathy, but their ideas how to solve the Jewish question
often differed (for example they were not in accord whether abolition of Emancipa¬
tion Act should be demanded). Even relation to Austria had to be sacrificed in favour
of common fight against the Jews. The members of the party could freely support
either the Constitutional Compromise from 1867 or the idea of independence so that
the unity of the party was constantly uncertain.
The central inspiration of Hungarian anti-Semites was similar to the guiding con¬
cepts of other contemporary anti-Semitic movements in Europe: to undermine real or
alleged Jewish power by displacing the Jews from society and restricting their activi¬
ties in different walks of life, especially in the economic area. In this sense Hungarian
anti-Semites did not bring any new theoretical concepts, they relied on recycling the
old
anti-
Jewish stereotypes. Fight Jewish power had become the popular slogan of
anti-Semitic propaganda, proposing thus a simple remedy for the whole spectrum of
the alleged ills of liberalism. When talking about the ideological background of anti-
Semites, it must be said that their projections of Jewish question were mutually
inconsistent set of ideas, varying not only from one to another, but even contradicting
within the utterance of one and the same politician. Anti-Semitic ideology was firmly
based on the moral and philosophical principles of Christianity, leaving little room
for atheism.
The government labelled the anti-Semitic movement as the attack against race , con¬
fession and class . The last label stems from the period of anti-Jewish riots in
1882
and
І883.
Except for the mob such as day labourers and servants, the rioters recruited
from the workers, what meant that anti-Jewish violence was immediately connected
with the ideas of communism and socialism. Especially when riots broke up heav¬
ily in Bratislava, Hungarian government feared the influence of Austrian workers
168
ANTISEMITIZMUS V UHORSKU V
80.
ROKOCH
19.
STOROČIA
movement in Wienna on the local workers in Bratislava. Some of the future anti-
Semitic leaders were suspected of instigating or even initiating the riots. Although
the suspicions never proved to be true and anti-Semites themselves deprecated and
refused any form of violence against Jews, they could not get rid of tainted reputation.
Despite declarations of loyalty from the side of anti-Semitic leaders, government and
its supporters blamed anti-Semitism for its alleged un-patriotism. One of the rea¬
sons was that the anti-Semitic movement found its supporters (also) at the ethnically
mixed regions, mainly in Bratislava with dominant German population and
Nitra
County with the Slovak majority. Also among the leaders of anti-Semitic movement
there were those with German origin, but their loyalty to Hungary was unquestion¬
able. It was the case of Pressburger
Iván Simonyi,
yet suspected of Pan Germanism,
mainly because he edited his popular newspaper in German and cultivated his per¬
sonal contacts with anti-Semitic circles in Germany. These facts made his opponents
persuaded that anti-Semitism had been adopted from abroad. Allusions on anti-Semi¬
tism as German import came from the image Germany had at that time
-
coun¬
try with long tradition of anti-Semitism, witnessing currently the rise of anti-Semitic
clubs and organisations, accompanied by wild anti-Jewish disturbance. Accordingly,
the riots in Bratislava were often presented as just imitating the violence in Germany.
Persuasion, that anti-Semitism went hand in hand with Pan Slavism came from two
sources. Firstly, the leaders of Slovak national movement were supposed to instigate
anti-Jewish violence at some places. Secondly, Slovak nationalists were even accused
of supporting candidates of the Anti-semitic Party during the parliamentary elections
in
1884,
who in return promised to advocate the rights and demands of the Slovak
nationalists in the parliament. It is true that in the region, inhabited mostly by Slovak
population, Anti-Semitic candidates appealed to their potential voters in the Slovak
language, however such a promise was highly improbable, since the Anti-Semitic
Party unambiguously advocated the official state doctrine in the national question.
On the other hand it is possible, that both groups could cooperate in the common
fight against the Jews as creditors and shop and tavern-keepers. Real or pretended
fear of Pan Germanism and Pan Slavism had to be fought down only by patriotic
education that is Magyarization and a complete assimilation of the Germans and
Slovaks into the Magyar nation .
Liberal government refused anti-Semitism as inconsistent with the ideals of Hun¬
garian society, comparing it to medieval barbarism. It refused to admit that there
could be also economic and social motives beyond, because that would mean that
the state social policy is insufficient. Failure of anti-Semitic movement might have
been caused also by restrictive franchising, because throughout the whole period of
the Dual Monarchy only about
6%
of the population enjoyed the right to vote. On the
other hand, although the party lived on the margin of higher politics and proved to be
short-lived, it showed that alleged Hungarian-Jewish symbiosis had serious deficit.
Moreover, it prepared the ground for the Catholic People s Party, founded in
1895,
169
PETRA
RYBÁŘOVA
which used anti-Semitism as an effective political method in gaining support for the
goals, not primarily connected with Jewish issues.
170
|
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002333-3 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia |
| title_auth | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia |
| title_exact_search | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia |
| title_full | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia Petra Rybářová |
| title_fullStr | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia Petra Rybářová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia Petra Rybářová |
| title_short | Antisemitizmus v Uhorsku v 80. rokoch 19. storočia |
| title_sort | antisemitizmus v uhorsku v 80 rokoch 19 storocia |
| topic | Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antisemitismus Slowakei |
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