W przededniu zagłady ...: = The day before the extermination ...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kielce
Muzeum Narodowe
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Text engl. und poln. Bibliogr. s. 72 |
| Beschreibung: | 72 s. il. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788389995131 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 72 | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143888495017984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Introduci!
ion
In
August,
2007
we will celebrate 65th anniversary of the closing of the Jewish ghetto
in
Kielce.
On
19-24
August,
1945,
three large groups of ]ews were transported to the extermina¬
tion camp in
Treblinka
II from a loading platform in
Młynarska
Street. In total approximately
20,000
Jews, both natives of
Kielce
and inhabitants from the region of Ponidzie, the
Warta
River,
Łódź,
Vienna, Prague and Berlin were sent to the camp. About
1,200 -1,500
were killed
in the ghetto. The main aim of the German invader acting within
Reinhard
operation was not
only the extermination of the Jewish population. As
Jacek Młynarski
describes it in his article
entitled: Bestiality
ex officio. Organizolion
of
Nozi
deportation
operatons
within
Reinhard
operation as exemplified by the liquidation of
Kielce
ghetto (Quarterly of Jewish History
2002,
no
3),
this unimaginable crime against humanity aimed at:
1.
increasing export of food
products to the Third Reich,
2.
limiting black market through the extermination of the Jewish
traders,
3.
immediate extermination of Jewish population regarded by the Nazi propaganda as
the main carrier of contagious diseases,
4.
killing of Jews identified by the propaganda with
communists,
5.
deriving significant material benefits.
It should be stressed that all Jews who were sent to
Treblinka
in
1942
were killed immedi¬
ately after arrival.
Joining the celebrations commemorating 65lh anniversary of the closing of the
Kielce
ghetto, we would like to present two unique documents. The first one is a list of contributions
paid by the Jewish community in
Kielce
in
1937,
which can be found in the records of
Kielce
District (call number
1950)
in the State Archives in
Kielce.
The document comprises the list
of
1247
heads of families who had been residing in
Kielce
for at least a year and who paid
municipality tax. The list makes it possible to identify not only a family name and a surname
but also a place of residence of the Jews. The second document preserved in the City of
Kielce
Records (call number
2652)
is a list of Jewish hostages from
Kielce
from September
1939.
9
After
invading
Kielce,
Wehrmacht
seized hostages, both Poles and Jews. According to
Fran¬
ciszek
Zajqc, a forester and a former councilor of
Kielce,
all people who received written sum¬
mons had to appear in a jail in
Zamkowa
Street taking with themselves a blanket and some
food. According to the preserved list, the first Jews were arrested on
6
September,
1939,
and the
last ones on
24
September. In total, Germans took
106
Jewish hostages. Ihey were usually noble
people, for instance the cinema owner,
Maks
Ellenncweig, lawyers
Henryk
Frux and Jakob
Wajnryb, factory owner Bernard Lewi, surgeons assistant Szloma Rotman, doctor
Oskar
Strum,
and the owners of coal yard Todrys, Fiszel and
Izrael Herszkowkz.
Jewish Community in
Kielce
Until the Great Seym of Poland,
Kielce
was a bishop town but despite that fact it did not have
de non
hlerandh
håoeh
privilege. It allowed Jewish settlement following a tsar ukase
of
24
May,
1862,
regarding the equality of right of the Jewish population. During the break-out
of January uprising, State Government guaranteed complete equality for Jews, ihey started to
settle in
Kielce
after the uprising. In
1872,
there were
505
Jews in
Kielce,
in
1876 -1121,
in
1880 - 2640,
in
1896 - 2946,
in
1915 -14,794,
in
1921 -15,530,
in
1931 -18,683
and in
1937 -17,500.
The influx of Jews to
Kielce
was not regular. In
1882,
there came many
Jews from the neighbouring villages after they had been deprived of licence for mills, windmills
and inns. Many Jews, also rich ones, came to
Kielce
after the construction of railway tracks
in
1885.
Between
1870
and
1900,
Jewish traders operated in all branches of commerce. They con¬
ducted their business at fairs and markets frequented by Jews from
Chęciny, Działoszyce,
Chmielnik and
Skalbmierz
trading in clothes, fabrics and fancy articles. Those with larger capital
tried to make various investments.
Michal
Goldhaar
is a good example as he was not only
an owner of a bookshop and a reading room but he also traded in coal from
Modrzejów
and
purchased large landed property in Betk. Each year new shops were opened and the number of
stalls and pedlars increased. Craft, however, did not develop
ai
rapidly, although each year the
number of Jewish bakers, butchers and shoemakers slowly but steadily increased. In most cases,
Jews used to win tenders for construction of new houses and paving streets with coble stones.
In
1913,
Gazeta Kielecka ,
a local newspaper, wrote:
...
the construction of all houses is given
by Christian and Polish capitalists to Jews . In
1875,
Abram
Zagajski from Chmielnik, purchased
Wiefrznia limestone quarry and in
1896
Judka
Ehrlich
bought Kadzielnia quarry, which was
described by SeferKielh in the following way: Kadzielnia made not only its new owners but
the whole Jewish community rich. Many Jews, inhabitants of
Kielce
found decent means
of existence. It was the first plant which contributed significantly to the development of th
Jewish community. Smoke from industrial chimneys was for the Jews from
Kielce
as sacred
10
ІЄ
smoke of scent .
Henryk
Salomonowicz
Nowak
and
Henryk
Bruner bought fwo large sawmills
in
Głęboczka
grange, taking advantage of large forest resources near
Kielce.
The son of
Abram
Zagajski, Herszel, became a famous figure in the history of
Kielce
not only because he
bui
It few
houses but mainly due to his construction of the house of prayers with magnificent interior. The
building survived wars and can still be admired in
3
Słowackiego
Street.
Due to a large settlement of Jewish people in
Kielce,
mainly from
Chęciny,
and despite an
objection of
Chęciny
rabbinate, on
1
February
1868,
State Commission of the Interior estab¬
lished
Kielce
synagogue district and on
22
August it acknowledged the newly appointed mem¬
bers of synagogue supervision.
Mordka
Goldret was
the first rabbi of
Kielce.
Prayers were uttered
in a rented house in
Bodzentyńska
Street. Ritual baths and kosher slaughterhouse were opened
in Saint
Tekla
Square. In
1868
land for Jewish cemetery in Pakosz grange behind Kadzielnia hill
was selected. Iwo years later, Funeral Brotherhood was established. The construction of
о
syna¬
gogue proved to be a prestigious matter and for that purpose a piece of land was purchased
in
1878
in Nowowarszawska Street.
lews also started to pay attention to education. In
1900, 30
Jewish schools operated
in
Kielce,
which educated
900
children.
Poorer people settled on the outskirts of
Kielce,
mostly in Iragowa,
Pocieszka, Bodzentyńska,
Silniczna and
Nowy Świat
Streets. Rich lews purchased houses and apartments in the city centre,
in
Mała, Konstantego, Pocztowa, Laonarda
Streets as well as in the main square and market
square.
In
1901,
Kielce
Society for Aid to the Poor of Jewish Faith was established. The management
of the society comprised
Feliks
Merber, Adolf Wolfman and
Mojżesz
Pfeffer.
In
1901,
Mojżesz
Pfeffer
donated additional piece of land in Nowowarszawska Street as
well as
20,000
roubles in cash for the construction of a synagogue. Finally, the building was
completed according to the design of
Stanisław
Szpakowski. It was constructed within two
years and was opened in
1903.
It resembled synagogues of Vienna and
Wrocław.
In the main
hall of prayers, on the ceiling, there was a painting of twelve Jewish tribes, on the south wall
-
Jerusalem s Western Wall, on the north wall
-
Mother Rachel s tomb. The altar was topped
with a gold crown. There was also a choir gallery and a large church porch. Not far from the
synagogue there was a ritual bath. At the same time, the Jewish community undertook the
construction of a separate building of Saint Alexander Hospital. It was completed in
1908
and reported to the Province Council of Charity. In the period between the wars, at the re¬
quest of the commune, H. Zagajski donated several tons of road metal for the construction
of a road leading to the city. He was officially thanked by
„Kielce
Ыотег
Leben
newspa¬
per.
In
1902,
Mosze
Nachům
Jerozolimski,
a former rabbi of
Ostrołęka,
was appointed rabbi
of
Kielce.
He enjoyed high esteem and was also a chief inspector of Jewish schools in Russia, the
author of numerous papers and one of the most well known rabbis in Eastern Europe. The syna-
11
gogue supervision comprised:
Mojżesz
Pfeffer, Moszek Chaim Kaminer, Wiktor
Rajzman, Äo-
szek Cukier, Lejzor Kohn, Lejba Machłyngier and
Gimpel
Moszkowicz.
In
1915,
withdrawing Russian army ordered the rabbi to leave the city. He never returned to
Kielce
and died in Russia in
1916,
similarly to
Henryk Nowak,
the richest Jew from
Kielce.
Austrian occupation was characterized by numerous prohibitions, orders, contributions and
also confiscations of the so-called strategic materials, which meant everything that was needed
for the army. Economically, the standard of life decreased but the occupation authorities did
not disturb the development of self-government institutions. According to the provision of
20
October,
1915,
the so-called Management of Jewish Community was established. It was presided
by
о
new rabbi of
Kielce,
Abraham
Abel ha Kochen
Rapoport, a well known
Talmudic
expert. The
management also consisted of
Jakub
Nowak,
Adolf Wilner, Herman Frejzynger and
Józef
Skórecki.
lhe
Kielce
Jewish community also comprosed some neighbouring towns and villages, such
as: Niewachlow, Morawica,
Dyminy, Piekoszów
and
Mniów.
In total, there were
3,441
families
of which
1,400
declared to pay contributions. We may therefore draw conclusions that the com¬
munity living by the
Silnica
River couldn t have been rich.
Another important event was the establishment of municipal self-government.
2,296
Jews
were eligible to participate in the elections,
lhe
elected city councillors were: Izaak Rajzman,
Menesa Jankielewski,
Henryk Auszer, Jakub Jakubowski, Józef Lewinson, Jakub
Sztemfeld,
Natan
Hassenbein, Salomon
Paradistal,
Herman Lewi, Herszel Zagajski, Lejzor Kohn, Adolf Wil¬
ner and
Abram
Wargoń.
On
1
November,
1918,
Austrian soldiers were disarmed. After
123
years of oppression, new
independent Poland was born. Of course not without pain.
len
days later, after a public meeting
in
Polski
Hotel, where Jews demanded larger autonomy, riots broke out in
Kielce
and Jewish
shops were devastated. New state authorities were trying to do everything they could to deal
with the problem. The rioters were arrested and sentenced to imprisonment.
Kielce
curia, Vati¬
can as well as American
Margentau
Commission also became involved.
In the years
1918 -1939,
Kielce
Jewish community had
16,000 -18,000
people, which was
3,000-3,400
families. If was one of the six Jewish communities in the whole
Kielce
district.
Throughout the whole period until the Second World War, there were no changes in the rabbin¬
ate of
Kielce.
The main rabbi of the
Kielce
town was
Abela
Rapoport. Alter
Hörberg
was the
deputy rabbi, Hersz Grynszpan
-
assessor. They together constituted rabbinic court. In
Kielce,
there also resided other rabbis, namely: Lejzor Finkler, Beer Szaja and Efroim Rabinowicz.
Kielce
was also a seat of Chasidic Jews. There were tzadiks following their masters
trom
Aleksandrów, Chmielnik, Góra Kalwaria, Chęciny,
Cheb,
Raków, Piaseczno, Pilica and Nowy
Korczyn.
The Jewish community was governed by the Council and the Management, elected every
four years. The Council was subsequently chaired by: Herszel Zagajski,
Dawid
Rotenberg
12
and Abram
Piofrowski, whereas
łhe Managemenł
was presided over by Herman Lewi, Izaak
Rajzman, Symcha Goldman and Wolf Kluika. Ihe main office building of
łhe
Council and
łhe
Managemenł
was situated in
1
Leonarda
Sfreef. Ihe community owned buildings in
22
Semi-
naryjska Słreeł
and
2
Czarnowska
Słreeł
as well
oí
two squares in
Prosta
and in
Cicha
Streets.
On average there were
3,200
families of which
1,953
paid contribution in
1925,1,888
in
1928,1,555
in
1930,1,307
in
1933
and
1,247
in
1937.
Ihe scale of contributions was large,
from
3
to
1,450
zloty.
Despite energetic efforts of fhe subsequent Managements, all imposed contributions were
never paid in full. It undoubtedly contributed to fhe community* debt. In
1933,
fhe proposed
income had the following structure:
72,000
zloty
from live stock slaughter,
41,500
zloty
from
poultry slaughter,
25,000
zloty
from the cemetery,
30,000
zloty
from the baths,
54,250
zloty
from community contribution,
200
zloty
from office fees,
450
zloty
from rent and
600
zloty
from paschal flour,
f
xpenditure comprised wages of Rabbi
Abela Rapoport
(10,176
zloty
annually), wages of deputy rabbi Alter
Hörberg
(6,000
zloty
annually), assessor Hersz Grynsz-
pan
(4,800
zloty),
and community employees
(15,171
zloty).
Eight butchers earned in total
32,000
zloty,
ihe maintenance of community cost
3,560
zloty,
cantor, cantor bet hamidrasz,
choir and teachers
- 6,000
zloty,
pensions
- 2,800
zloty.
There were also subsidies for Talum
fora
(3,000
zloty),
Jesodej
lora
(700
zloty), Bejt
Mow
(390
zloty),
Kibbutz School
(390
zloty),
the aid for the poor during
Pesách
(9,000
zloty),
prisoners during Jewish festivals
(10,000
zloty),
Zagajscy home for the aged
(3,000
zloty),
Marpe Society
(115
zloty), Szowmrej
Szabat
Society
(150
zloty)
and Auxilim Academicum
Judaicum
Society
(100
zloty).
Izrael
Wajner and Modrka Fryman were cantors, fmanuel Lejbusiewicz
-
a teacher at bet
hamidrasz,
Izek
Adler,
Szloma Borenszfajn,
Mordka
Gotfryd, Bencjan
Gerszł, Dawid
Charemza,
Judka
Rafałowicz,
Modrka Pas and Szloma Lejb
Adler -
butchers.
According to Almanac of Jewish Communities in Poland in
1939
the community owned:
an orphanage, a house for the aged, baths, poultry slaughterhouse, two houses of prayers and
one funeral house. There were also some premises and land donated by some Jews. Although
pressed by the administration authorities, the Management of the community took over the
synagogue and the cemetery in
1934,
it was never properly stated in the land registry. Apart
from the synagogue, there were
35
private houses of prayers and approximately
50
Chasidic
schools. There operated fhe Society for fhe Protection of Saturday, chaired by Rachmil Gutman.
In
1930,
Mosze Menachem Mendel stared writing down the inscriptions from the tombs situated
in the Jewish cemetery in
Kielce.
íhey
were printed in the form of the book entitled %e House
of
łhe
Living m
1931
in
Piotrków Trybunalski
in
Beniamin
Liebeskinďs
printing house. The book
included a list of rabbis, tzadiks and citizens of
Kielce
together with their biographies. Unfortu¬
nately, the book has never been translated into Polish.
The party structure in the Council and fhe Management just before the Second World War was
quite complicated. Orthodox Jews dominated
(57%
of voices), followed by
Aguda
(14.2%),
13
Mizrach
(7.2%),
General
Zionists
(7.2%),
Zionists Revisionists
(7.2%)
and Poalej
Syjon Prawica
(7.2%).
Rabbi A. Rapoporf, who was free from
parły
adherence, advocated strong co-operation with
Poles which could be seen in his numerous letters sent to bishop
Czesław Kaczmarek
in
1938.
At the request of the authorities, the rabbi joined in the creation of Defense League in the Jew¬
ish community. Prayers organized by the rabbi during the 11th week of the League were very
impressive.
Apart from Jewish schools in
Kielce
in the period between the wars there were:
¡almud lora,
Jesodej lora, Jawne,
two other Jewish schools and
Bejt Jakow
school for girls. Jewish High
School for Boys in
Kielce,
which educated
150
up to
200
boys, was one of the most prestigious.
In the middle of the 1930vs a large group from the school, supported by the community, went
to Palestine to study at the Hebrew University.
According to
Gazeta Kielecka ,
at the turn of
1933
and
1934 90
boys and
30
girls were
trained by Jewish entrepreneurs to perform necessary professions in Palestine. In the district of
Czarnów
there was a farm where Jewish students were taught agriculture. Ihe journey to Pa¬
lestine was not a problem as there were
14
emigration agencies in
Kielce
at that time.
28
different societies were registered in
Kielce
in the period between the wars. It reflects
significant social engagement of the Jewish population. Jewish community co-operated well
with the City Council, District Council and Council of the Province. Members of the Jewish com¬
munity participated in the elections to the City Council, Health Service and Parliament. In
1939,
inspired by the wife of the rabbi, Sara Rapoport, Jews from
Kielce
collected jewelry and money
for the National Defense Fund.
Shortly before the break-out of the war, the Jewish community in
Kielce
had
17,500
people,
of which
16,000
resided in the city,
lhe
analysis of the rates of contributions led to the conclu¬
sions that only
400
families out of
3,400
were able to afford decent lifestyle,
lhe
same number
of Jewish families lived in poverty.
100 - 150
of them needed permanent or temporary
support.
Krzysztof Urbański
14
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Urbański, Krzysztof 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132014688 |
| author_facet | Urbański, Krzysztof 1940- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Urbański, Krzysztof 1940- |
| author_variant | k u ku |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037266689 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)189644478 (DE-599)BVBBV037266689 |
| era | Geschichte 1942 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1942 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kielce swd Juden swd Kielce (DE-588)4030485-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kielce Juden |
| id | DE-604.BV037266689 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788389995131 |
| language | Polish English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021179720 |
| oclc_num | 189644478 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 72 s. il. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Muzeum Narodowe |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Urbański, Krzysztof 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)132014688 aut W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... [tekst Krzysztof Urbański, tł. Hanna Mijas, Anna Krakowiak] The day before the extermination ... Kielce Muzeum Narodowe 2007 72 s. il. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text engl. und poln. Bibliogr. s. 72 Geschichte 1942 gnd rswk-swf Jüdische Gemeinde swd Ghetto swd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd rswk-swf Kielce swd Juden swd Kielce (DE-588)4030485-1 gnd rswk-swf Kielce (DE-588)4030485-1 g Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 s Geschichte 1942 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021179720&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Urbański, Krzysztof 1940- W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... Jüdische Gemeinde swd Ghetto swd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4030485-1 |
| title | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... |
| title_alt | The day before the extermination ... |
| title_auth | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... |
| title_exact_search | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... |
| title_full | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... [tekst Krzysztof Urbański, tł. Hanna Mijas, Anna Krakowiak] |
| title_fullStr | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... [tekst Krzysztof Urbański, tł. Hanna Mijas, Anna Krakowiak] |
| title_full_unstemmed | W przededniu zagłady ... = The day before the extermination ... [tekst Krzysztof Urbański, tł. Hanna Mijas, Anna Krakowiak] |
| title_short | W przededniu zagłady ... |
| title_sort | w przededniu zaglady the day before the extermination |
| title_sub | = The day before the extermination ... |
| topic | Jüdische Gemeinde swd Ghetto swd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Jüdische Gemeinde Ghetto Getto Kielce Juden |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021179720&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT urbanskikrzysztof wprzededniuzagładythedaybeforetheextermination AT urbanskikrzysztof thedaybeforetheextermination |