A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome: origins and treatment
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, Fla.
CRC Press
2011
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 370 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439814574 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome |b origins and treatment |c George A. Bray |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Obesity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Metabolic syndrome | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Obesity |x etiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Metabolic Syndrome X |x etiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Metabolic Syndrome X |x therapy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Obesity |x therapy | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome
Autor: Bray, George A.
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................xxi
PART I Origins of Obesity
Chapter 1 Origins of Obesity in the Scientific Era: AD 1500 to the Present...............................3
Introduction..................................................................................................................3
Sixteenth Century.........................................................................................................7
Seventeenth Century..................................................................................................10
Eighteenth Century....................................................................................................16
Nineteenth Century....................................................................................................21
Twentieth Century: An Age of Specialization in Science and Medicine...................31
Chapter 2 Definition, Measurement, and Prevalence.................................................................33
Introduction................................................................................................................33
Definitions..................................................................................................................33
Describing Body Composition...................................................................................33
Whole Body (Level I)............................................................................................34
Organ and Tissue Composition (Level II).............................................................35
Cellular Composition (Level III)...........................................................................36
Molecular Composition (Level IV).......................................................................36
Atomic Composition (Level V).............................................................................38
Methods of Measuring Body Weight and Body Fat...................................................38
Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index..................................................................38
Central Adiposity...................................................................................................42
Instruments Used to Measure Body Composition.....................................................43
Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry.................................................................................43
Underwater Weight (Hydrodensitometry).............................................................44
Whole Body Plethysmography (Bod Pod).............................................................44
Isotope Dilution ....................................................................................................45
Bioelectrical Impedance........................................................................................45
Infrared Reactance................................................................................................45
Total Body Electrical Conductivity......................................................................45
Instrumental Methods for Measuring Visceral Fat....................................................45
Body Fat through the Life Span.................................................................................46
Body Fat and Body Energy Stores.............................................................................47
Criteria for the Metabolic Syndrome.........................................................................47
Prevalence of Obesity.................................................................................................49
Prevalence in Adults in the United States.............................................................49
Prevalence of Overweight in Women: Effects of Ethnicity and Poverty Level.... 53
Prevalence of Obesity around the World...............................................................54
Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Children..............................................55
vm Contents
Metabolie Syndrome..................................................................................................56
Conclusion..................................................................................................................57
Chapter 3 Genetic, Metabolic, and Social Origins of Obesity...................................................59
Introduction................................................................................................................59
Genetic Factors...........................................................................................................60
Epigenetic and Intrauterine Imprinting......................................................................63
Environmental Agents and Obesity: An Epidemiologic Approach...........................64
Food as an Environmental Agent for Obesity.......................................................64
Costs of Food....................................................................................................64
Quantity of Food Eaten Is Enough to Produce the Obesity Epidemic.............65
Portion Size.......................................................................................................65
Energy Density.................................................................................................66
Styles of Eating.................................................................................................67
Restaurants and Fast-Food Establishments......................................................67
Breakfast...........................................................................................................68
Food Components.............................................................................................69
Calorically Sweetened Soft Drinks..................................................................69
Dietary Fat........................................................................................................72
Gut Microbes....................................................................................................72
Diet........................................................................................................................73
Overeating.........................................................................................................73
Carbohydrate Digestibility...............................................................................74
Frequency of Eating: Grazers and Gorgers......................................................75
Low Levels of Physical Activity............................................................................75
Sedentary Lifestyle................................................................................................76
Effect of Sleep Time and Environmental Light....................................................76
Medications That Produce Weight Gain...............................................................77
Toxins....................................................................................................................79
Smoking............................................................................................................79
Organochlorines...............................................................................................79
Monosodium Glutamate...................................................................................79
Viruses as Environmental Agents.........................................................................80
Behavioral, Psychological, and Social Factors......................................................80
Psychological Factors........................................................................................80
Restrained Eating.............................................................................................80
Binge-Eating Disorder......................................................................................80
Night-Eating Syndrome....................................................................................80
Socioeconomic and Ethnic Factors..................................................................81
Regulation of Body Fat: A Homeostatic Model of Energy Regulation.....................82
Digestion, Metabolism, and Fat Storage................................................................83
The Fat Cell......................................................................................................86
Messages to the Brain from the Environment and from the Body........................88
The Brain and Food Intake....................................................................................90
Monoamine Receptors......................................................................................92
Peptide Receptors and Endocannabinoids........................................................93
Neural and Hormonal Control of Metabolism......................................................95
Contents ix
Chapter 4 Effects of Obesity on Health and Metabolism...........................................................97
Introduction................................................................................................................97
Historical Context for the Risks of Overweight as a Disease....................................97
Costs of Obesity.........................................................................................................98
The Pathology of Obesity.........................................................................................100
Big Fat Cells .......................................................................................................100
Visceral Fat Cells and Central Adiposity............................................................101
Increased Fat Mass..............................................................................................102
The Pathophysiology of Central and Total Fat.........................................................103
Risks Related to Enlarged Fat Cells and Central Adiposity................................103
Excess Mortality.............................................................................................103
Central Adiposity and the Metabolic Syndrome............................................109
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome............110
Liverand Gallbladder Disease........................................................................112
Hypertension...................................................................................................113
Kidney and Urological Disease......................................................................113
Heart Disease..................................................................................................114
Cancer.............................................................................................................116
Endocrine Changes in the Overweight Patient...............................................116
Pulmonary Disease.........................................................................................118
Dementia.........................................................................................................119
Diseases Associated with Increased Fat Mass....................................................119
Obstructive Sleep Apnea................................................................................120
Diseases of the Bones, Joints, Muscles, Connective Tissue, and Skin...........120
Psychosocial Dysfunction..............................................................................120
Benefits and Potential Risks of Weight Loss...........................................................122
PART II Treatment of Obesity
Chapter 5 Prevention, Evaluation, and Introduction to Treatment...........................................127
Introduction..............................................................................................................127
How Can We Prevent the Current Epidemic?.....................................................127
Prevention of Obesity...............................................................................................128
Strategies for Preventing Obesity Aimed at the Entire Population.....................129
Food................................................................................................................130
Increasing Physical Activity as a Focus for Prevention..................................130
Use of Social Marketing.................................................................................131
Strategies Aimed at Children..............................................................................132
Strategies Aimed at Adults..................................................................................134
Introduction to Treatment.........................................................................................135
Evaluation of the Overweight Patient..................................................................135
Clinical History..............................................................................................135
Family History................................................................................................136
Physical Examination.....................................................................................136
Genetic Factors in the Development of Obesity..................................................138
Monogenic Causes of Excess Body Fat or Fat Distribution...........................138
Syndrome Congenital Disorders.....................................................................141
Neuroendocrine Causes of Overweight...............................................................144
x Contents
Hypothalamic Causes of Overweight.............................................................144
Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction,
Hypoventilation Autonomic Dysregulation, and Neural
Tumor (ROHHADNET) Syndrome...............................................................146
Cushing s Syndrome.......................................................................................148
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome........................................................................148
Growth Hormone Deficiency..........................................................................148
Hypothyroidism..............................................................................................149
Hyperparathyroidism......................................................................................149
Risk-Benefit Assessment.....................................................................................149
Cosmetic vs. Medical Weight Loss.................................................................150
Patient Readiness............................................................................................151
Doctor-Patient Expectations..........................................................................151
Slowing and Cessation of Weight Loss during Treatment-Weight Plateau.... 152
Criteria for Successful Weight Loss...............................................................152
Frequency of Treatment..................................................................................153
Types of Treatments........................................................................................153
Factors Affecting Weight Gain in Three Age Groups....................................154
Treatment Strategies by Age Group...............................................................157
Weight Stability and Weight Cycling..................................................................160
Strategies for the Age Group over 51..................................................................161
Criteria for Evaluating Outcomes.............................................................................161
Quality of Life.....................................................................................................161
Chapter 6 Lifestyle, Diet, and Exercise: Cognitive Solutions...................................................163
Introduction to Cognitive Solutions for Weight Loss...............................................164
Lifestyle Change: A Cognitive Solution...................................................................165
Historical Introduction to Lifestyle.....................................................................165
Self-Monitoring by Keeping Food Diaries and Activity Records..................167
Stimulus Control: Gaining Control over the Environmental Factors That
Activate Eating...............................................................................................168
Slowing Down the Rate of Eating..................................................................168
Setting Realistic Goals...................................................................................168
Behavioral Contracting and Reinforcement...................................................169
Diet and Structured Meals..............................................................................169
Increasing Physical Activity...........................................................................169
Social Support.................................................................................................169
Cognitive Restructuring, Problem-Solving, Assertiveness Training, and
Stress Reduction.............................................................................................169
Effectiveness of Lifestyle....................................................................................169
Duration and Intensity Are Important............................................................169
Benefits...........................................................................................................170
Internet-Based Programs.....................................................................................170
Smoking Cessation..............................................................................................171
Lifestyle Strategies for Children and Adolescents..............................................171
Behavioral Treatment of Children and Adolescents.......................................171
Diet: A Cognitive Solution.......................................................................................173
Historical Introduction to the Development of Diets..........................................173
Modern Diets.......................................................................................................174
Guidelines for a Good Diet..................................................................................175
Contents xi
Guidelines for Beverage Consumption................................................................176
Rate of Weight Loss with Dieting.......................................................................178
Total Energy Requirement..............................................................................178
Reducing Diets....................................................................................................179
Overview.........................................................................................................179
Types of Diets.................................................................................................180
Popular Diets.......................................................................................................188
Overview.........................................................................................................188
Comparison of Diets.......................................................................................189
Special Populations.............................................................................................191
Diabetics.........................................................................................................191
Hypertensives..................................................................................................192
Commercial Weight Loss Programs....................................................................192
Potential Problems with Diets.............................................................................193
Summary.............................................................................................................193
Physical Activity: A Cognitive Solution...................................................................193
Introduction.........................................................................................................193
Components of Energy Expenditure...................................................................193
Total Energy Expenditure...............................................................................194
Resting Energy Expenditure...........................................................................195
Thermic Effect of Food..................................................................................195
Energy Expenditure from Physical Activity...................................................196
Physical Activity and Health...............................................................................196
Benefits of Exercise.............................................................................................198
Risks of Exercise.................................................................................................199
Treatment of Overweight Using Exercise............................................................199
Exercise as Treatment for Obesity..................................................................200
Exercise Combined with Diet.........................................................................204
Suggestions for Physical Activity........................................................................204
Cognitive Strategies to Maintain Weight Loss.........................................................205
Lifestyle...............................................................................................................205
Randomized Trials..........................................................................................205
National Weight Control Registry..................................................................206
Internet for Maintaining Weight Loss............................................................206
Review of Randomized Clinical Trials..........................................................207
The False Hope Syndrome: A Key to Overcoming Failure...........................207
Maintenance Strategies in Children and Adolescents....................................207
Diet...............:......................................................................................................207
Physical Activity..................................................................................................208
Chapter 7 Medications for Obesity...........................................................................................211
Brief History of the Drug Treatment for Obesity.....................................................211
Tenth Century......................................................................................................211
Sixteenth Century................................................................................................212
Seventeenth Century............................................................................................212
Eighteenth Century..............................................................................................213
Nineteenth Century.............................................................................................213
Twentieth Century...............................................................................................214
Mechanisms That Modulate Food Intake and Energy Expenditure: The Basis
for Pharmacological Interventions...........................................................................215
Contents
Drugs Approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the Treatment
of Obesity.................................................................................................................215
When Do We Decide to Use the Currently Available Drugs?............................215
Currently Available Drugs...................................................................................215
Orlistat............................................................................................................217
Sibutramine.....................................................................................................224
Combination of Sibutramine and Orlistat.......................................................228
Sympathomimetic Drugs.....................................................................................228
Summary and Pragmatic Trial............................................................................228
Drugs Approved for Other Uses That Have Effects on Body Weight......................230
Metformin............................................................................................................230
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists......................................................................231
Exenatide........................................................................................................232
Liraglutide.......................................................................................................233
Other GLP-1 Agonists....................................................................................233
Bupropion............................................................................................................233
Fluoxetine............................................................................................................233
Topiramate...........................................................................................................234
Combinations of Drugs Used for Weight Loss.........................................................234
Development of Combination Drugs for Obesity................................................234
Bupropion and Naltrexone...................................................................................235
Topiramate and Phentermine..............................................................................236
Zonisamide Alone and Combined with Naltrexone............................................237
Pramlintide andLeptin........................................................................................237
Pramlintide and Phentermine or Sibutramine.....................................................238
Drugs Approved for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.........................240
Drugs in Late Stages of Clinical Evaluation............................................................240
Lorcaserin............................................................................................................240
Tesofensine..........................................................................................................242
Cetilistat: A Lipase Inhibitor...............................................................................242
Concepts, for Antiobesity Drugs in Earlier Stages of Development.........................243
Gastrointestinal Peptides.....................................................................................243
PYY3-36........................................................................................................243
Oxyntomodulin...............................................................................................243
ll{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor.................................243
Ghrelin Antagonists............................................................................................243
Modulation of Energy Sensing in the Brain........................................................244
Adiponectin.........................................................................................................244
Histamine and Histamine H-3 Receptor Antagonists.........................................244
Complementary and Herbal Medicine.....................................................................245
Interventions Requiring Special Training...........................................................245
Acupuncture/Accupressure.............................................................................245
Homeopathy....................................................................................................245
Hypnotherapy.................................................................................................245
Minerals and Metabolites....................................................................................246
Chromium Picolinate......................................................................................246
Hydroxymethyl Butyrate................................................................................246
Pyruvate..........................................................................................................246
Conjugated Linoleic Acid...............................................................................246
Calcium...........................................................................................................246
Herbal Dietary Supplements...............................................................................247
Contents xiii
Green Tea Extract...........................................................................................247
Ephedra sínica................................................................................................247
Garcinia cambogia.........................................................................................247
Yohimbine from Pausinystaliayohim.be........................................................248
Hoodia............................................................................................................248
Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange)...................................................................248
Ayurvedic Preparations..................................................................................248
Fiber.....................................................................................................................248
Chitosan..........................................................................................................249
Glucomannan..................................................................................................249
Guar Gum.......................................................................................................249
Plantago Psyllium...........................................................................................249
Sweetener.............................................................................................................249
Stevia..............................................................................................................249
Why Has Development of Effective Antiobesity Drugs Been So Difficult?............250
Additional Effects of Drugs That Act on the Receptors.....................................250
Side Effects of Actions on the Target Receptor That Influence Other Systems... 250
Effect on Food Intake or Body Weight Is Statistically, but Not Clinically
Significant............................................................................................................251
Loss of Effectiveness over Time-Lack of Durability.......................................252
Development of Antibodies That Inhibit Drug Action........................................252
Conclusions..........................................................................................................252
Chapter 8 Surgery for Obesity..................................................................................................253
Introduction..............................................................................................................253
Historical Development of Surgical Treatments for Obesity..............................253
Surgical Operations.............................................................................................255
Rationale for Surgical Intervention for Obesity.......................................................256
Indications................................................................................................................257
Contraindications.....................................................................................................258
Bariatric Surgery for Pediatric Patients...................................................................258
Effectiveness of Surgical Procedures.......................................................................258
No-Longer-Used Intestinal Bypass Procedures..................................................259
Gastroplasty.........................................................................................................259
Gastric Bypass.....................................................................................................259
Bi I iopancreatic Diversion....................................................................................260
Laparoscopic Banding of the Stomach................................................................261
Mechanisms for Weight Loss...................................................................................261
Benefits from Bariatric Surgery...............................................................................263
Weight Loss.........................................................................................................263
Reduced Mortality...............................................................................................263
Cost Effectiveness...............................................................................................263
Prevention and Reversal of Diabetes...................................................................264
Improvement in Quality of Life..........................................................................265
Reduced Risk of Cancer......................................................................................265
Cardiometabolic and Other Benefits...................................................................266
Complications...........................................................................................................266
Other Procedures......................................................................................................268
Duodenal Sleeve..................................................................................................268
Intragastric Balloon.............................................................................................268
xiv Contents
Gastric Stimulation or Gastric Pacing.................................................................268
Liposuction..........................................................................................................269
Omentectomy.......................................................................................................269
Chapter 9 Postscript: Obesity in the Twenty-First Century......................................................271
Lessons We Have Learned in This Book.................................................................271
Obesity Is an Ancient Problem............................................................................271
Lessons Learned in the Nineteenth Century.......................................................271
Concept of Energy Balance............................................................................271
The Body Mass Index.....................................................................................271
The First Diet Reaches World-Wide Popularity.............................................271
Lessons Learned in the Twentieth Century.........................................................272
Obesity Is Hazardous to Health......................................................................272
Intentional Weight Loss Prolongs Life...........................................................273
There Are Many Types of Obesity.................................................................273
Not All Fat Is the Same..................................................................................273
Food Intake Drives the Obesity Epidemic......................................................274
Aniline Dyes and Drug Development............................................................274
Obesity Becomes Organized..........................................................................274
Leptin Is Discovered in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century..............275
Lifestyle Strategies Introduced into Treatment..............................................275
Clinical Trials Come of Age........................................................................ ...275
Surgery for Obesity Expands..........................................................................276
Where Do We Go in the Twenty-First Century?......................................................276
Future Trends.......................................................................................................276
Genetics and Epigenetics................................................................................276
Energy Balance-Long-Term Signals............................................................276
Hedonic Influences-Is Food Addictive?.......................................................277
Behavior Change-Influence of Neighbors....................................................277
Neural Plasticity-Changing Networks.........................................................277
Price and Palatability......................................................................................277
Cognitive Theories and Success..........................................................................277
The Fluoride Hypothesis................................................................................277
The Oil Price and Oil Equivalents for Calories..............................................278
Appendix.......................................................................................................................................279
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................281
References.....................................................................................................................................283
Index..............................................................................................................................................361
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| id | DE-604.BV037235613 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781439814574 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010033565 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021149207 |
| oclc_num | 711827713 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXXIV, 370 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bray, George A. Verfasser aut A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment George A. Bray Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press 2011 XXXIV, 370 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Obesity Metabolic syndrome Obesity etiology Metabolic Syndrome X etiology Metabolic Syndrome X therapy Obesity therapy Ätiologie (DE-588)4000646-3 gnd rswk-swf Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd rswk-swf Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd rswk-swf Metabolisches Syndrom (DE-588)4380839-6 gnd rswk-swf Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 s Metabolisches Syndrom (DE-588)4380839-6 s Ätiologie (DE-588)4000646-3 s Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021149207&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bray, George A. A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment Obesity Metabolic syndrome Obesity etiology Metabolic Syndrome X etiology Metabolic Syndrome X therapy Obesity therapy Ätiologie (DE-588)4000646-3 gnd Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd Metabolisches Syndrom (DE-588)4380839-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000646-3 (DE-588)4059798-2 (DE-588)4016953-4 (DE-588)4380839-6 |
| title | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment |
| title_auth | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment |
| title_exact_search | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment |
| title_full | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment George A. Bray |
| title_fullStr | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment George A. Bray |
| title_full_unstemmed | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment George A. Bray |
| title_short | A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome |
| title_sort | a guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome origins and treatment |
| title_sub | origins and treatment |
| topic | Obesity Metabolic syndrome Obesity etiology Metabolic Syndrome X etiology Metabolic Syndrome X therapy Obesity therapy Ätiologie (DE-588)4000646-3 gnd Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd Metabolisches Syndrom (DE-588)4380839-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Obesity Metabolic syndrome Obesity etiology Metabolic Syndrome X etiology Metabolic Syndrome X therapy Obesity therapy Ätiologie Therapie Fettsucht Metabolisches Syndrom |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021149207&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT braygeorgea aguidetoobesityandthemetabolicsyndromeoriginsandtreatment |