Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965): dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. Vol. 2
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Timişoara
Editura Excelsior Art
2010
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 379 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9789735922443 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) |b dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |n Vol. 2 |c Eugen Mioc |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143886253162496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Argument
..........................................................................................................7
1.
Structuri de putere centrale
.......................................................................9
I.
Viaţa politică în Republica Populară Română între anii
1956-1965........9
2.
Situaţia internaţională
şi influenţa ei asupra Banatului şi României
..........................................35
I.
Banatul şi România în context internaţional
..........................................35
II.
Premisele Războiului rece
....................................................................46
III. Mişcarea Legionară în Banat
...............................................................82
IV.
Drama germanilor din Banat
..............................................................106
V
Coloniştii
.............................................................................................118
VI.
Banatul şi problema titoistă
...............................................................122
VII. Evenimentele din Ungaria din toamna anului
1956
şi impactul lor asupra Timişoarei şi Banatului
................................154
VIII. Desprinderea României
din îmbrăţişarea sovietică
(1958-1965)..........................................175
3.
Structuri de putere locale
.......................................................................183
I.
Comitetele locale de partid (judeţene, regionale şi orăşeneşti) ale
Partidului Comunist Român (Partidului Muncitoresc Român)
...........183
II.
Aspecte ale activităţii
Comitetului regional P.M.R. Timişoara (Banat)
..................................207
III. Aspecte ale activităţii Comitetului orăşenesc P.M.R. Timişoara
.......220
4.
Structuri economice
................................................................................235
I.
O scurtă privire de ansamblu asupra economiei României
..................235
II.
Dezvoltarea industrială în Timişoara,
judeţul Timiş-Torontal şi regiunea Banat
...........................................243
III. Agricultura în Banat
...........................................................................269
IV.
Infrastructura din regiunea Banat (Timişoara).
Electrificarea şi transporturile
............................................................285
5.
Aspecte ale mişcării de rezistenţă anticomunistă
.................................288
I.
Rezistenţa subversivă
...........................................................................288
II.
Rezistenţa cotidiană
........................
v
...................................................305
6.
Agitaţie şi propagandă comunistă
.........................................................315
I.
Manipularea opiniei publice
.................................................................315
II.
Şcolile de cadre şi de propagandişti
....................................................343
III. Proletcultismul
...................................................................................351
Concluzii
......................................................................................................364
Bibliografie
..................................................................................................368
Communism in
Banat
(1944-1965).
The dynamics of the power structures in
Timişoara
and the adjacent areas (summary)
.............................................................373
THE DYNAMICS OF THE POWER STRUCTURES IN
TIMIŞOARA
AND THE ADJACENT AREAS
(1944-1965)
SUMMARY
The paper has as a point of reference the city of
Timişoara.
This was the
capital of the historical
Banat
and of the county
Timiş-Torontal
and then of the
region of
Banat,
depending on the administrative and territorial reorganizations. The
geographical boundaries of the
Banat
area are presented during different periods
of time as well as statistics of the population per ethnic group. The Romanians,
although a minor group in the cities, have represented the majority in the province
starting with the XVIIIth century. The most recent census presented is the one from
1956.
The penetration of the social ideology in
Timişoara
and
Banat
was carried out
along the Vienna- Budapest line, at the end of the XlXth century.
After the Great Union in
1918,
the Social Democratic Party in Hungary
affiliated with the social and democratic party in Romania. In
1921,
upon Moscow s
intervention, the Socialist Party in Romania split, the Communist Party in Romania
and the Social-Democratic party being thus born. During the period between the
two world wars, the Romanian Communist Party was just a simple appendix of
Moscow, whose orders it fulfilled step by step. This Party fought for the tearing apart
of the Great Romania and was mainly made up of foreigners. It underwent numerous
„faction-related fights which had as a central momentthe „party strike in April
1944
which led to the arrival of the secretary general
Ştefan Foriş.
In
1924,
the Romanian
Communist Party was declared as being illegal and it remained in such condition for
20
years. In
Banat,
between
1942
and
1943,
there were massive arrests among the
communists which resulted in their activity being almost
inexistent.
The attempt to
organize a group of partizans in the
Semenic
Mountains during the summer of
1944
also resulted in a fiasco.
In the context of the advance of the Soviet Army on Romania s territory, in
August
1944,
the Romanian Communist Party, which had in the whole country
around
1000
members, started its activity. It was received as a dialog partner by the
historical parties, the National Peasant s Party and the National Liberal Party. The
Socialist Democratic Party was added, and together with this party the Romanian
Communist Party formed the Unique Worker s Front. After August 23rd,
1944,
the
Romanian Communist Party left the alliance with the National Peasant s Party and
374 EUGEN
МЮС
the National Liberal Party and together with the Socialist Democratic Party and other
satellite parties it formed the National Democratic Front.
The actions of the communists taken in order to take over the entire state
power were supported by the international circumstances. In Moscow, in October
1944,
the influence spheres in Europe had already been divided, and Romania came
under the influence of the Soviet Union for a period of
45
years.
In the
Timiş-Torontal
county, upon ending its illegal status, the Romanian
Communist Party had
40
members. After this date, the number of its members
started to increase in an exponential manner. Practicing an appropriate demagogy, the
Romanian Communist Party succeeded in getting tens of thousand of people on the
streets of
Timişoara
to demonstrate against the
Sănătescu
and
Rădescu
governments
and in order to request the establishment of a government of the National Democratic
Fund. At the same time, the Patriotic Fight Formations were set up which, from
a theoretical perspective, were fighting against the fascists but they practically
terrorized the political parties. Lists of clerks were drawn up and such clerks were
removed on the basis of the fact that they were not „democrats . Others, in order to
keep their jobs, had to become members of the Romanian Communist Party or of
the satellite parties of such party. In all the rural establishments in the
Timiş-Torontal
county party cells were set up and the mayors, the notary publics were replaced etc.
Different statistics with the dynamics of the party members are presented regarding
the period between
1944
and
1947
in the
Timiş-Torontal
county and the
Banat
region.
The regional committee of the Romanian Communist Party
-
Banat
supervised the
activity of the party organizations in the counties of
Timiş-Torontal,
Caras,
Severin
and
Arad.
The parliamentary elections of November 19th,
1946
made legal the Romanian
Communist Party s government and that of the satellite parties. These elections were
won by fraud but electoral frauds were not initiated by the communists. During the
entire period between the two world wars, the parties in the government obtained
crushing results at parliamentary elections. The electoral campaign carried out
by the Romanian Communist Party and its allies in
Timişoara
and the county of
Timiş-Torontal
is presented in detail. The reports of the police legion are presented
regarding the estimate and the result of the elections in different rural towns in the
county of
Timiş-Torontal.
Finally, it can be concluded that the Romanian Communist
Party and its allies carried out a fraud at the elections of November
1946,
by
20-25%
and not by
75%
as it was specified by a series of historians after the
1989
revolution.
Chapter „The opposition parties... includes a short history of the National
Peasant s Party and of the National Liberal Party, the manner in which they both
cooperated on a national and local level against the Romanian Communist Party and
its allies in the National Democratic Front. A series of reports of the police legion in
_________________
COMUNISMUL ÎN BANAT
(1944-1965)_______________375
Timiş-Torontal
county are presented regarding the
electoral
campaign of such parties
in the year
1946.
The main supporters of the historical parties in
Timişoara
were the
pupils and the students and a part of the intellectuals. After the
Tămădău
case and
after declaring the National Peasant s Party as being illegal, the persecution was
also launched against the members of this party in the
Timiş-Torontal
county. Many
arrests were carried out under all sorts of pretences. Those who were not arrested
were closely watched. The same happened with the members and supporters of the
other opposition parties: National Liberal Party
-
Brătianu
and Social Democratic
Party
- Titel Petrescu.
During the entire period between the wars, the Social Democratic Party refused
any type of collaboration with the Romanian Communist Party. During the Second
World War, however, the external circumstances determined the social-democrats to
form together with the communists the Unique Workers Front. There were still many
misunderstandings within this alliance and the meetings of UWF
Timiş-Torontal
show this fact. Statistics are presented with the members of the Social Democratic
Party, on a local level, as well as descriptions of the social-democratic leaders in
the
Timiş-Torontal
county. In March
1946,
the Social Democratic Party split, its
president,
Constantin
Titel
Petrescu leaving the communists and forming the
Independent Social Democratic Party. This also generated different consequences
upon the social-democrats in the
Timiş-Torontal
county. Some of these were arrested
and rehabilitated at the end of the
1950s,
when the Romanian Communist Party
started to be interested in them again.
The National Popular Party was the follower of the Patriots Union, an
organization which during the war formed together the „democratic forces which
were against the fascists. In
1946,
the Patriots Union transformed itself into the NPP
and became the satellite party of the Romanian Communist Party which grouped
the „progressive intellectuals . This paper contains the description of the N.P.P.
organization at the level of the
Timiş-Torontal
county, of the main leaders, statistics
with the members of this party, as well as the operations of the subsidiaries in the
region until the year
1949
when this party dissolved itself.
The same as N.P.P., the Ploughers Front was a satellite party of the
Romanian Communist Party. The Leader of this political group,
Petru Groza,
was
a prime-minister for a long period of time
(1945-1952)
and then head of the state
(1952-1958).
The same as in the case of N.P.P., the activity of the Ploughers Front
in the
Timiş-Torontal
county is presented and then within the
Timişoara
region, the
main leaders as well as statistics with the party members. In
1953
this party also
dissolved itself.
One of the chapters deals with the evolution of the former members of the
Banat
Legionary Movement until the mid
1960s.
Between
1944
and
1947,
the Romanian
Communist Party via the voice of
Ana Pauker
tried to attract for collaboration
376 EUGEN
MIOC
certain
„remorseful legionaries since it was considered that they were „misguided
revolutionists . In
1948,
under the new international circumstances, the agreement
between the Romanian Communist Party and the legionaries was broken. Few
legionaries became members of the Romanian Communist Party and operated within
such. The majority joined the subversive anti-communist movement. The reports of
the
Securitate
(Security) regarding the
Timişoara
region offer evidence in this sense.
The
Banat
legionaries were tracked and the informers revealed information about
them even at the beginning of the
1960s.
The Svabs represented during the period between the two World Wars an
important ethnic minority in the
Banat
region but especially in the
Timiş-Torontal
county. They benefited from autonomy during the Second World War being almost
all part of the German Ethnic Group. After
1944,
they were subject to a real tragedy.
Only in the
Timiş-Torontal
county, almost
14,000
young Germans had been deported
for reconstruction works in the Soviet Union. The entire community lost, following
the agricultural reform in
1945,
their houses and land lots. The German Anti-fascist
Committee was set up via which the Romanian Communist Party intended to
recover the „democratic Germans . The German Anti-fascist Committee carried out
mainly cultural operations but also social and political activities. Starting with the
year
1954,
the Germans received their houses back. At the end of the
1950s
they
started to migrate considerably to West Germany and Austria. A series of statistics
are presented in this sense.
On the lands and in the houses expropriated from the Svabs in
Banat
came
colonists from other areas of the country such as: inhabitants from Dobrogea,
Macedonians, inhabitants from
Ardeal,
from Moldovia, from Bessarabia etc. Few
of these however fitted within the social and economic context of the region.
Consequently, the economy in the
Banat
area was negatively affected.
Persecuted during the Antonescu period, the Jews were attracted after
1944
to collaborate with the Romanian Communist Party through the Jewish
Democratic Committee. Statistics with the number of the members of this party
in the
Timiş-Torontal
county and the
Banat
region and with the main leaders are
presented. At the same time, the activity of the Jewish Democratic Committee is
described. In
1948,
a division among the Jews took place due to the international
circumstances. The „Zionists started to be persecuted. The Jewish Democratic
Committee monopolized the Jewish political scene in Romania.
Within the context of the country becoming monopolized by the communist
influence, numerous Jews in
Banat
were affected by the statism-related measures
promoted by the regime and, between
1945
and
1952,
they chose the exile to Israel
or the Western states.
The
Banat
Serbians were active from the war period within the Anti-fascist
Front of the Slavs in Romania. Some of the members of this group fought also in the
_________________
COMUNISMUL ÎN BANAT
(1944-1965)_______________377
army of partisans of Tito.
In
1945,
taking into account the fact that a part of the
Banat
Serbians asked that the Romanian
Banat
be attached to Yugoslavia, the Anti-fascist
Front of the Slavs in Romania was dissolved and the Union of the Democratic
Cultural Slav Associations in Romania was created and it was no longer a political
party; its main activities had a cultural nature. The Union of the Democratic Cultural
Slav Associations in Romania was totally under the supervision of the Romanian
Communist Party. In
1948,
under the circumstances of the conflict between Tito and
Stalin, the hunt for Tito supporters also started in
Banat.
Local examples are offered
in this sense. The activity of the Union of the Democratic Cultural Slav Associations
in Romania is also presented until
1953
when the Union was dissolved. The Tito
supporters in
Banat
were involved and convicted in public trials in Bucharest and
Timişoara
in
1950
and
1951.
In
1951,
when a Soviet-Yugoslavian conflict was
imminent, the Serbians were deported to
Bărăgan.
Serbians were deported from
Banat
but also Romanians, Germans, colonists, wealthy peasants etc, those who were
considered potential opponents of the communist regime. In
1955,
following the
improvement of the relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, the people
deported were allowed to return to their homes.
The Hungarians in
Banat
were active after
1945
within the Hungarian Popular
Union, a satellite party of the Romanian Communist Party. Statistics are presented
with the members of the Hungarian Popular Union in the
Timiş-Torontal
county and
the
Timişoara
region and the characteristics of the main local leaders and the activity
of the Hungarian Popular Union until
1953
when this organization was dissolved. The
Hungarian Popular Union had as a main purpose the fight against chauvinism among
the Hungarian population and its union with the Romanian population and with the
other cohabitant ethnic groups. At the same time, the activists of Hungarian Popular
Union had to mobilize their coinhabitants for building socialism in Romania.
As a consequence of the Hungarian revolution in
1956,
public anti-communist
movements took place in
Timişoara.
The events in Hungary in the autumn of
1956
are briefly presented as well as their impact upon
Timişoara
and
Banat:
the students
riots, the arrests, the trials of the demonstrators, the state of mind of the population
etc.
Between
1948
and
1965,
the R.W.P. led by its leaders ruled Romania in an
autocratic manner. At a theoretical level, the democratic system worked, while those
leading the country were chosen following elections that were free. But in reality,
taking into account the fact that the opposition did not exist, these elections had a
plebiscitary nature. The same people remained leaders of the R.W.P. and of Romania
for
20
years. When changes took place, they were determined not by the people s
wish but by the internal fights among the leaders of the R.W.P. These fights were
usually guided by Moscow. The central structures of the R.W.P. are described; here
they are: the Central Committee, the Political Bureau, the Organizational Bureau, the
378 EUGEN
MIOC
Secretariat
as well as their manner of carrying out their operations. The main leaders
of the R.C.P. (R.W.P.) are presented as well as the fights for power within the party:
the removal of the „nationalistic
Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu
in
1948;
the removal of the
„anti-party group
Pauker-
Luca-Georgescu in
1952;
the removal of Iosif
Chişinevschi
and Miron Constantinescu in
1957
etc. The presentation of the events continues with
the differences between Romania and the Soviet Union within Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance, the Declaration of April
1964,
the death of Gheorghiu-Dej and
Nicolae
Ceauşescu
taking over the power.
The end of
1948
marked the start of the process of checking the members
of the R.W.P. Thus, almost one third of the former members were removed based
on different reasons, political reasons or reasons of any other nature. The number
of the R.W.P. members started to increase again in
1955.
The manner in which this
check was carried out by the
Timiş-Torontal
county Commission is described with
statistics as well as the manner in which this check was carried on after
1950
by the
Timişoara
Party College.
Everyone who wanted to hold a position within the party or a state position
had to graduate party-related education. The party education courses could last from
3
to
6
months on a local level and for
2-3
years at the
„Ştefan Gheorghiu
Academy.
The higher the education level of the activist, the faster the promotion to higher
positions. The state studies did not count but a „healthy social origin was important,
as well as the devotion to the party, the obedience etc. The local evolution of the
party education is presented, within the
Timişoara
region.
In chapter „The local party committees... the local structures of the R.W.P.
are presented: the purpose and the activity of the county, regional and city party
committees. Their purpose was to implement at local level the decisions and the
instructions received from the Central Committee. The primary regional, county
or city secretary supervised the entire activity of the area he was responsible for:
economic, political, social, cultural, sports, organizational activity etc. Statistics are
shown with the dynamics of the members of R.C.P. (R.W.P.) within
Timiş-Torontal
county, the city of
Timişoara
and the region of
Timişoara (Banat)
between
1945
and
1965
per occupation, ethnic group, gender, the parties they were part of in the past
etc.
In chapter „Aspects of the activity of the Regional Committee of R.C.P.
(R.W.P.) in
Timişoara (Banat) ,
a description, with actual examples, is made
regarding meetings of the
Timişoara
R.W.P. Regional Committee and the manner
in which decisions were made within such meetings. At the same time, the primary
regional secretaries, the members of the Bureau of the regional committee and the
members of the committee between
1945
and
1965
are presented.
Identical aspects have been presented regarding the activity of the city
committee of
Timişoara R.W.P.
for the period between
1950
and
1965.
_________________
COMUNISMUL ÎN BANAT
(1944-1965) ____________379
The chapter
„Industrial
development, nationalization and financial reform
briefly presents the economic development of Romania until
1945
and then it
focuses on the economic development of the
Banat
region between
1945
and
1965.
The
Timiş-Torontal
county was one of the most developed counties in the country
in
1945.
The county s economy, as well as that of the entire country, underwent a
serious setback between
1945
and
1950,
which influenced the standard of living of the
population. Different strikes of the workers which were hushed up by the local mass
media are presented. Actual examples are given regarding the nationalizations of June
1
1th,
1948.
The impact which the two financial reforms had upon the population in
Banat
is described. The economic improvement took place slowly. At the beginning
of the
1960s
the standard of living of the population started to improve. Finally, the
overall industrial development of the region increased by
3-4
times in comparison
to
1948.
Still, this development had many drawbacks: a parasitical bureaucracy had
been created, the supply of raw materials and materials to the factories was poor,
considerable waste was made and numerous products were rejected, substantial
overtime was carried out and work was carried out in „leaps etc. All these aspects
are emphasized with actual examples from the party documents
ofthat
time.
In
1945,
almost
80%
of the Romanian population lived in the countryside.
The peasants were very traditional and did not accept changes. Between
1945
and
1949
the communists continuously disturbed the
Banat
villages. In the beginning,
in order to attract the peasants to the regime, an agricultural reform was carried out.
The peasants however could not benefit from the land granted because their crops
were immediately blocked and compulsory quotas were imposed. This led to the
tragic poverty of the peasants in
Banat.
The production of grain decreased by half in
comparison to the period between the two world wars, and the live stock decreased
to a third. Actual examples with statistics are presented in this sense.
Between
1949
and
1962
the collectivization of the agricultural activity
followed in the region of
Timişoara.
The land lots were merged together and the first
kolkhozes were set up. In the beginning, their operations were poor and thus some of
the collectivists started to starve. Actual examples are offered in this sense. Reports
of the advisors sent to villages are then presented. The dynamics of such kolkhozes
in the region between
1949
and
1962
is described. The coercive methods applied
against the disobedient peasants are described, the measures against the persons who
tried to escape the handing over of the compulsory quotas or refused to join the
collectivization is also pointed out. Collectivization was difficult to carry out. Until
1957,
only one third of the region s surface was collectivized. Between
1957
and
1958,
this increased to two thirds. The peasants were tricked into getting enlisted
into associations, and then such associations were transformed into kolkhozes. Only
at the beginning of the
1960s,
after
15
years of communist regime, did the condition
of agriculture start to improve and the standard of living of the peasants to increase.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mioc, Eugen |
| author_facet | Mioc, Eugen |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mioc, Eugen |
| author_variant | e m em |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037265275 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711845699 (DE-599)BVBBV037265275 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037265275 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789735922443 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021178329 |
| oclc_num | 711845699 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 379 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Editura Excelsior Art |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mioc, Eugen Verfasser aut Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. Vol. 2 Eugen Mioc Timişoara Editura Excelsior Art 2010 379 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV035673422 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021178329&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021178329&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mioc, Eugen Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |
| title | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |
| title_auth | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |
| title_exact_search | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |
| title_full | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. Vol. 2 Eugen Mioc |
| title_fullStr | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. Vol. 2 Eugen Mioc |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. Vol. 2 Eugen Mioc |
| title_short | Comunismul în Banat (1944-1965) |
| title_sort | comunismul in banat 1944 1965 dinamica structurilor de putere in timisoara si zonele adiacente 2 vol |
| title_sub | dinamica structurilor de putere în Timişoara şi zonele adiacente ; 2 vol. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021178329&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021178329&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035673422 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mioceugen comunismulinbanat19441965dinamicastructurilordeputereintimisoarasizoneleadiacente2volvol2 |