Maximum entropy and ecology: a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Univ. Press
2011
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford series in ecology and evolution
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 257 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199593422 9780199593415 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143889342267392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Maximum entropy and ecology
Autor: Harte, John
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface vi
Glossary of symbols xiv
Acronyms and abbreviations xv
Parti Foundations
1 The nature of theory 3
1.1 What is a theory? 3
1.1.1 Falsifiability 3
1.1.2 Comprehensiveness 4
1.1.3 Parsimony 4
1.1.4 Easier said than done 4
1.2 Ecology and physics 6
1.3 Types of theories 8
1.3.1 The role of mechanism in science 9
1.3.2 Mechanistic theories and models in ecology 11
1.3.3 Statistical theory and models in ecology 12
1.3.4 Neutral theories of ecology 12
1.3.5 Theories based on an optimization principle 13
1.3.6 State variable theories 14
1.3.7 Scaling theories 14
1.4 Why keep theory simple? 16
1.5 Exercises 17
2 The logic of inference 19
2.1 Expanding prior knowledge 20
2.2 Sought knowledge can often be cast in the form of unknown
probability distributions 21
Contents
2.3 Prior knowledge often constrains the sought-after distributions 22
2.4 We always seek the least-biased distribution 22
2.5 Exercises 23
Part II Macroecology
3 Scalingmetrics and macroecology 27
3.1 Thinking like a macroecologist 27
3.1.1 Questioning like a macroecologist 27
3.1.2 Censusing like a macroecologist 28
3.2 Metrics for the macroecologist 29
3.2.1 Units of analysis 30
3.3 The meaning of the metrics 32
3.3.1 Species-level spatial abundance distribution 33
3.3.2 Range-area relationship 35
3.3.3 Species-level commonality 37
3.3.4 Intra-specific energy distribution 39
3.3.5 Dispersa! distributions 40
3.3.6 The species-abundance distribution (SAD) 41
3.3.7 Species-area relationship (SAR) 41
3.3.8 The endemics-area relationship (EAR) 46
3.3.9 Community commonality 46
3.3.10 Community energy distribution 47
3.3.11 Energy- and mass-abundance relationships 47
3.3.12 Link distribution in a species network 51
3.3.13 Two other metrics: The inter-specific dispersal-abundance
relationship and the metabolic scaling rule 52
3.4 Graphs and pattems 52
3.4.1 Species-level spatial-abundance distributions: 17(n|A, n0, A0) 61
3.4.2 Range-area relationship: B(A]n0, Ao) 63
3.4.2.1 A note on the nomenclature of curvature 63
3.4.3 Species-level commonality: C(A,D|«0, ^o) ^3
3.4.4 Intra-specific distribution of metabolic rates: 0(e|«o) 65
3.4.5 Intra-specific distribution of dispersal distances: A(D) 65
3.4.6 The species-abundance distribution: $(n|So, Nq A0) 66
3.4.7 The species-area relationship: S (A|iVo S0, A0) 68
3.4.8 The endemics-area relationship: E(A No, So, Ao) 73
3.4.9 Community-level commonality: X(AJ) No, S0, Ao) 13
3.4.10 Energy and mass distributions and energy- and
mass-abundance relationships 75
3.4.11 A(l S0,Lo) 76
3.4.12 e(m) 77
Contents ? xi
3.5 Why do we care about the metrics? 78
3.5.1 Estimating biodiversity in large areas 78
3.5.2 Estimating extinction 79
3.5.3 Estimating abundance from sparse data 82
3.6 Exercises 83
4 Overviewof macroecological modeis and theories 87
4.1 Purely Statistical modeis 87
4.1.1 The Coleman model: Distinguishable individuals 87
4.1.2 Models of Indistinguishable Individuais 89
4.1.2.1 Generalized Laplace model 92
4.1.2.2 HEAP 93
4.1.3 The negative binomial distribution 95
4.1.4 The Poisson Cluster model 97
4.2 Power-law modeis 97
4.2.1 Commonality under self-similarity 100
4.3 Other theories of the SAD and/or the SAR 102
4.3.1 Preston s theory 102
4.3.2 Hubbell s neutral theory of ecology 104
4.3.3 Niche-based modeis 105
4.3.4 Island biogeographic theory 108
4.4 Energy and mass distributions 109
4.5 Mass-abundance and energy-abundance relationships 110
4.6 Food web modeis 110
4.7 A note on confidence intervals for testing model goodness 111
4.8 Exercises 112
Part III The maximum entropy principle
5 Entrvpy, information, andtheconceptof
maximum entropy 117
5.1 Thermodynamic entropy 117
5.2 Information theory and Information entropy 121
5.3 MaxEnt 123
6 MaxEnt atwork 130
6.1 What if MaxEnt doesn t work? 130
6.2 Some examples of constraints and distributions 131
6.3 Usesof MaxEnt 133
6.3.1 Image resolution 133
xii ? Contents
6.3.2 Climate envelopes 133
6.3.3 Economics 134
6.3.4 Food webs and other networks 135
6.3.5 Classical and non-equilibrium thermodynamics and mechanics 135
6.3.6 Macroecology 136
6.4 Exercises 136
Part IV Macroecology and MaxEnt
7 The maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE) 141
7.1 The entities and the State variables 141
7.2 The structureof METE 142
7.2.1 Abundance and energy distributions 142
7.2.2 Species-level spatial distributions across multiple scales 146
7.3 Solutions: R{n, z) and the metrics derived from it 146
7.3.1 Rank distributions for W(e 6 (e), and #(«) 152
7.3.2 Implications: extreme values of n and e 153
7.3.3 Predicted forms of other energy and mass metrics 155
7.4 Solutions: J7(n) and the metrics derived from it 157
7.5 The predicted species-area relationship 162
7.5.1 Predicting the SAR: Method 1 163
7.5.2 The special case of S(A) for 1 - A/A0 « 1 166
7.6 The endemics-area relationship 167
7.7 The predicted collector s curve 168
7.8 When should energy-equivalence and the Damuth relationship hold? 169
7.9 Miscellaneous predictions 173
7.10 Summary of predictions 174
7.11 Exercises 175
8 TestingMETE 177
8.1 A general perspective on theory evaluation 177
8.2 Datasets 178
8.2.1 Some warnings regarding censusing procedures 180
8.3 The species-level spatial abundance distribution 180
8.3.1 A note on use of an alternative entropy measure 186
8.4 The community-level species-abundance distribution 186
8.5 The species-area and endemics-area relationships 190
8.6 The distribution of metabolic rates 193
8.7 Pattems in the failures of METE 196
8.8 Exercises 197
Contents ? xiii
PartV A wider perspective
9 Applications to conservation 201
9.1 Scaling up species richness 201
9.2 Inferring abundance from presence-absence data 202
9.3 Estimating extinction under habitat loss 202
9.4 Inferring associations between habitat characteristics
and species occurrence 203
9.5 Exercises 206
10 Connections to other theories 208
10.1 METE and the Hubbell neutral theory 208
10.2 METE and metabolic scaling theories 209
10.3 METE and food web theory 210
10.4 Other applications of MaxEnt in macroecology 210
10.5 Exercise 212
11 Future directions 213
11.1 Incorporating spatial correlations into METE 213
11.1.1 Method 1: Correlations from consistency constraints 213
11.1.2 Method 2: A Bayesian approach to correlations 216
11.2 Understanding the structure of food webs 218
11.3 Toward a dynamic METE 218
11.4 Exercises 225
Epilogue: Is a comprehensive unified theory of
ecok gypossible?Whatmightitk oklike? 229
Appendix A: Access to plant census data from
a Serpentine grassland 232
Appendix B:Afractal model 233
Appendix C: Predkting the SAR: An alternative
approach 240
References 244
Index 253
|
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| spelling | Harte, John 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)172126983 aut Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics John Harte 1. publ. Oxford Univ. Press 2011 XIII, 257 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford series in ecology and evolution Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Maximum-Entropie-Methode (DE-588)4277537-1 gnd rswk-swf Maximum-Entropie-Methode (DE-588)4277537-1 s DE-604 Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021180255&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Harte, John 1939- Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Maximum-Entropie-Methode (DE-588)4277537-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4277537-1 |
| title | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics |
| title_auth | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics |
| title_exact_search | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics |
| title_full | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics John Harte |
| title_fullStr | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics John Harte |
| title_full_unstemmed | Maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics John Harte |
| title_short | Maximum entropy and ecology |
| title_sort | maximum entropy and ecology a theory of abundance distribution and energetics |
| title_sub | a theory of abundance, distribution, and energetics |
| topic | Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Maximum-Entropie-Methode (DE-588)4277537-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Maximum-Entropie-Methode |
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