Introduction to environmental toxicology: molecular substructures to ecological landscapes
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2011
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| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
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| Beschreibung: | XX, 514 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439804100 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Landis, Wayne G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to environmental toxicology |b molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |c Wayne G. Landis ; Ruth M. Sofield ; Ming-Ho Yu |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 514 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sofield, Ruth M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yu, Ming-Ho |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143876438491136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Introduction to environmental toxicology
Autor: Landis, Wayne G
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition..............................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................xvii
Authors...............................................................................................................................xix
1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology.................................................................1
1.1 Environmental Toxicology as an Interdisciplinary Science......................................1
1.2 A Brief History and Organizations in Environmental Toxicology...........................3
1.3 Interactions and Connections of Environmental Toxicology to the
Management of Ecological Systems.........................................................................3
1.3.1 Research Programs.....................................................................................3
1.3.2 The Scientific Community..........................................................................5
1.3.3 Risk Assessment..........................................................................................5
1.3.4 Governmental and Regulatory Agencies.....................................................6
1.3.3 Industry......................................................................................................6
1.3.6 The General Public.....................................................................................7
1.4 Legislation...............................................................................................................7
1.5 Introduction to This Textbook................................................................................9
Study Questions................................................................................................................11
2 Frameworks and Paradigms for Environmental Toxicology......................................13
2.1 The Fundamentals..................................................................................................13
2.2 Models....................................................................................................................14
2.3 Fundamental Models for Environmental Toxicology..............................................19
2.4 The Classical Viewpoint for Classifying Toxicological Effects...............................20
2.5 Chemical Physical-Chemical Characteristics.........................................................21
2.6 Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation/Biodegradation............................................22
2.7 Receptors and the Mode of Action........................................................................22
2.8 Biochemical and Molecular Effects........................................................................22
2.9 Physiological and Behavioral Effects......................................................................23
2.10 Population Parameters...........................................................................................23
2.11 Community Effects...............................................................................................24
2.12 Ecosystem Effects...................................................................................................25
2.13 An Alternative Framework Incorporating Complexity Theory................................25
2.14 Spatial and Temporal Scales..................................................................................26
v
vi ¦ Contents
2.15 Combining Scale and Ecological Dynamics: The Hierarchical Patch Dynamic ^
2.16 Strareg andTactics in the Use of Models in Environmental Toxicology...............31
Study Questions..............................................................................................................................................................^2
References and Suggested Readings.................................................
35
3 An Introduction to Toxicity Testing...........................................................................
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................
3.2 The Dose-Responsive Curve..................................................................................
3.3 Thresholds and Hormesis........................................................................................
3.4 Terminology Based upon Hypothesis Testing........................................................
3.5 Classification of Toxicity Tests...............................................................................43
3.6 Design Parameters for Single-Species Toxicity Tests..............................................44
3.6.1 Exposure Scenarios....................................................................................45
3.6.2 Test Organisms..........................................................................................47
3.6.3 Comparison of Test Species......................................................................48
3.6.4 Overview of the Tools for the Analysis of Concentration (Dose)-Effect
Relationships............................................................................................48
3.7 Limitations and Alternatives to Hypothesis Testing..............................................49
3.8 Commonly Used Methods for the Calculation of Endpoints..................................51
3.9 Comparison of Calculations of Several Programs for Calculating Probit
Analysis..................................................................................................................52
3.10 Hypothesis Testing................................................................................................54
3.11 Curve Fitting and Regression Modeling versus Hypothesis Testing........................55
3.12 Tie Design of Multispecies Toxicity Tests..............................................................59
3.12.1 Tie Nature of Multispecies Toxicity Tests................................................60
3.12.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Multispecies Toxicity Tests................61
3.12.2.1 Sample Design...........................................................................61
3.13 Univariate Methods................................................................................................61
3.14 Multivariate Methods............................................................................................62
3.15 Visualization..........................................................................................................64
3.16 Summary of Design Guidelines for Multispecies Toxicity Tests............................64
3.17 Standard Methods..................................................................................................65
3.17.1 Advantages of Standard Methods..............................................................65
3.17.2 Disadvantages of Standard Methods.........................................................66
Study Questions........................................................................................................................................................................fa
References and Suggested Readings..................................................................................67
4
Survey and Review of Typical Toxicity Test Methods................................................71
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................yj
4.2 Animal Care and Use Considerations..................................................................................73
4.2.1 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee..............................................73
4.2.2 Replace, Reduce, Refine............................................................................................75
4.3 Single-Species Toxicity Tests.......................................................................75
4.3.1 Daphnia 48-Hour Acute Toxicity Test........................................75
4.3.2 Algal 96-Hour Growth Toxicity Test....................................................76
Contents ¦ vii
4.3.3 Acute Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Vertebrates and Macroinvertebrates.....81
4.3.4 Terrestrial Vertebrate Toxicity Tests..........................................................86
4.3.5 Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: FETAX...............................................89
4.4 Multispecies Toxicity Tests....................................................................................94
4.4.1 Standardized Aquatic Microcosm.............................................................98
4.4.2 Mixed-Flask Culture Microcosms........................................................... 101
4.4.3 FIFRA Microcosm..................................................................................101
4.4.4 Soil Core Microcosm...............................................................................105
4.5 Summary..............................................................................................................105
Study Questions..............................................................................................................107
Appendix 4.1: The Natural History and Utilization of Selected Test Species..................108
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................115
5 The Fate and Transport of Contaminants...........................................,....................117
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................117
5-2 Transport Mechanisms.........................................................................................118
5.2.1 Advection, Diffusion, and Dispersion......................................................118
5.2.2 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport (LRAT).........................................134
5.3 Persistence............................................................................................................135
5.4 Biotransport.........................................................................................................137
5.5 Abiotic Degradation/Transformation...................................................................140
5.6 Multimedia Box Models.......................................................................................142
5.7 Equilibrium..........................................................................................................146
5.8 The Fugacity Approach.........................................................................................151
5.9 Bioconcentration versus Biomagnification............................................................152
5.10 Bioavailability.......................................................................................................153
5.10.1 Measures of Bioavailability......................................................................154
5.10.2 Metal Speciation and the Biotic Ligand Model........................................155
5.10.3 Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS)/Simultaneously Extracted Metals (SEM)
in Anoxic Sediment.................................................................................155
5.11 Summary..............................................................................................................157
Study Questions..............................................................................................................157
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................158
6 Uptake and Modes of Action....................................................................................163
6.1 The Damage Process.............................................................................................163
6.2 Atmospheric Pollutants and Plants.......................................................................163
6.2.1 Plant Injury.............................................................................................164
6.2.2 Vertebrates...............................................................................................165
6.2.2.1 Exposure..................................................................................166
6.2.2.2 Uptake.....................................................................................166
6.2.2.3 Transport.................................................................................166
6.2.2.4 Storage.....................................................................................166
6.2.2.5 Metabolism..............................................................................166
6.2.2.6 Excretion.................................................................................167
6.3 Mechanisms of Action..........................................................................................167
6.3.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure......................................167
viii
¦ Contents
6.3.2 Direct Chemical Combination with a Cellular Constituent....................168
6.3.3 Effect on Enzymes...........................................r n n.............................170
6.3.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant.....................J
6.3.5 Metal Shift.......................................................................................... ^
6.4 Specific Modes of Action in Detail.......................................................................
6.4.1 Narcosis.............................................................................................. ^
6.4.2 Organophosphates...................................................................................
6.4.3 Modes of Action of Chemical Warfare Agents.........................................
6.4.4 Monohaloacetic Acids..............................................................................
6.5 Receptor-Mediated Toxicity, Endocrine Disruption..............................................
6.5.1 Specificity of the Hormone-Receptor Interaction.....................................I84
6.5.2 Tie Receptor Pathway for TCDD...........................................................
6.5.3 The Structure-Activity Relationships of PCB and Related
Compounds.............................................................................................^
6.5.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)..............................................*98
6.5.5 Tie Multiple Modes of Action of Atrazine...............................................198
6.6 Introduction to QSAR.........................................................................................*^01
6.6.1 Construction of QSAR Models..............................................................202
6.6.2 Typical QSAR Model Development.......................................................204
6.6.3 Estimation of Toxicity Using QSAR.......................................................207
Study Questions...........................................................................................*.................208
References and Suggested Readings...............................................................................209
Factors Modifying the Activity of Toxicants............................................................213
7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................213
7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Pollutants..............................................................213
7.3 Time and Mode of Exposure................................................................................214
7-4 Environmental Factors..........................................................................................214
7.4.1 Temperature............................................................................................214
7.4.2 Humidity................................................................................................214
7.4.3 Light Intensity.........................................................................................215
7.5 Interaction of Pollutants.......................................................................................215
7.5.1 Synergism and Potentiation.....................................................................215
7.5.2 Antagonism.............................................................................................216
7.6 Toxicity of Mixtures.............................................................................................216
7.6.1 Simple Models of Mixture Toxicity.........................................................216
7.6.2 Mixture Estimation System.....................................................................219
7.6.3 Estimating the Toxicity of Mixtures of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.........................................................................................220
7.6.4 Mixtures and Carbamate and Organophosphate Synergistic
Toxicity..................................................................................................222
7-7 Biological Factors Affecting Toxicity.......................................... _ 225
7.7.1 Plants....................................................................................................................225
7.7.2 Animals................................................................................................................................225
7.7.3 Genetic Factors............................................................................................................225
7.7.4 Developmental Factors................................................................................................225
7-7.5 Diseases..........................................................................................................226
Contents ¦ ix
7.7.6 Behavioral Factors..................................................................................226
7.7.7 Sex Variation..........................................................................................226
7.7.8 Nutritional Factors.................................................................................226
7.7.9 Fasting/Starvation..................................................................................227
7.7.10 Proteins..................................................................................................227
7.7.11 Carbohydrates........................................................................................228
7.7.12 Lipids......................................................................................................229
7.7.13 Vitamin A...............................................................................................230
7-7.14 Vitamin D..............................................................................................230
7.7.15 Vitamin E...............................................................................................230
7.7.16 Vitamin C...............................................................................................231
7.7.17 Minerals.................................................................................................232
Study Questions..............................................................................................................233
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................233
8 Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants...................................................................................237
8.1 Sulfur Oxides......................................................................................................237
8.1.1 Sources of S02........................................................................................237
8.1.2 Characteristics of S02.............................................................................238
y 8.1.3 Effect on Plants......................................................................................240
8.1.4 Effect on Animals...................................................................................240
8.1.5 Effect on Humans...................................................................................241
8.2 Nitrogen Oxides...................................................................................................241
8.2.1 Forms and Formation of Nitrogen Oxides...............................................241
8.2.2 Major Reactive N Species in the Troposphere.........................................242
V 8.2.3 Effect on Plants......................................................................................242
8.2.4 Effects on Humans and Animals............................................................243
8.2.5 Physiological Effects...............................................................................243
8.2.6 Biochemical Effects................................................................................244
8.3 Ozone..................................................................................................................244
8.3.1 Sources...................................................................................................244
8.3.2 Photochemical Smog...............................................................................245
X 8.3.3 Effect on Plants......................................................................................246
8.3.4 Effects on Humans and Animals............................................................246
8.3.5 Biochemical Effects.................................................................................247
8.4 Carbon Monoxide................................................................................................249
8.4.1 Formation of CO.....................................................................................249
8.4.2 Human Exposure to CO.........................................................................250
8.4.3 Toxicological Effects................................................................................250
8.4.4 Mechanism of Action..............................................................................251
Study Questions..............................................................................................................252
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................252
9 Fluoride as a Contaminant of Developing Economies.............................................255
9.1 Environmental Sources and Forms of Fluoride.....................................................255
9.1.1 Minerals and Soils...................................................................................255
9.1.2 Natural Waters........................................................................................255
x ¦ Contents
.......................255
9.1.3 Foods..............................................................................................................................w
9.1.4 Air...........................................................................................................256
9 2 Industrial Sources of Fluoride Pollution................................................................
_ ......................L) o
9.3 Effect on Plants.......................................................................
9.3.1 Injuries to Leaf Tissues............................................................................
. ..................260
9.3.2 Effect on Germination...............................................................
9.3.3 Biochemical Effect..................................................................................^
9.4 Effect on Animals.................................................................................................
9.4.1 Acute Effects............................................................................................
9.4.2 Chronic Effects........................................................................................^ ^
9-5 Effect on Human Health.....................................................................................
9.5.1 Daily Intake...........................................................................................
9.5.2 Absorption..............................................................................................
9.5.3 Acute Toxicity........................................................................................^64
9.5.4 Chronic Toxicity.....................................................................................264
9.6 Biochemical Effect...............................................................................................264
Study Questions.............................................................................................................266
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................267
10 Heavy Metals............................................................................................................269
10.1 Introduction........................................................................................................269
10.2 Lead....................................................................................................................269
10.2.1 Properties and Uses.................................................................................270
10.2.2 Exposure..................................................................................................270
10.2.2.1 Atmospheric Lead....................................................................270
10.2.2.2 Waterborne Lead.....................................................................270
10.2.2.3 Lead in Food...........................................................................270
10.2.2.4 Lead in Soils............................................................................271
10.2.3 Lead Toxicity...........................................................................................271
10.2.3.1 Effect on Plants.......................................................................271
10.2.3.2 Effect on Animals....................................................................271
10.2.3.3 Effect on Humans..................................................................272
10.2.3.4 Biochemical Effect..................................................................272
10.3 Cadmium............................................................................................................273
10.3.1 Properties and Uses..............................................................................273
10.3.2 Exposure............................................................................................................................274
10.3.3 Cadmium Toxicity....................................................................................274
10.3.3.1 Effect on Plants...............................................................274
10.3.3.2 Effects on Animals/Humans....................................................275
10.3.4 Biochemical Effect............................................................................................275
10.4 Mercury........................................................................................^
10.4.1 Properties and Uses..........................................................................................276
10.4.2 Sources of Mercury Pollution..........njr,
10.4.3 Toxicity..................................................................................276
10.4.3.1 Effect on Plants......................................................................276
10.4.3.2 Effect on Animals................................................................................... 277
Contents ¦ xi
10.4.3.3 Terrestrial Animals.................................................................277
10.4.3.4 Effect on Human Health........................................................277
10.4.4 Biochemical Effect..................................................................................278
Study Questions.............................................................................................................279
References and Suggested Readings...............................................................................279
11 Biotransformation, Detoxification, and Biodegradation.........................................281
11.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................281
11.2 Metabolism of Environmental Chemicals: Biotransformation..............................281
11.3 Types of Biotransformation.................................................................................282
11.4 Mechanisms of Biotransformation.......................................................................282
11.3 Consequences of Biotransformation....................................................................286
11.6 Microbial Degradation........................................................................................287
11.7 Bioremediation.....................................................................................................291
11.7.1 Isolation and Engineering of Degradative Organisms.............................299
11.7.2 The Genetics of Degradative Elements...................................................299
11.8 An Example of a Detoxification Enzyme: The Organophosphate Acid
Anhydrolases........................................................................................................301
11.8.1 Characteristics of the opd Gene Product and Other Bacterial OPA
Anhydrolases..........................................................................................302
11.8.2 Eukaryotic OPA Anhydrolases...............................................................305
11.8.3 Characteristics of Other Invertebrate Metazoan Activities......................306
11.8.4 Characteristics of the Fish Activities.......................................................307
11.8.5 Comparison of the OPA Anhydrases......................................................308
11.8.6 Natural Role of the OPA Anhydrases.....................................................309
Study Questions..............................................................................................................311
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................311
12 Ecological Effects from Biomarkers to Populations.................................................315
12.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................315
12.2 Terminology and Context.....................................................................................315
12.3 The Key to Context: The Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm.......................316
12.4 Measurement of Ecological Effects at Various Scales or Levels of Biological
Organization........................................................................................................321
12.5 Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation/Biodegradation..........................................323
12.6 Molecular and Physiological Indicators of Chemical Stress Biomarkers................324
12.6.1 Enzymatic and Biochemical Processes.....................................................324
12.6.2 Physiological and Histological Indicators...............................................326
V 12.6.3 Toxicity Tests and Population Level Measures.........................................327
v 12.6.4 Sentinel Organisms and In Situ Biomonitoring......................................328
12.6.5 Population Parameters............................................................................330
12.7 Assemblage and Community Parameters.............................................................330
12.7.1 Species Abundance Curves......................................................................331
12.7.2 Species Richness, Diversity, and Equability.............................................331
12.7.3 Biotic Indices...........................................................................................331
12.8 Effects at the Population Scale..............................................................................332
12.8.1 Populations..............................................................................................332
xii ¦ Contents
12.8.2 Modeling of Populations Using Age Structure and Survivorship ^
12.8.2.1 Population Biology, Nonlinear Systems, and Chaos.................335
12.8.3 Age-Structured Populations....................................................................
12.8.4 Measurement of Effects on Populations..................................................
12.8.5 Point Estimates, TRVs, NOECs, LD50s..................................................
12.8.6 Intrinsic Rate of Growth r or X...............................................................
12.8.7 Biomass, Percent Cover, Productivity.....................................................7
12.8.8 Change in the Pattern of the Age Structure............................................348
12.8.8.1 Normalized Effects Vector......................................................348
12.8.8.2 So What Measure to Use?........................................................351
12.8.9 Observed Changes in Age Structure Experimental and Field
Populations..............................................................................................
12.8.10 Contaminants in Spatially Structured Populations..................................353
12.8.10.1 The Spatial Structure of Populations........................................353
12.8.11 The Use of Metapopulation Models to Investigate Toxicant
Effects......................................................................................................356
12.8.12 Patch Dynamic Models Based on Spromberg et al. (1998).......................357
12.9 Interacting Populations in a Patchy Environment................................................360
12.10 The Importance of Patch Dynamics.....................................................................365
12.11 Implications.........................................................................................................366
Appendix 12.1: Age-Structured Population Modeling in Detail.....................................367
Study Questions.............................................................................................................369
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................370
13 Ecological Effects: Community to Landscape Scales of Toxicological
Impacts.....................................................................................................................375
13.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................375
13.2 Community Effects..............................................................................................375
13.2.1 Competition and Indirect Effects............................................................375
13.2.2 Resource Competition as a Model of the Direct and Indirect
Effects of Pollutants.................................................................................375
13.3 Effects on Ecosystems or Ecological Structures...................................................384
13.3.1 Similarity Measures.................................................................................385
13.3.2 Classification...........................................................................................385
13.3.3 Clustering...............................................................................................386
13.4 Application of Multivariate Techniques...............................................................387
13.4.1 Normalized Ecosystem Strain (NES).....................................................387
13.4.2 State Space of Ecosystems.......................................................................388
13.4.3 Nonmetric Clustering and Association Analysis.....................................390
13.4.4 Projections for Visualizing Ecosystem Dynamics....................................391
13.4.5 Examples of the Use of Multivariate Methods in Multispecies
X Toxicity Tests and Field Studies...............................................................393
13.4.6 SiZer and the Detection of Thresholds...................................................397
13.5 Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance..........................................................................398
13.6 Interpretation of Ecosystem Level Impacts..............................................399
13.7 An Alternative Model: The Community Conditioning Hypothesis.....................402
Contents ¦ xiii
13.8 The Design of Field Studies.................................................................................405
13.8.1 The Question..........................................................................................406
13.8.2 Context..................................................................................................406
13.8.3 Conceptual Model..................................................................................407
13.8.4 Sampling Design....................................................................................407
13.8.5 Sampling Techniques..............................................................................408
13.8.6 Laboratory Studies..................................................................................408
13.8.7 Data Analysis..........................................................................................408
13.8.8 Drawing Conclusions.............................................................................409
13.9 Making Decisions................................................................................................409
Appendix: Multivariate Techniques—Nonmetric Clustering........................................409
Study Questions..............................................................................................................411
References and Suggested Readings................................................................................412
Ecological Risk Assessment......................................................................................415
14.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................415
14.2 Basics of Risk Assessment.....................................................................................415
14.3 Ecological Risk Assessment..................................................................................416
14.4 Ecological Risk Assessment Framework................................................................417
14.4.1 Problem Formulation...............................................................................418
14.4.2 Analysis..................................................................................................422
14.4.3 Exposure Analysis...................................................................................423
14.4.4 Characterization of Ecological Effects....................................................424
14.4.4.1 Ecological Response Analyses.................................................424
14.4.4.2 Stressor-Response Profile........................................................425
14.4.5 Data Acquisition, Verification, and Monitoring......................................426
14.5 Risk Characterization..........................................................................................426
14.5.1 Integration..............................................................................................426
14.5.2 Risk Description.....................................................................................428
14.5.3 Interpretation of Ecological Significance................................................429
14.5.4 Discussion between the Risk Assessor and Risk Manager.......................429
14.5.5 Data Acquisition, Verification, and Monitoring......................................429
14.6 Techniques in Ecological Risk Assessment..........................................................430
14.6.1 New Methods for Calculating Ecological Risk.......................................430
14.6.2 The Curve Model....................................................................................431
14.6.3 Spatially Distinct Risk Quotients...........................................................432
14.6.4 A Ranking Approach to Multiple Stressors, Wide-Area Ecological
Risk Assessment......................................................................................432
14.6.5 A Simple Example..................................................................................436
14.6.6 Advantages and Dangers of the Ranking Approach................................437
14.6.7 Establishing Causation and the Weight of Evidence Approach...............438
14.6.7.1 Criteria for Causation.............................................................439
14.6.7.2 Weight of Evidence.................................................................439
14.6.8 A General Model for Regional Risk Assessment: The 10 Steps................441
14.6.9 Life Cycle Assessment.............................................................................463
Study Questions..............................................................................................................465
References and Suggested Readings...............................................................................466
xiv ¦ Contents
Appendix A: References for Toxicity Testing and Interpretation
Index............................................................................................
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Landis, Wayne G. Sofield, Ruth M. Yu, Ming-Ho |
| author_facet | Landis, Wayne G. Sofield, Ruth M. Yu, Ming-Ho |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Landis, Wayne G. |
| author_variant | w g l wg wgl r m s rm rms m h y mhy |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037258203 |
| classification_rvk | WI 2500 WK 2200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)838216962 (DE-599)BVBBV037258203 |
| dewey-full | 571.95 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.95 |
| dewey-search | 571.95 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.95 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV037258203 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781439804100 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021171387 |
| oclc_num | 838216962 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-634 |
| physical | XX, 514 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Landis, Wayne G. Verfasser aut Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes Wayne G. Landis ; Ruth M. Sofield ; Ming-Ho Yu 4. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2011 XX, 514 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Sofield, Ruth M. Verfasser aut Yu, Ming-Ho Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021171387&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landis, Wayne G. Sofield, Ruth M. Yu, Ming-Ho Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |
| title_auth | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |
| title_full | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes Wayne G. Landis ; Ruth M. Sofield ; Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes Wayne G. Landis ; Ruth M. Sofield ; Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes Wayne G. Landis ; Ruth M. Sofield ; Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_short | Introduction to environmental toxicology |
| title_sort | introduction to environmental toxicology molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |
| title_sub | molecular substructures to ecological landscapes |
| topic | Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelttoxikologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021171387&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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