Verfügbarkeit: A financial history of the United States

A financial history of the United States: 5 From Enron-era scandals to the subprime crisis (2004-2006)

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Markham, Jerry W. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Armonk, NY [u.a.] Sharpe 2011
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXVIII, 373 S., I-22 S.
ISBN:	9780765624314

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adam_text	Contents From Enron-era Scandals to the Subprme Crisis (2004-2006) List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................xix Preface .....................................................................................................xxiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................xxv Introduction .............................................................................................xxvii Photographs follow page ¡88. Parti. Enron and Corporate Reforms .......................................................1 1. Enron and Its Aftermath ......................................................................3 The Enron Scandal ..................................................................................3 Background ........................................................................................3 Government Response .......................................................................4 The Trials ................................................................................................7 The Arthur Andersen Fiasco ..............................................................7 The Nigerian Barge Fiasco .............................................................10 Broadband Setrices Prosecutions ...................................................13 The NatWest Three ...........................................................................15 The Lay and Stilling Criminal Trial ...............................................18 Lou Pai ............................................................................................32 Summing Up the Enron Litigation .......................................................33 The Prosecution s Scoreeard ...........................................................33 Enron Bankruptcy Proceedings .......................................................34 Class-Action Suits ...........................................................................35 Dynegy .............................................................................................36 2. Other Enron-Era Scandals ................................................................37 The Telecom Scandals — The Aftermath ...............................................37 Background. .....................................................................................37 Nortel ...............................................................................................41 Adelphia ..........................................................................................42 vři viii CONTENTS Other Telecom Firms .......................................................................43 WorldCom ........................................................................................43 Other Scandals ......................................................................................47 HealthSouth .....................................................................................47 Tyco .................................................................................................51 Cendant and AOL ............................................................................53 Computer Associates .......................................................................55 Grocery Store Accounting ...............................................................56 Pharmaceutical Companies ............................................................57 Conrad Black ...................................................................................57 Kmart ...............................................................................................59 Tax Shelters: Another Enron-Era Scandal ......................................59 Other Accounting Scandals .............................................................65 The Wall Street Scandals ......................................................................66 The Financial Analyst Scandals ......................................................66 Other Financial Analyst Issues .......................................................68 Frank Quattrone ..............................................................................69 Spitzer s Downfall ...........................................................................71 3. Corporate Governance Reforms .......................................................76 Sarbanes-Oxley .....................................................................................76 The Enron Reforms ..........................................................................76 Other Sarbanes-Oxley Reforms .......................................................78 Small Companies .............................................................................79 Loss of Competitive Advantage ...........................................................80 Competition from Abroad ................................................................80 Blue Ribbon Reviews .......................................................................80 Government Concerns .....................................................................83 The Executive Compensation Controversy ..........................................84 Background. .....................................................................................84 Fiduciary Duties ..............................................................................86 Ovitfs Compensation ......................................................................88 Confiscation Through Taxes ............................................................89 The Reagan and Bush Tax Cuts .......................................................91 Compensation Arrangements ................................................................93 Golden Parachutes ..........................................................................93 Class Warfare and the Criminalization of Executive Pay ...............95 Richard Grasso s Retirement Package ............................................97 SEC Full Disclosure ...........................................................................100 Background. ...................................................................................100 Disclosure Fails .............................................................................101 The SEC Tries Again .....................................................................102 Compensation Concerns Grow ...........................................................103 Compensation as Politics ..............................................................103 CONTENTS ix Incentive Compensation .....................................................................104 Options ..........................................................................................104 Option Effects ................................................................................106 More Scandals ....................................................................................107 Option Backdating .........................................................................107 Prosecutions.................................................................................. 109 Other Abuses .................................................................................1 1 1 The War on Perks ...........................................................................112 Corporate Reforms — Shareholder Voting ...........................................117 Proxy Votes ....................................................................................117 Election Proposals ........................................................................120 Majority Votes ................................................................................122 Staggered Boards ..........................................................................123 Political Correctness .....................................................................123 Broker Votes ...................................................................................124 Separation of Chairman and CEO ................................................124 Shareholder Bill of Rights .............................................................125 Other Reforms ....................................................................................126 Class-Action Lawsuits ...................................................................126 Some Corporate Pushhack ............................................................130 Class-Action Lawyer Scandals ......................................................131 Part II. Financial Market Developments ...............................................137 4. Securities, Banking, and Insurance .................................................139 Securities Market Developments ........................................................139 Some History .................................................................................139 Regulation .....................................................................................14) National Market System ................................................................142 Specialists Problems .....................................................................143 Information Technology .................................................................144 More Automation ...........................................................................145 The ECNs Compete .......................................................................146 NASDAQ ........................................................................................149 Transformation ofNYSE ...............................................................150 Broadening Markets ......................................................................154 Overlapping Regulation ................................................................155 The Options Exchanges ......................................................................156 Some History .................................................................................156 Competition ................................................................................... і 57 Subprime Crisis .............................................................................159 Clearing and Settlement ......................................................................159 Securities Industry .........................................................................159 Additional Developments ..............................................................162 CONTEXTS Transfer Agents. .............................................................................164 Treasury Report ............................................................................. J 64 International Clearing ..................................................................165 Concerns over Cross-Border Settlement .......................................166 Equity Options Clearing ...............................................................167 Custody and Payment Systems ...........................................................167 Free Credit Balances .....................................................................] 67 Collateral Arrangements ...............................................................169 Payment Systems and Central Banks .............................................170 CHIPS..... ......................................................................................171 Fedwire ..........................................................................................172 Fixed Income Clearing Corporation .............................................172 SWIFT ...........................................................................................172 Payment System Concerns .............................................................173 Stock Lending .....................................................................................175 Capital Requirements .........................................................................176 Bank Capital Requirements ...........................................................176 Subprime Reaction ........................................................................180 SEC Net Capital Requirements ..........................................................180 Background. ...................................................................................180 Drexel Burn/mm ............................................................................182 Consolidated Supervised Entities ..................................................183 Insurance Capital Requirements ...................................................184 5. Commodity Markets .........................................................................189 Market Developments .........................................................................189 Some History .................................................................................189 Regulation .....................................................................................190 The Stock Market Crash of 1987...................................................193 Forex Fraud ...................................................................................194 Other Over-the-Counter Derivatives ............................................196 Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000...........................197 EnronOnline ..................................................................................199 Energy Market Manipulations .......................................................200 FERČ Powers ................................................................................204 More Regulation ............................................................................207 Index Traders .................................................................................208 The Enron Loophole ......................................................................209 ECNs in the Commodity Markets ..................................................212 Electronic Trading Delayed ..........................................................213 Competition from Abroad ..............................................................214 Competition and Consolidation ....................................................217 Futures Market Clearinghouse ............................................................218 The Role of the Clearinghouse ......................................................218 CONTENTS xi The Stock Market Crash of J 987...................................................220 Over-the-Counter Clearing ...........................................................221 Competition Concerns................................................................... 221 Cross-Margining ...........................................................................222 Custody Arrangements — Futures Commission Merchants ............224 CFTC Capital Requirements .........................................................225 6. The Rise of the Hedge Funds and Private Equity ..........................227 Hedge Funds .......................................................................................227 Background. ...................................................................................227 Mutual Fund Scandals ..................................................................231 The SEC s Response ......................................................................236 Regulating Hedge Funds ...............................................................241 Hedge Funds Expand ..........................................................................244 Hedge Funds Go Public ................................................................244 Hedge Fund Abuses .......................................................................245 The Rise of Private Equity ..................................................................249 Some History .................................................................................249 Venture Capitalists ........................................................................250 Private Equity ................................................................................254 Private Equity Renewed ................................................................256 Leveraged Loans ...........................................................................258 CDOs.. ...........................................................................................259 Private Equity and Hedge Funds ..................................................26 1 Private Equity and Privacy ...........................................................263 Union Objections ...................................................................,......264 Private Goes Public ......................................................................266 KKR ...............................................................................................269 The Catiyle Group .........................................................................270 Asset Managers .............................................................................271 Taxes ..............................................................................................274 The Credit Crunch and Private Equity ..........................................275 Sovereign Wealth Funds ................................................................276 National Security Concerns ..........................................................278 7. The Mortgage Market ......................................................................281 Mortgages ...........................................................................................281 Some History .................................................................................28 і Mortgage Lenders .........................................................................282 Residential Mortgage Providers ....................................................283 Twentieth-Century Mortgage Markets ..........................................286 Real Estate Bonds. ........................................................................288 The Great Depression ....................................................................290 Residential Markets.... ...................................................................292 солтелтѕ The Rìse of the GSEs .....................................................................294 Federal Home Loan Bank Board. ..................................................295 Reconstruction Finance Corporation ............................................296 Building a Mortgage Market ..............................................................296 Roosevelt Acts. ...............................................................................296 Home Owner s Loan Corporation ................................................297 Federal Housing Authority ............................................................298 Reconstruction Finance Corporation — Expansion .......................302 Fannie Mae ....................................................................................302 More Programs ..............................................................................303 Postwar Boom ...............................................................................304 The 1950s......................................................................................305 The S&L Crisis ...................................................................................307 S&L Business Plans ......................................................................307 The 1960s......................................................................................308 Studies ...........................................................................................310 More Legislation ...........................................................................311 S&L Problems ...............................................................................312 The S&L Crisis ..............................................................................315 Deregulation ..................................................................................317 Problems Grow ..............................................................................318 Blame .............................................................................................321 FIRREA .........................................................................................322 Commercial Banks ........................................................................324 8. A Critical Look at the Reformers ....................................................327 Prosecution Abuses .............................................................................327 The New York Attorney General ....................................................327 Federal Prosecutors ......................................................................328 Justice Department as Regulator ..................................................332 Corporate Governance Reforms .........................................................334 Punitive Legislation... .....................................................................334 Compensation Issues .....................................................................334 Athletes and Entertainers ..............................................................336 Scalable Compensation.. ...............................................................340 Results ...........................................................................................341 Union Pension Funds as Reformers ..............................................341 Newspapers as Reformers .............................................................344 Conclusion .................................................................................................351 Notes .......................................................................................................353 Selected Bibliography ................................................................................363 Name Index .................................................................................................1-1 Subject Index ............................................................................................1-17 CONTENTS xiii From the Sukprime Crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009) List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................xiii Preface .......................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................xix Introduction .................................................................................................xxi Photographs follow page 622. Part III. The Growth of the Mortgage Market .....................................375 9. Securitization .....................................................................................377 Government-Sponsored Enterprises ....................................................377 GSEs ...............................................................................................377 Securitization ..................................................................................379 Collateralized Mortgage Obligations .............................................381 Mortgage Market Growth ....................................................................382 Secondary Market ...........................................................................382 Private Securitizations ....................................................................384 Asset-Backed Commerciai Paper ....................................................385 Student Loans .................................................................................386 Subprime Lending ...............................................................................391 Subprime Loans ..............................................................................391 Consumer Protection Legislation ...................................................392 Predatory Lending Practices ..........................................................393 Federal Preemption ........................................................................396 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac .........................................................399 Collateralized Debt Obligations .....................................................402 Monoline /usurers ................................................,..........................403 Credit-Default Swaps ......................................................................406 Mortgage Brokers ...........................................................................407 Nonbank Stihprime Lenders ............................................................408 10. Prelude to a Crisis .............................................................................412 Panics and Bubbles ..............................................................................412 Some History ...................................................................................412 The Stock Market Crash of ¡929....................................................413 Inflation ...........................................................................................414 The Stock Market Crash of 1987....................................................415 Trouble Abroad .............................................................................. 4!6 Run-Up to the Real Estate Bubble ......................................................418 Breaking the Dot.Com Bubble ........................................................418 Interest Rates .......„.......................,.................................................419 солтслтѕ More Interest Rate Increases ..........................................................423 Changing of the Guard ...................................................................425 First-Quarter Results ......................................................................425 Paulson Arrives... ............................................................................426 interest Rate Effects ........................................................................427 Third Quarter ..................................................................................428 The First Cracks Appear ......................................................................429 The Dow Rises ................................................................................429 False Hopes ....................................................................................430 The New Year— 2007..........................................................................431 Mixed Signals .................................................................................431 New Century Financial ...................................................................432 More Losses ....................................................................................433 On to the Second Quarter ...............................................................434 Bear Steams — The Struggle Begins ................................................437 The Credit Crunch and Private Equity ...........................................440 Third-Quarter Problems .................................................................444 Fair-Value Accounting ....................................................................448 The Fed Acts on Rates .....................................................................449 Subprime Problems Travel Abroad .................................................451 The Crisis at Citigroup ...................................................................453 UBS .................... .............................................................................457 Money Market Fund Problems .......................................................459 Asset-Backed Commercial Paper (ABCP) Problems ......................460 Fed Policy .......................................................................................461 Fourth-Quarter Results ...................................................................463 Fannie and Freddie .........................................................................464 Payday Lending ..............................................................................467 Executive Compensation .................................................................468 Part IV. The Subprime Crisis ..................................................................471 11. The Crisis Begins ...............................................................................473 A Crumbling Landscape ......................................................................473 The New Year ..................................................................................473 Société Generale............................................................................. 475 Countrywide Financial ...................................................................476 The Crisis Continues ......................................................................480 Policy Developments .......................................................................480 Mortgages .......................................................................................482 The Crisis Continues ......................................................................485 Auction Rate Security Market .........................................................486 More Problems ................................................................................490 Bear Stearns Fails ...........................................................................495 CONTĽNTS xï First-Quarter Results ......................................................................499 More UBS Problems .......................................................................503 More Losses ....................................................................................504 Economic Turmoil Continues .........................................................504 Financiai Services Results ..............................................................507 Investigations ..................................................................................508 Broadening Problems .....................................................................509 Short Sales ......................................................................................510 The Decline Continues ....................................................................512 IndyMac Fails .................................................................................514 Energy Prices ..................................................................................516 Federal Housing Administration .....................................................517 Third-Quarter Results .....................................................................519 Fannie Mae ami Freddie Mac Are Nationalized .............................520 12. The Great Panic Begins .....................................................................524 The Financial Hurricane ......................................................................524 Lehman Brothers .............................................................................524 Reserve Primary Fund ....................................................................531 The A IG Debacle ............................................................................534 More Failures ......................................................................................546 Merrill Lynch ..................................................................................546 The Crisis at Morgan Stanley .........................................................554 Washington Mutual (WaMu) ...........................................................557 Wachovia .........................................................................................558 The Bailout ..........................................................................................561 The Feds Face the Crisis .................................................................561 The Bailout Bill ...............................................................................562 Troubled Asset ReliefProgram (TARP) ..........................................565 More Problems ................................................................................565 Government Reactions ....................................................................566 Market Volatility .............................................................................567 The TARP Bailouts ..........................................................................567 Municipal Securities .......................................................................570 General Electric ..............................................................................570 13. The Crisis Continues .........................................................................572 The Contagion Spreads .......................................................................572 Crisis Abroad ..................................................................................572 Private Equity .................................................................................577 Hedge Funds. ..................................................................................579 Venture Capital ...............................................................................583 Dealing with Chaos ...........................................................·.................584 The Crisis Rolls On... ......................................................................584 Greenspan... ....................................................................................586 More Market Volatility ....................................................................587 More Citigroup Problems...............................................................593 Government Action .........................................................................595 More Losses... .................................................................................597 The Automakers Fail ...........................................................................600 Problems in Motor City ..................................................................600 Generili Motors and Ford ...............................................................601 The Motor City Bailout Begins .......................................................603 The Madoff Fraud and Other Problems ...............................................608 Fraud Continues .............................................................................608 The Madoff Fraud ...........................................................................609 Suicides and Scandals ....................................................................613 A Bad Year Finally Ends .....................................................................615 The Economy Continues to Struggle ...............................................615 Year-End Results .............................................................................618 Part V. The Crisis Abates .........................................................................623 14. The Rise and Fall of the Subprime Crisis .......................................625 The New President ..............................................................................625 The New Year— 2009.......................................................................625 Trouble Abroad ...............................................................................627 Inauguration Day ............................................................................627 Regulatory Proposals and Stimulus ................................................629 The SEC ..... .........................................................................................630 Conditions Remain Uncertain ........................................................632 Executive Compensation .....................................................................636 A Populist Issue Returns .................................................................636 Bonuses at AIG ...............................................................................638 The Controversy Continues .............................................................640 Compensation Abroad ....................................................................644 The Bottom Is Reached .......................................................................646 The Market Decline ........................................................................646 Market Critics Emerge ....................................................................648 Market Volatility .............................................................................649 Government Interference ................................................................651 Economic News ...............................................................................652 Sunrise in America ..............................................................................655 The Second Quarter Begins ............................................................655 TARPCops ...................................................................................... 656 TARP Funds .................................................................................... 658 Green Shoots ................................................................................... 660 The Struggle Continues ...................................................................662 CONTENTS xvii The Way to Recovery ..........................................................................667 The Rocky Road ..............................................................................667 A Parting of the Clouds ...................................................................669 Fourth Quarter ................................................................................675 A New Decade Begins .........................................................................684 Recovery Is Slow and Uncertain .....................................................688 15. Regulation, Reform, and the Subprime Crisis ................................696 What Caused the Subprime Crisis? .....................................................696 Subprime Affirmative Action ...........................................................697 CRA Extortion ............................................................................698 Down Payment Policies ..................................................................700 Safety and Soundness Concerns .....................................................700 Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Quotas ............................................70! Andrew Cuomo ...............................................................................703 Bush Administration .......................................................................704 Interest Rate Policies ......................................................................705 Targeted Interest Rates ...................................................................706 Carry Trades ...................................................................................707 The Fed s Liquidity Role .................................................................708 HelicopterBen and Hank the Bazooka ..................................710 Capital Requirements .....................................................................71 1 SEC Capital Requirements .............................................................714 Fair-Value Accounting ....................................................................715 The Fair-Value Fight .......................................................................716 The FASB Reacts .............................................................................720 Real Estate Appraisals ....................................................................721 Appraisal of Income-Producing Property .......................................723 Risk Models ............................................ .........................................724 Regulatory Reform ..............................................................................725 Financial Literacy of Regulators ....................................................725 Functional Regulation ....................................................................728 Treasury Report ..............................................................................728 Subprime Crisis Regulation Proposals ...........................................729 TmfWars .........................................................................................730 The SEC and the Goldman Sachs Case ..........................................731 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act .....736 Elusive Systemic Risk ......................................................................740 77?? SEC, CFTC, and Derivatives ...................................................741 Hedge Funds ...............................................................»........·.........747 The Ratings Agencies — Shoot the Messenger... ........,.....................748 Consumer Protection ......................................................■...............755 Consumer Finantia! Protection Bureau ...................»....................756 Compensation Issues Again ............................................................758 CONTENTS Federal Insurance ...........................................................................761 Regulation Abroad ...............................................................................762 The Financial Services Authority ....................................................762 European Union ..............................................................................764 Conclusion .................................................................................................767 Notes ........................................................................................................769 Selected Bibliography ................................................................................777 Cumulative Name Index ............................................................................785 Cumulative Subject Index ..........................................................................815 About the Author ........................................................................................826
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spellingShingle	Markham, Jerry W. A financial history of the United States
title	A financial history of the United States
title_auth	A financial history of the United States
title_exact_search	A financial history of the United States
title_full	A financial history of the United States 5 From Enron-era scandals to the subprime crisis (2004-2006) Jerry W. Markham
title_fullStr	A financial history of the United States 5 From Enron-era scandals to the subprime crisis (2004-2006) Jerry W. Markham
title_full_unstemmed	A financial history of the United States 5 From Enron-era scandals to the subprime crisis (2004-2006) Jerry W. Markham
title_short	A financial history of the United States
title_sort	a financial history of the united states from enron era scandals to the subprime crisis 2004 2006
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