Pravda u zbojníka: zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Scriptorum
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 499 S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788087271254 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pravda u zbojníka |b zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě |c Adam Votruba |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Scriptorum |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 499 S., [8] Bl. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1600-1920 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bandit |0 (DE-588)4441537-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Rebell |0 (DE-588)4279911-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Räuber |0 (DE-588)4176859-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1600-1920 |A z |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 340.09 |e 22/bsb |g 437 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 340.09 |e 22/bsb |g 436 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143835256717312 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
Úvod
8
1.
Kdo je zbojník?
11
2.
Životy známých zbojníků a lupičů
ÍS
Václav Babinský
16 *
Juraj
Jánošík
18 *
Ondráš z Janovic
20 ♦
Oleksa Dov-
buš
22 ♦
Michal Vdovec
23 *
Nikola
Šuhaj
24 ♦
Jan Karásek
26 ♦
Jan Ja¬
neček
27 ♦
Bavorský Hiesel
(Matthias Klostermayer) 28 ♦ Schinderhannes (Jo¬
hannes Bückler) 29 ♦ Hölzerlips (Georg Philipp Lang) 30 ♦ Jan
Jiří
Grasei
31
♦
Srovnání loupežníků podle
Kütherovy
typologie
32
3.
Sociální zázemí zbojníků a lupičů
37
4.
Jak definovat zbojnictví?
45
Kritéria pro definování zbojnictví
45 *
Zbojnictví a morální ohledy
47 ♦
Co je so¬
ciální protest?
48 *
Jakou definici zbojnictví zvolit?
51 ♦
Vhodné označení zboj¬
níka
53
5.
К
loupežnické každodennosti
55
Oděv zbojníku a lupičů,
55 ♦
Magické praktiky
57 *
Jazyk lupičů a zbojníků
59
♦
Ženy v loupežnických bandách
63
6.
Pověst jako historický pramen
67
Praktické postřehy
k analýze
pověstí
75
7.
Klasifikace zbojnických a loupežnických postav
79
Zbojnický mytický hrdina
81 *
Sociálně loupežnická postava
87 *
Kladná zboj¬
nická postava bez sociálních atributů
90 *
Záporné a nevymezené loupežnické
postavy
92
8.
Zbojnický mýtus
97
Model zbojnického života
99 *
Pnběhotvorné prvky
116 *
Putovní motivy
123
♦
Vztah
к
realitě
130 *
Utváření a vývoj tradice
133
9.
Lidová píseň jako historický pramen
137
10.
Charakteristika zbojnických a loupežnických písní
153
Karpatská zbojnická píseň
160 *
České písně
s
loupežnickou tematikou
166 *
Ně¬
mecké písně
s
loupežnickou tematikou
168 ♦
Stručné srovnání
171
11.
Obraz loupežnické každodennosti v ústním podání
175
Kdo se dával mezi zbojníky
177 *
Loupežné přepady
179 ♦
Bydlem a
prezimo¬
vaní
181 ♦
Jídlo
182 ♦
Odívání a zbroj
183 ♦
Magické praktiky
185 ♦
Ženy
a loupežníci
186 *
Srovnání
s
nefolklorními prameny
187
12.
„Zbojnická ideologie v ústním podání
191
13.
Literární obraz šlechetného loupežníka
205
14.
Zbojník před soudem historiků
215
Shrnutí a zobecnění
224 ♦
Komentáře a kritické poznámky
227
15.
Přesahy a proměny zbojnické tradice a jejího zkoumání
231
Závěr
239
Rozdíly
ό
charakteru zbojnické a loupežnické tradice v jednotlivých oblastech
240
♦
Vysvětlení rozdílů mezi zkoumanými oblastmi
249 *
Závěrečné poznámky ke
zbojnictví a zbojnické či loupežnické tradici
254
Přílohy
257
Úvodní poznámka
258 ♦ /.
Pověsti
261 *
II.
Písně
309 *
III.
Katalog pověs¬
tí o vybraných zbojnících a loupežnících
381 ♦
ГУ.
Poznámka
k použitým
pra¬
menům
463
Poznámky
469
Prameny a literatura
485
Seznam tabulek, grafů, obrázků a map
494
Summary
496
Summary
The book follows the theme of banditry as a social phenomenon. The author writes
through the use of a comparative method to understand the relationship between social
reality of bandits and his image of rural culture, which is often positive even idealizing.
This theme is researched in the area of Middle Europe, in countries such as Ger¬
many, Czech Republic, Slovakia, south Poland, west Ukraine and parts of Austria. The
author leaves out Hungary, parts of Poland and Austria for practical reasons to analyze
historical sources as thoroughly as possible, although it is a bigger area. The existing
historical publications follows either German robbery gangs (German historiography)
or Carpathian region (Polish and Slovakian historiography).
The author describes a classical distinction between social bandits and common rob¬
bers, which in western historiography was introduced by Eric J. Hobsbawm. The social
bandits come from a milieu of peasants, their activity is not reversed against members
of own country community and they are not incriminated by this community; on the
contrary they are protected by them. The common robbers come from the people on the
margin of society
-
rovers, almsmen, unchaste professions
-
and they are the enemy for
citizens as well as peasants.
This dichotomy was developed later by the German historian
Carsten Rüther,
who
in contrast to Hobsbawm, researched into the theme of the so-called common robbers.
Polish and Czechoslovakian research followed the social banditry before Hobsbawm
(W. Ochmanski,
A. Melicherčík),
but this work today is very much indebted to the Marx¬
ist ideology, not so interesting from methodological perspective. Of course the term
social bandit was subjected to strict critique (in German historiography e. g. W.
Seiden¬
spinner
or U. Danker), but the author of this work has reflected, that it has everlasting
foundation.
Adam Votruba applies in his work the following technique; he recognizes the re¬
stricted area from perspective spread of social
banditism
and common robbery. Then he
asks a question based on folklore origin, if and how the social reality of relations between
peasants and bandits was reflected in oral tradition of country population.
From perspective enlargement of social
banditism,
we can divide middle Europe
into two areas. We find their frequent presence in Carpathian region (Slovakia, east
Moravia, south Poland, west Ukraine). On the contrary the social
banditism
in Germany,
Bohemia and west Moravia (and Austria) occurs only in a very sporadic phenomenon.
From the perspective of folklore tradition we have to demarcate three areas. Bohemia
and West Moravia (without former German borderland) is a transitory region between
Germany and Carpathian Mountains. The language border between Czech and German
population was a significant obstruction for diffusion of oral tradition. (A similar border
doesn t exist between Slavic languages and their dialects.) In Bohemia and west Moravia
we don t find social banditry, but the local tradition is influenced by the oral tradition of
Carpathian region.
So it is possible to say, that middle Europe is an ideal territory for comparison be¬
tween the image of bandit in regions with frequent presence of the social
banditism
and
in regions with presence of common robbery. At the same time it is
ab initio
evident, that
we find an idealized image of bandit in both types of regions.
This book is divided into a number of logically concurring parts. The author first
evaluates obligator up to now research and a stage of source basis. He alerts for example
that in the former West Germany and in west Slavic Lands the research proceeds sepa¬
rately without reciprocal exchange of stimulations. The following chapters are engaged
in the activity of select bandits and their evaluation from perspective before-mentioned
496
Summary
typology, definition of social
banditism
or common robbery and bandit s everydayness.
In the second half of the book the author follows the tradition about bandits.
The author follows more closely the activity of
12
bandits from Central Europe:
Juraj
Jánošík
(1688-1713),
Ondřej
Fuciman, known as
Ondráš
from
Janovice
or Polish On-
draszek
(1680-1715),
Oleksa Dovbush
(7-1745),
Matthias
Klostermayer
alias Bavarian
Hiesel
(1736-1771),
Johannes
Bückler
alias
Schinderhannes (17807-1803),
Jan Karásek,
german
Johannes
Karraseck (1764-1809),
Georg Philipp
Lang
alias
Hölzerlips (1780-
1812),
Jan Jiří
Grasei, german
Johannes
Georg
Grasei
(1790-1818),
Michal Vdovec
(1803-1832),
Václav Babinský
(1796-1879),
Jan Janeček
(18407-1871),
Nikola Shuhaj
(1898-1921).
The evaluation of their activity shows, that
Hobsbawm-Küther
typology is
well-founded. But the author questions
a
Rüther
thesis that for a social bandit the cap¬
ture wasn t a leading motive for his activity. It applied only for a few bandits. Also it is not
always true, that the social bandits were bound to a narrow region.
In the chapters, which are dedicated to tradition, the author analyses the legends
and the folksongs from perspective of their exploitation as a historic source at first. These
formations are possible to search as an echo of a certain discourses. An important event
is the fact that these legends were in their original environment, in contrary to today,
understood as information s about real events. Of course it is necessary to remember,
that the legends are not the trusty image of oral tradition. The collectors play a dominant
role, they choose the substantial and the interesting and they modify the legend along
their esthetical and specialist criterions.
Characterisation of bandits in tradition divides the author into four types:
1.
bandit-
hero,
2.
character of social bandit,
3.
positive character of bandits without social at¬
tributes,
4.
negative or unspecified character. The character of bandit-hero corresponds
with the definition of hero
(poi. „bohater )
by Polish researcher Stefan Czarnowski. (His
conception prefers the author to conceptions of
Jan de Vries
or lord Raglan). We can
qualify as the bandit-heroes in the researched demesne solely the Carpathian characters
of bandits
-
Jánošík, Ondráš,
and Dovbush. Noble robbers who help the poor, we find
everywhere
-
in Germany
Schinderhannes, Paulus, Karraseck, in
Bohemia
Babinský,
in
Moravia and Austria
Grasei
in Carpathian Mountains more
Vdovec,
Shuhaj etc. The au¬
thor submits a model of life of the bandit-hero, who serves next as an instrument of the
interregional comparison, and tries to deduce the evolution of tradition. In tradition
about bandits it happens in his opinion to decrease of supernatural elements and later
also to abating of social elements. Primarily strong elements of rightful revenge disap¬
pear practically from the tradition and remained the motives of donations to the poor.
Special attention is applied to robber songs. Certain methodical problem is the fact
that the term folk-song is understood differently in Germany and west-Slavic Lands. In
Czech and Slovak environment for example not every orally traded song is marked as
a folk-song, but only such a song, which originates in oral tradition of country and con¬
sequently does not have unambiguously identifiable author. Robber folk-songs of this
type range only in Carpathian area. Author denotes at the same time on comparison of
folk and modern songs that folk-songs engage practically solely in themes of common
life and the modern exotic is then foreign. It is possible to presuppose, that robber folk¬
songs diffuse in countrified environment only there, where the banditry was in advance
an ingredient of common life. A parallel can be the poacher songs in German alpine
lands. It is interesting, that even between German robbers there were documented orally
traded songs with themes of banditry, but these songs did not interface in countrified
environment, and they are not hence a part of collections of folk-songs but only a part of
isolated records of police officials.
The chapters in the end of the book are applied more to the image of bandit s eve¬
rydayness in the oral tradition, to present some „ideology of
banditism
in tradition
and to compare images of bandit in oral tradition and literature. We can notice that the
literature has in contrast to oral tradition strong moralizing tendencies and also erotic
motives that are presented here very often.
497
Adam Votruba
-
Pravda u
zbojníka
The author presents in conclusion an enumeration of differences in tradition about
bandits in forementioned areas (ethnic German, ethnic Czech outside Carpathian Moun¬
tains and Slavic Carpathian). These differences are:
Differences of general type
1.
In Carpathian area there were a lot of major legends with themes of
banditism
than in both other areas.
2.
In Carpathian area there were a lot of bandit folk-songs (songs of country ori¬
gin); outside Carpathian territory is an exception there are only songs about
Bavarian Hiesel. In major part of outside Carpathian territory we don t find such
folk-songs.
3.
Only in German area there are currently songs about celebrated bandits sang in
first person (folk-songs and broadside ballads), which the bandit sings conse¬
quently as it was about them self. In Czech area these songs don t exist at all, in
Carpathian area only rarely.
4.
Only in Carpathian tradition are recorded narrations and songs, which talk
about bandits in general and not only about concrete persons or gangs.
5.
The type of bandit-hero found only in Carpathian tradition, in both other tradi¬
tions we find only a type of character of a social bandit.
6.
Only in Carpathian area are found the oral tradition there is a distinction of the
term between noble robbers and bad robbers.
7.
In Carpathian area there were abundant biographical motives in tradition, which
describe life of a bandit already from birth to infancy, while outside Carpathian
tradition takes interest only about his activity (and eventually death). (As though
was the bandit characterized for the Carpathian narrator for his whole life, while
for the outside Carpathian narrator only for his performance).
Differences in purport of tradition
8.
In Carpathian area appears a bigger degree of violent behaviour and bigger em¬
phasis on physical power of hero.
9.
In German tradition there are legends about bad robbers that have more ele¬
ments of nonsensical brutality than in both other traditions.
10.
In German tradition there is a marked connection between tradition about no¬
ble robber and poacher s tradition.
11.
The German bandit (negative, even positive) gets his supernatural power from
entente with devil. The Carpathian bandit gets such power from female charac¬
ters
-
hexes and nymphs, in the east part from God or St. Peter too. In Czech
areas these motives don t exist.
12.
Only in German area is the noble robber set in opposite to rich farmers
-
he
robs them and exudes their fair.
13.
In German and Carpathian area ranges the motive of robbery a sneer of Jews
-
in
Carpathian territory slightly more often. In Czech areas there are no such mo¬
tives.
14.
In Carpathian tradition there are motives of despoliation of churches from posi¬
tive bandits, in other two areas not so.
15.
Only in German area there are motives of punishment impious robber-accom¬
plices from leader of robbers.
16.
In Czech and German areas appears often the bandit disguised in huntsman, in
Carpathian area are contrariwise in description of dress of bandits transparent
elements of country garb, which is more aureate than by villagers.
17.
In Carpathian tradition appears the perception about season character of
ban¬
ditism
and overwintering of bandits in a village. We don t find this perception
outside Carpathian territories.
18.
In Carpathian area are the supernatural competences symbolized for concrete
articles, which the hero owns. In German areas are the supernatural compe-
♦ 498
Summary
tences ascribed to bandits without some special articles. In Czech environment
the bandits don t have such competences practically ever.
19.
Only in German tradition we find the magic competence to metamorphose in
a thing or an animal.
20.
In Carpathian area is mentioned an origin of bandits from ranks of farmers
(namely even rich farmers) or shepherds. In German tradition are the robbers
most often originally knackers, tramps or handicraftsmen. In Czech area the
origin of bandits is reflected sporadically.
21.
Only in Carpathian tradition we find the perception about common nameless
bandits (i. e. not about only celebrated persons) as avengers for injustice, perpe¬
trated on country people.
For interpretation of these differences it is possible to use essential four expositive
principles:
1.
The differences are an echo of presence or absence of social
banditism
in
certain area (differences
1, 2, 4, 5,
and
6). 2.
These differences reflect the diversity in real
style of life of bandits
(16, 17,
and
20). 3.
These differences are given from distinct meas¬
ure of social disciplinarian in these areas
(8, 9, 11, 14, 15,
and
21). 4.
The differences are
given from diversity of reception of world and other cultural aspects of country life
(3,
7, 18,
and
19).
These differences offer interesting possibilities of interpretation. Introduce at least
an example on differences, where the author presupposes as a reason the measure of
social disciplinarian. It seems, that the German carriers of tradition do not perceive the
violence as a rightful instrument for fruition of purpose, consequently the violence does
not have a reason and the people (negative bandits), who perpetrate it, behave from
perverse motives. (It is not presupposed a reasonable aim.) For a German narrator it is
next unimaginable that his positive hero exercises violence against noblemen, but it is
entirely right to use violence against criminals (a bandit punishes bad accomplice). But
even a noble robber uses an unrightfully way of act, consequently his intentions are
good but his acts are bad i.e. he is a confederate of devil. So it is possible to describe
a „civilized German robber. A Carpathian bandit punishes by contrast at ease the noble¬
men, plunders the churches and he has a blessing and power from God or from nymphs
and hexes. He uses violent and cruel acts that are pragmatic and rightful. He does not
reproach his accomplices, because between them reigns a friendship whether it is for
life or death. The leader of bandits does not provide protection for the villagers from
bandits, who do not harm them surely, but only from the nobility. The Czech robber is
somewhere halfway as half-disciplined. He does not dispose of intent with supernatural
forces, the church is left alone, he does not use violence neither against noblemen nor
colleagues and he manages with his slyness.
It is possible to document the special position of Czech tradition between the others
for following detection. We see that by concrete narrative motives it predominates the
similarity with Carpathian tradition (by migratory legends
60 %
against
20 %),
while in
general differences predominate the similarity with German tradition
(86 %
versus
14 %).
In the contextual differences
(8-21)
is correspondence with both other areas identical (in
36%
of points).
In conclusion we can say that this publication is valuable in the above all, that by
the medium of comparison traverses traditional border of national or regional research
of
banditism.
It is unusual the accent on folklore sources and aspiration of these sources
to use historical research.
♦ 499 ♦
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Votruba, Adam 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1125720131 |
| author_facet | Votruba, Adam 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Votruba, Adam 1974- |
| author_variant | a v av |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037230035 |
| classification_rvk | KS 1017 LB 45310 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711825228 (DE-599)BVBBV037230035 |
| discipline | Slavistik Sozial-/Kulturanthropologie / Empirische Kulturwissenschaft |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1920 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1920 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV037230035 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:53:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087271254 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021143729 |
| oclc_num | 711825228 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 499 S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC1 DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Scriptorum |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Votruba, Adam 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1125720131 aut Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě Adam Votruba Vyd. 1. Praha Scriptorum 2010 499 S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1600-1920 gnd rswk-swf Bandit (DE-588)4441537-0 gnd rswk-swf Rebell (DE-588)4279911-9 gnd rswk-swf Räuber (DE-588)4176859-0 gnd rswk-swf Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 gnd rswk-swf Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 g Räuber (DE-588)4176859-0 s Rebell (DE-588)4279911-9 s Bandit (DE-588)4441537-0 s Geschichte 1600-1920 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021143729&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021143729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Votruba, Adam 1974- Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě Bandit (DE-588)4441537-0 gnd Rebell (DE-588)4279911-9 gnd Räuber (DE-588)4176859-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4441537-0 (DE-588)4279911-9 (DE-588)4176859-0 (DE-588)4039677-0 |
| title | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě |
| title_auth | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě |
| title_exact_search | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě |
| title_full | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě Adam Votruba |
| title_fullStr | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě Adam Votruba |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pravda u zbojníka zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě Adam Votruba |
| title_short | Pravda u zbojníka |
| title_sort | pravda u zbojnika zbojnictvi a loupeznictvi ve stredni evrope |
| title_sub | zbojnictví a loupežnictví ve střední Evropě |
| topic | Bandit (DE-588)4441537-0 gnd Rebell (DE-588)4279911-9 gnd Räuber (DE-588)4176859-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bandit Rebell Räuber Mitteleuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021143729&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021143729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT votrubaadam pravdauzbojnikazbojnictvialoupeznictvivestrednievrope |