Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie: (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945)
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 550 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788024618494 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
ÚVOD
............................................... 7
1.
USTAVENÍ BRITSKÉHO DIPLOMATICKÉHO ZASTOUPENÍ
V OSVOBOZENÉ PRAZE
................................ 17
2.
PROBLEMATIKA ODJEZDU BRITSKÉHO VELVYSLANCE
NA OSVOBOZENÉ ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ ÚZEMÍ
................ 38
3.
NICHOLSOVY ZPRÁVY O ČESKOSLOVENSKU
PŘED PŘÍJEZDEM DO PRAHY
............................ 75
4.
POČÁTKY NICHOLSOVA PŮSOBENÍ V PRAZE A ORGANIZACE
BRITSKÉHO DIPLOMATICKÉHO ZASTOUPENÍ
................ 79
5.
ZPRÁVY O USTAVENÍ VLÁDY NA OSVOBOZENÉM ÚZEMÍ,
JEJÍM PROGRAMU A POLITICKÉM SYSTÉMU NÁRODNÍ FRONTY
. . 87
6.
ZPRÁVY O SITUACI NA SLOVENSKU
...................... 151
7.
ROZHOVORY
S
PREZIDENTEM E. BENEŠEM
.................. 176
8.
DEKRETY PREZIDENTA REPUBLIKY, ODSUN A POTRESTÁNÍ
VÁLEČNÝCH ZLOČINCŮ
............................... 187
8.1
Odsun a postavení německé menšiny v Československu
. . 187
8.2
Otázka potrestání válečných zločinců a retribucí
....... 223
9.
OTÁZKA DÉLKY POBYTU SOVĚTSKÝCH A AMERICKÝCH
JEDNOTEK NA ČESKOSLOVENSKÉM ÚZEMÍ
.................. 228
10.
TÝDENNÍ SOUHRNNÉ ZPRÁVY A OBECNÉ ZPRÁVY
O ŽIVOTĚ V ČESKOSLOVENSKU
.......................... 246
11.
ČESKOSLOVENSKO-BRITSKÉ POLITICKÉ A KULTURNÍ VZTAHY
... 310
12.
ZNÁRODNĚNÍ A ČESKOSLOVENSKO-BRITSKÉ VZTAHY
......... 337
13.
ČESKOSLOVENSKO-BRITSKÉ OBCHODNÍ A FINANČNÍ VZTAHY
.. 377
14.
ZPRÁVY O VZTAZÍCH ČESKOSLOVENSKA
S
DALŠÍMI ZEMĚMI
.... 402
14.1
Sovětský svaz
................................... 403
14.2
Americká přítomnost v
ČSR
a sovětsko-americké konflikty
. 411
14.3
Československo-polské vztahy a československé
hraniční nároky
................................. 416
14.4
Itálie
.......................................... 432
14.5
Francie
........................................ 434
/6/
14.6
Vatikán
........................................ 436
14.7
Švédsko
........................................ 438
14.8
Další země
..................................... 439
15.
.MEZINÁRODNÍ POMOC REKONSTRUKCI POVÁLEČNÉHO
ČESKOSLOVENSKA
.................................... 440
15.1
UNRRA a Československo
......................... 440
15.2
Britské dodávky do Československa
.................. 443
16.
BRITOVÉ A ČESKOSLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA
.................... 448
17.
PROBLÉM REPATRIACE
................................. 483
18.
PLÁN BRITSKÉ PROPAGANDY V ČESKOSLOVENSKU
........... 491
19.
OTÁZKA ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO URANU
.................... 517
ZÁVĚR
............................................... 522
SEZNAM ZKRATEK A VYSVĚTLIVEK CIZOJAZYČNÝCH NÁZVŮ
....... 525
PRAMENY A LITERATURA
.................................. 527
SUMMARY
............................................. 531
JMENNÝ REJSTŘÍK
....................................... 537
VĚCNÝ REJSTŘÍK
..................................... 545
SUMMARY
This monograph analyses reports on post-war Czechoslovakia written by
British ambassador Nichols in
1945,
and tackles a very important topic
linked with the issues of the reconstruction of Czechoslovakia and its further
political development raised at the end of the
2nd
World War and
immediately after its end. The British diplomatic perspective on the
Czechoslovak reality of
1945
attempts to introduce in its essence impartial
analysis of the Czechoslovak post-war life, offering views slightly different
from those traced in the Czechoslovak historical resources.
The contents of the reports, their tenor, frequency and the fact that they
were processed by the headquarters of the British Foreign Office may
suggest what the real significance of Czechoslovak affairs in
1945
was for
British policies in Central and Eastern Europe and whether there were any
realistic and practicable alternatives to Czechoslovakia gradually succumbing
to the Soviet grip of power. The monograph deals not only with individual
reports but also with reactions thereto (usually in the form of minutes) by
the Northern Department of the Foreign Office, which was responsible for
Czechoslovakia in
1945;
the impact of the reports upon British foreign
policy as such is also considered.
Individual chapters examine the respectable volume of work pursued by
the British diplomatic mission in Prague headed by Ambassador Philip
В. В.
Nichols. Mr Nichols was appointed Ambassador to the Czechoslovak exile
government in London during the
2nd
World War; he belonged to a group of
British diplomats who were best informed of Czechoslovak and Central
European affairs. The analysis of his reports from liberated Prague and of his
journeys around Czechoslovakia is preceded by a general outline of
Ambassador Nichols diplomatic activities with respect to Czechoslovakia
since the beginning of
1945,
a description of complex negotiations regarding
the arrival of the British Ambassador in Prague and an analysis of Nichols
reported news acquired without direct contact with the first Czechoslovak
post-war government which was isolated in
Košice
in Eastern Slovakia (with
the exception of Soviet Ambassador Valerian Alexandrovitch Zorin)
.
The core
Summary
/Doz/
of the monograph is introduced by the reports of Special Operations
Executive
(SOE)
officer Harold Benjamin Perkins from liberated Prague in
May
1945.
Perkins then acted as British Consul to
Pilzen
from May to Autumn
1945.
In addition to reports and cables drafted by Ambassador Nichols, notes
written by other diplomats of the British Embassy in Prague were considered,
particularly those by Commercial Counsellor John W. Taylor, Ambassador s
Secretaries William Baker and Charles A. E. Schuckburg, Press
Attaché
Cecil
Parrott and Military
Attaché
Guy John
de Wette
Mullens.
The processing of cables, political reports and summaries of political,
economic and military issues demonstrates a high standard of British
Diplomacy and refutes by itself a widely spread opinion that Great Britain
was not interested in Central European affairs of that time or failed to
understand them. The extent and depth of their understanding of the
circumstances and processes in the region can be substantiated by the fact
that the British mission in Prague was fully aware of the importance of the
potential liberation of Prague by the US Army, of the synchronized
withdrawal of US and Soviet troops from Czechoslovakia and of the
significance of the displacement of Germans so that a strong national state
could be formed which would be more resistant to Soviet influence. British
Diplomacy adopted more farsighted and informed attitudes to many issues
relating to the termination of the War and the immediate post-war period
than US diplomats did. Britain actively tried to engage non-communist
forces in Czechoslovakia in firmer resistance against the Communist Party
and its companions as well as in searching for international alternatives to
the one-sided orientation of Czechoslovakia towards the Soviet Union.
British Diplomacy was well aware of the reality of the post-war situation in
Central Europe and of its position within the anti-Hitler coalition; however,
the analysis of their activities relating to Czechoslovakia in
1945
helps rebut
the thesis of the final division of Europe decided in the course of Yalta
Conference of the Big Three. Another issue is whether and to what extent the
non-communist forces in Czechoslovakia were capable of transforming the
British initiatives into their political platform and to applying them. This can
be illustrated by the fact that Nichols analysis of the strategy of the
Communist Party, drafted on the initiative of the Northern Department of the
Foreign Office in December
1945
and showing with deadly precision what
methods would be used and what areas would be attacked by Czechoslovak
Communists in order to gain political and economic power, was not accepted
by Czechoslovak non-communist politicians.
/533/
British
diplomats in their reports quite naturally paid most attention to
the Czechoslovak constitutional arrangements and the political system of
the National Front, the relationship between Czechoslovakia on the one
hand and the USSR, USA, Great Britain, Poland and other countries on the
other, the position of the German minority, the withdrawal of Soviet and US
troops, the reconstruction, and the complex intertwinement of economic,
financial, commercial, cultural and military relations between the United
Kingdom and the Czechoslovak Republic. They also described common life
in liberated Czechoslovakia and the everyday existence of people immediately
after the War, which represents a resource of knowledge yet unused.
The British Diplomacy of that time attempted to follow the strategy
formulated by Ambassador Nichols on 15th March
1945.
The Ambassador
proposed five main objectives of British policy regarding Czechoslovakia in
order to ensure that:
Czechoslovakia would not ultimately be swallowed by the Soviet sphere
of influence;
Czechoslovakia would remain dependent on Western Powers to the same
extent as its dependence on the USSR proved to be;
Czechoslovakia would follow policies of the Main Powers within the
United Nations in arranging for post-war security and reconstruction;
Great Britain would attempt to improve the standards of pre-war
business relations between the two countries;
Great Britain would try to gain the most extensive cultural influence
upon Czechoslovakia among Western democracies, thus replacing the
existing French influence.
Nichols considered items a) and b) as conditional upon each other.
Ambassador Nichols linked the success of this general strategy aimed at
Czechoslovak orientation toward the West with the capacity of Great Britain
to provide material aid to Czechoslovakia, particularly to supply commercial
loans and to participate in supplying weaponry to Czechoslovak Air Forces.
Ambassador Nichols believed that Britain possessed a great potential in the
cultural field to remove France from its exclusive position of the main Western
influence surviving from the pre-war period. He saw several applicable factors
such as the long stay of many famous exile representatives in England during
the War, the friendships of Czechoslovak and British soldiers, RAF members
in particular, and his promise that the British Mission would do their best to
promote British cultural interests. This was why the British Embassy along
with the British Council paid so much attention to propaganda, supplies of
Summary
/534/
films, newspapers, journals, magazines and books, English language courses
and to other forms of cultural and scientific cooperation.
Although it may seem that the emphasis upon business and extensive
cultural relations (furthering special relations established between the two
countries during the War) did not create sufficient counterbalance to the
Soviet influence upon Czechoslovakia and many strategies of British
Diplomacy subject to analysis in this monograph were not outwardly
successful before February
1948,
it should be emphasized that the period
covering the
2nd
World War and the years between
1945
and
1948
helped
sustain the awareness in at least a part of the Czechoslovak population that
we belonged mentally and culturally to the West; this significant trace of the
British influence upon Czechoslovakia was never successfully erased by the
Communist propaganda and ideology.
The outlined attempt to strengthen the Czechoslovak-British relations
and pro-Western orientation through the development of business relations
was made more complicated due to the bad financial and economic
condition of Great Britain after the War, disputes over the financial issues
relating to the post-Munich loan and war loans and particularly due to the
nationalisation of all major British investments. Nichols efforts to play
a strong card emphasising the common combating memories of
Czechoslovak airmen and Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade against the
orientation towards cooperation with the USSR in military issues turned to
be successful only in part. Some problems occurred even in the supplies of
British weaponry for the Czechoslovak ground troops and air forces.
Many issues raised in this monograph originated as early as when
Nichols acted as Ambassador to the Czechoslovak Exile Government in
London during the War; some issues were not even opened during the
period in question, i.e. until the end of
1945,
thus raising some new
questions with respect to the following period between
1946
and
1948.
The
selected period until the end of
1945
represents primarily a significant
turning point in the development of Czechoslovakia as well as in the
relationship between Czechoslovakia and the United Kingdom; that period
also produced various problems to be faced in the following years.
The activities of the British Embassy were examined on
1st
May
1946
with certain aloofness; the report stated that the British Foreign Office
should have been aware of the significance of the British Mission in Prague
since Czechoslovakia found itself at the crossroad of its choice between the
East and the West. Although Czechs and Slovaks looked at the East, their
/535/
culture
had traditionally been Western, their economy individualistic and
capitalist, not communist . The British Embassy should have been an
observer in the country not easy to observe and, moreover, it should have
assisted in creating opportunities for the development of Czechoslovak-
British business, cultural, scientific and technological relations.
Summarizing the conclusions arrived at in the monograph with respect to
British diplomatic reports on Czechoslovakia immediately after the War, it may
be stated that the reports represent a surprisingly precise and detailed
description and analysis of the Czechoslovak political, social and economic
development. It should be noted that British Diplomacy did not suffer from
the lack of information. Despite certain mistakes, errors and simplification in
some reports, they as a whole provide a particular view from the outside at
internal Czechoslovak events and affairs and such a reflection appears to be
more than desirable in recent debates on post-war Czechoslovakia. If we
complement the analysis of reports with the knowledge
ofinformation
sources
one more layer may be discovered, namely opinions of Czechoslovak non-
communist politicians, Czechoslovak soldiers and officers having acted in the
United Kingdom during the War, as well as pro-Western groups of Czech
and Slovak society of that time. Sometimes reports provide a critical or even
raw and sharp picture of the post-war Czechoslovak political and social reality,
which applies primarily to the issues of the banishment and displacement of
the German population, activities of revolutionary guards, national committees
and retributions. Thus the reports will undoubtedly become a useful source in
the continuing and endless debates over those issues. On the other hand, the
reports reflect a certain understanding of how the Czechoslovak position
regarding the issue of the German minority was mainly guided by the idea of
displacement and the strong support for that policy; a similarly lenient
position can be traced with respect to other contentious issues in
1945.
Ambassador Nichols directed all his efforts and expectations in the reports at
the parliamentary election held in
1946,
which should have brought a total
defeat, or at least a significant restriction of power, of the Communist party
thus remedying the many excesses which happened immediately after the
War, or even introducing a more significant turn in the political direction of
Czechoslovakia. Unfortunately, this desire and aspiration failed.
Překlad
do
angličtiny
PhDr.
Marta Chromá, CSc.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Němeček, Jan 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133005631 (DE-588)128817852 |
| author_facet | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Němeček, Jan 1963- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Kuklík, Jan 1967- |
| author_variant | j k jk j n jn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037267920 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711847249 (DE-599)BVBBV037267920 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien Tschechoslowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV037267920 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788024618494 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021180932 |
| oclc_num | 711847249 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 550 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)133005631 aut Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) Jan Kuklík ; Jan Němeček Vyd. 1. Praha Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum 2010 550 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945 gnd rswk-swf Bericht (DE-588)4128022-2 gnd rswk-swf Diplomat (DE-588)4012401-0 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Diplomat (DE-588)4012401-0 s Bericht (DE-588)4128022-2 s Geschichte 1945 z DE-604 Němeček, Jan 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)128817852 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021180932&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021180932&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Němeček, Jan 1963- Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) Bericht (DE-588)4128022-2 gnd Diplomat (DE-588)4012401-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128022-2 (DE-588)4012401-0 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) |
| title_auth | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) |
| title_exact_search | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) |
| title_full | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) Jan Kuklík ; Jan Němeček |
| title_fullStr | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) Jan Kuklík ; Jan Němeček |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) Jan Kuklík ; Jan Němeček |
| title_short | Osvobozené Československo očima britské diplomacie |
| title_sort | osvobozene ceskoslovensko ocima britske diplomacie zpravy britske ambasady z prahy v roce 1945 |
| title_sub | (zprávy britské ambasády z Prahy v roce 1945) |
| topic | Bericht (DE-588)4128022-2 gnd Diplomat (DE-588)4012401-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bericht Diplomat Großbritannien Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021180932&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021180932&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuklikjan osvobozeneceskoslovenskoocimabritskediplomaciezpravybritskeambasadyzprahyvroce1945 AT nemecekjan osvobozeneceskoslovenskoocimabritskediplomaciezpravybritskeambasadyzprahyvroce1945 |