Living in a microbial world:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Garland Science
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780815341758 081534175X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Living in a microbial world |c Bruce V. Hofkin |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Garland Science |c 2011 | |
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| _version_ | 1804143826421415936 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 LIVING IN A MICROBIAL WORLD 1
CHAPTER 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 17
CHAPTER 3 THE CELL: WHERE LIFE BEGINS 45
CHAPTER 4 A FIELD GUIDE TO THE MICROORGANISMS 71
CHAPTER 5 THE MICROBIOLOGY OF HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY 107
CHAPTER 6 MICROBIAL GENETICS 133
CHAPTER 7 METABOLISM AND GROWTH 169
CHAPTER 8 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: THE ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE 203
CHAPTER 9 AN ECOLOGIST S GUIDE TO MICROBIOLOGY 229
CHAPTER 10 THE NATURE OF DISEASE: A PATHOGEN S PERSPECTIVE 259
CHAPTER 11 HOST DEFENSE 285
CHAPTER 12 CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 315
CHAPTER 13 EPIDEMIOLOGY: WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, AND WHY? 343
CHAPTER 14 THE FUTURE IS HERE: MICROORGANISMS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 367
CHAPTER 15 GUESS WHO S COMING TO DINNER: MICROORGANISMS AND FOOD 395
CHAPTER 16 BETTER LIVING WITH MICROOORGANISMS: INDUSTRIAL
AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 417
GLOSSARY G:L
FIGURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS F: 1
INDEX 1:1
IMAGE 2
DETAILED CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 LIVING IN A MICROBIAL WORLD 1 THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY 3
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS 3 ALL LIVING THINGS
DISPLAY OTHER OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS 4
MICROBIOLOGY INVOLVES THE STUDY OF SEVERAL DISTINCT GROUPS OF LIVING
THINGS 4
VIRUSES STRAIN OUR NOTION OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE ALIVE 7
MICROBIOLOGY IS CLOSELY INTERTWINED WITH THE STUDY OF NONMICROORGANISMS
7
MICROBIOLOGY IS COMPOSED OF MANY SPECIALIZED SUBDISCIPLINES 7
CASE: ART COMES ALIVE? 7
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 10
A PROPER SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT INVOLVES A SERIES
OF WELL-DEFINED STEPS 10
CASE: FLEMING REVISITED 10
IF A HYPOTHESIS CANNOT BE DISPROVED, IT MAY
EVENTUALLY BECOME A THEORY 13
COMING UP NEXT... 13
KEY TERMS 14
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 14
CHAPTER 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 17
ATOMS: THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER 17 ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF
SMALLER COMPONENTS CALLED SUBATOMIC PARTICLES 18
AS AN ATOM S STABILITY INCREASES, ITS ENERGY DECREASES 19
AN IONIC BOND IS FORMED WHEN ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE ATOM TO
ANOTHER 20
CASE: BACTERIA, SALT, AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS 20 COVALENT BONDS FORM WHEN
ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTERMOST SHELLS 22
COVALENT BONDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER POLAR OR NONPOLAR 22
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER 25
ACIDS AND BASES ARE COMPOUNDS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE THE
CONCENTRATION OF PROTONS IN WATER 25
CASE: FISHLESS IN PENNSYLVANIA 25
ORGANIC MOLECULES: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE 29 CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION
AS ENERGY STORAGE AND
STRUCTURAL MOLECULES 30
CASE: BACTERIAL HORSE HELPERS 30
LIPIDS ARE RELATIVELY HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES, ALSO USED FOR ENERGY
STORAGE AND STRUCTURE 33
PROTEINS PARTICIPATE IN A VARIETY OF CRUCIAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 35
CASE: BAD BAMBOO 35
BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS REQUIRE ENZYMES FUNCTIONING
AS CATALYSTS 38
CASE: CALL IN THE CLOT BUSTERS 38
NUCLEIC ACIDS DIRECT THE ASSEMBLY OF PROTEINS 40
COMING UP NEXT... 41
KEY TERMS 42
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 42
CHAPTER 3 THE CELL: WHERE LIFE BEGINS 45
BASIC CONCEPTS IN CELL BIOLOGY 46
AS CELLS GET LARGER, THEIR EFFICIENCY DECREASES 48 CASE: SIZE DOES
MATTER! 48
IMAGE 3
DETAILED CONTENTS
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL 49
MANY PROKARYOTES HAVE EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES,
EXTENDING BEYOND THE CELL WALL 50
CASE: PLAQUE ATTACK 50
MOST PROKARYOTES ARE PROTECTED FROM THE EXTERIOR
ENVIRONMENT BY A RIGID CELL WALL 52
CASE: AN OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD 53
BACTERIA WITH DIFFERENT CELL WALL TYPES CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY SPECIFIC
STAINING TECHNIQUES 56 SOME PROKARYOTES LACK A CELL WALL 57
EACH CELL IS SURROUNDED BY A PLASMA MEMBRANE 58 THE LIQUID INTERIOR OF
THE CELL FORMS THE CELL S CYTOPLASM 59
CASE: THE ANTHRAX SCARE 60
THE EUKARYOTIC CELL 62
THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN A EUKARYOTIC ORGANISM IS VARIABLE 62
WHILE PLANT AND FUNGAL CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS, ANIMAL CELLS DO NOT 63
LIKE PROKARYOTES, ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE SURROUNDED BY A MEMBRANE 63
THE CYTOPLASM OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAINS A VARIETY OF MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES 64
CASE: PARROT FEVER 66
COMING UP NEXT... 68
KEY TERMS 68
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 69
CHAPTER 4 A FIELD GUIDE TO THE MICROORGANISMS 71
TAXONOMY: HOW LIFE IS CLASSIFIED 71
TAXONOMY IS BASED ON A SYSTEM OF HIERARCHICAL GROUPINGS 72
MODERN CLASSIFICATION REFLECTS EVOLUTIONARY RELATEDNESS 72
DNA ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR RELATEDNESS 73
CASE: STREAMS, SNAILS, AND SCHISTOSOMES 74
KINGDOMS ARE ORGANIZED AMONG THREE DOMAINS 75
ORGANIZING MICROORGANISMS 76
DOMAIN BACTERIA 76
THE EARLIEST BACTERIA WERE ADAPTED TO LIFE ON THE
PRIMITIVE EARTH 77
CASE: THE HEAT WAS ON! 77
THE TREE SPREADS OUT 78
THE MOST RECENTLY EVOLVED LINEAGES ARE FOUND AT THE FARTHEST BRANCHES OF
THE TREE 79
DOMAIN ARCHAEA 79
EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS 80
PROTOZOA ARE SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS WITHIN THE DOMAIN EUKARYA 81
CASE: THE CAT S OUT OF THE BAG ON A PROTOZOAN PARASITE 81
MANY FUNGI ARE INVOLVED IN DISEASE OR ECOLOGICAL
PROCESSES OR ARE USEFUL FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 84
CASE: FIRST YOU SHAKE, THEN YOU ACHE 84
FUNGI HAVE ONE OF TWO BODY PLANS AND CAN BE UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR
86
KINGDOM FUNGI IS COMPOSED OF FOUR PHYLA 87
THE VIRUSES 89
CASE: DEATH IN THE RUE MORGUE 89
MOST VIRUSES HAVE ONE OF A FEW BASIC STRUCTURES 90 SPECIFIC VIRUSES
USUALLY INFECT ONLY CERTAIN HOSTS AND CERTAIN CELLS WITHIN THOSE HOSTS
91
REPLICATION OF ANIMAL VIRUSES PROCEEDS THROUGH A SERIES OF DEFINED STEPS
92
REPLICATION IS DIFFERENT FOR DNA AND RNA VIRUSES 95 NOT ALL VIRAL
INFECTIONS CAUSE SYMPTOMS OR KILL HOST CELLS 97
VIRUSES CAN DAMAGE HOST CELLS IN SEVERAL WAYS 98 LIKE ANIMALS, PLANTS
ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MANY VIRAL INFECTIONS 99
BACTERIOPHAGES ARE VIRUSES THAT INFECT BACTERIA 99 PHAGES CAN INFLUENCE
THE NUMBERS OF BACTERIA AND EVEN THE DISEASES THAT THEY CAUSE 101
PRIONS 102
CASE: LAST LAUGH FOR THE LAUGHING DEATH 102
COMING UP NEXT... 104
KEY TERMS 104
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 105
CHAPTER 5 THE MICROBIOLOGY OF HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
107 IF MICROBIOLOGISTS WROTE HISTORY 107
CASE: THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF MEXICO 107
DISEASE INFLUENCED IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME 108
THE BLACK DEATH ALTERED EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOREVER 111 EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
IMPORTED MANY DISEASES INTO THE NEW WORLD 112
SEVERAL IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY OWE THEIR OUTCOMES TO
MICROORGANISMS 115
IMAGE 4
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DETAILED CONTENTS
CERTAIN EPISODES IN BOTH WORLD WARS I AND II WERE INFLUENCED BY
MICROORGANISMS 117
SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASE IS CAUSED BY NONMICROORGANISMS 120
THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY: A BRIEF HISTORY 120
CASE: THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD 120
MICROORGANISMS WERE FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE 17TH CENTURY 121
THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY WAS BORN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH
CENTURY 121
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE WAS ADVANCED BY THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
NEED FOR HOSPITAL SANITATION 124 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PURE CULTURE
TECHNIQUE ALLOWED RAPID ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGY
KOCH WAS THE FIRST TO LINK A SPECIFIC MICROORGANISM TO A PARTICULAR
DISEASE THE GERM THEORY LED TO MAJOR ADVANCES IN DISEASE CONTROL WITH
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST VACCINES, THE
FIELD OF IMMUNOLOGY WAS BORN ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ARE A 20TH CENTURY
INNOVATION INTO THE MODERN ERA
COMING UP NEXT...
KEY TERMS
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6 MICROBIAL GENETICS
126
126
127
128 129 130
130
130
131
133
DNA: STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION 134
DNA IS AN INFORMATION MOLECULE 134
THE STRUCTURE OF DNA IS THE KEY TO HOW IT FUNCTIONS 135 DNA IS FOUND ON
CHROMOSOMES 137
138 DNA FUNCTION: REPLICATION EACH DNA MOLECULE CAN BE ACCURATELY COPIED
INTO TWO NEW DNA MOLECULES 138
CASE: DNA: FORM SUGGESTS FUNCTION 138
DNA REPLICATION BEGINS AT A SITE CALLED THE ORIGIN 140
DNA FUNCTION: GENES TO PROTEINS 141
A CELL S CHARACTERISTICS ARE LARGELY DETERMINED BY THE PROTEINS THAT THE
CELL PRODUCES 141
IN TRANSCRIPTION, A GENE S DNA IS USED TO PRODUCE COMPLEMENTARY RNA 143
CASE: CHRISTMAS TREES AND TRANSCRIPTION 143
AMINO ACIDS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO PROTEIN DURING TRANSLATION 147
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES THE NATURE OF GENETICALLY DETERMINED
CHARACTERISTICS 153
SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION 154
BOTH ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL ORGANISMS ARE ABLE TO GENERATE NEW GENETIC
COMBINATIONS 154
CASE: GRIFFITH S TRANSFORMING FACTOR 155
GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN PROKARYOTES HAS GREAT SIGNIFICANCE FOR HUMANS
159
MUTATIONS ARE THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF GENETIC VARIATION 160
CASE: END OF THE LINE FOR A LAST-LINE DEFENSE? 160
MUTATIONS ARE CAUSED BY MANY FACTORS 162
MANY MUTATIONS ARE REPAIRED BEFORE THEY CAN AFFECT PHENOTYPE 163
MUTATIONS ARE THE RAW MATERIAL OF EVOLUTION 165
COMING UP NEXT... 165
KEY TERMS 165
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 166
CHAPTER 7 METABOLISM AND GROWTH 169 METABOLISM IS SIMILAR IN ALL LIVING
THINGS 170
BASIC CONCEPTS 170
ENERGY RELEASED FROM FOOD MOLECULES IS USED FOR OTHER PROCESSES THAT
REQUIRE ENERGY 170
CELLS CONVERT THE ENERGY IN BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES INTO ATP 171
ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER VIA OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION 172
CELL RESPIRATION 175
CARBOHYDRATES ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY USED IN CELL RESPIRATION
175
CELL RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THREE STAGES 176
IN GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCOSE IS PARTIALLY OXIDIZED, FORMING TWO SMALLER
MOLECULES CALLED PYRUVATE 177 IN THE KREBS CYCLE, PYRUVATE FROM
GLYCOLYSIS IS COMPLETELY OXIDIZED AND THE ENERGY RELEASED IS
TRANSFERRED AS ELECTRONS TO NAD + AND FAD 178 NADH AND FADH2 ARE
OXIDIZED IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT, PROVIDING THE ENERGY FOR ATP SYNTHESIS
179
CASE: SOMETHING S FISHY IN THE FRIDGE
CASE: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: DEAD IN ITS TRACKS 147
GENE ACTIVITY IS OFTEN CAREFULLY REGULATED 151
PROTONS THAT ARE PUMPED ACROSS A MEMBRANE IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROVIDE
AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR ATP SYNTHESIS INCOMPLETE GLUCOSE OXIDATION RESULTS
IN
FERMENTATION MOLECULES OTHER THAN GLUCOSE CAN BE USED TO GENERATE ATP
180
182
183
185
IMAGE 5
DETAILED CONTENTS
XIII
CASE: NAME THAT BACTERIUM 185
AUTOTROPHS: THE SELF-FEEDERS 186
IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS, ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT IS USED TO PRODUCE BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES 186
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS USE CHEMICAL ENERGY THE WAY THAT PHOTOAUTOTROPHS USE
SOLAR ENERGY 188
MICROBIAL METABOLISM AND GROWTH 188
MICROBIAL GROWTH REFERS TO POPULATION GROWTH 189 OXYGEN, TEMPERATURE,
NUTRIENT LEVELS, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ALL INFLUENCE MICROBIAL
GROWTH RATE 191
CASE: CANINE FIRST AID 192
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS PASS THROUGH A SEQUENCE OF PHASES CALLED THE
GROWTH CURVE 196
AS THE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES, MICROBIAL METABOLISM AND THEREFORE THE
GROWTH CURVE CHANGES IN RESPONSE 197
CASE: MAKING YOGURT 197
COMING UP NEXT... 199
KEY TERMS 200
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 200
CHAPTER 8 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: THE ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE 203
HOW LIFE BEGAN 203
CONDITIONS ON THE EARLY EARTH WERE VERY DIFFERENT THAN THEY ARE TODAY
203
THE FIRST BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES WERE FORMED FROM NONBIOLOGICAL PRECURSORS
204
GENETIC INFORMATION MAY HAVE ORIGINALLY BEEN ENCODED IN RNA INSTEAD OF
DNA 206
THE FIRST CELLS REQUIRED A MEMBRANE AND GENETIC MATERIAL 207
THE FIRST PROKARYOTES ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE ARISEN APPROXIMATELY 3.5
BILLION YEARS AGO 208
CERTAIN IMPORTANT METABOLIC PATHWAYS EVOLVED IN A DENNED SEQUENCE 208
EUKARYOTES EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTIC ANCESTORS 210
CASE: CELLS WITHIN CELLS 210
MULTICELLULAR LIFE AROSE FROM COLONIES OF UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES 212
THE ORIGIN OF VIRUSES IS OBSCURE 213
PRIONS MAY HAVE ARISEN FROM ABNORMAL HOST PROTEINS 214
EXOBIOLOGY IS THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 214
EVOLUTION: EXPLAINING LIFE S DIVERSITY 215 NATURAL SELECTION IS THE
DRIVING FORCE OF EVOLUTION 216
MICROORGANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO THE LAWS OF NATURAL SELECTION 218
CASE: VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE: THE SEQUEL 218
NATURAL SELECTION CAN INFLUENCE THE VIRULENCE OF DISEASE-CAUSING
ORGANISMS 220
CASE: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES-AUSTRALIA, ENGLAND, RABBITS, AND THE
MYXOMA VIRUS 220
MICROORGANISMS OFTEN INFLUENCE THE EVOLUTION OF THEIR HOSTS
CASE: ALICE IN WONDERLAND
COMING UP NEXT...
KEY TERMS
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9 AN ECOLOGIST S GUIDE TO MICROBIOLOGY
222 224
225
226
226
229
230 BASIC ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW LIVING
THINGS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND THE ENVIRONMENT 230
ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS ARE PASSED BETWEEN ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM 230
NUTRIENTS ARE RECYCLED IN AN ECOSYSTEM, WHEREAS ENERGY IS NOT 232
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 232
MICROORGANISMS LIVE IN MICROENVIRONMENTS 233 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
AFFECT THE GROWTH RATE OF MICROORGANISMS 233
MANY MICROORGANISMS LIVE IN BIOFILMS 234
MICROBIAL HABITATS: HERE, THERE, EVERYWHERE 235 SOIL OFTEN HARBORS RICH
MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES 235 MANY MICROORGANISMS ARE ADAPTED TO LIFE IN
FRESHWATER 238
CASE: WATER BIRDS AND BOTULISM 238
WATER POLLUTION CAN LEAD TO SEVERE OXYGEN DEPLETION 241
CASE: LAKE ERIE: A NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCE 241
ALTHOUGH SIMILAR IN MANY WAYS, THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IS DISTINCT FROM
FRESHWATER 242 CLOUD-DWELLING BACTERIA MAY BE IMPORTANT IN PROMOTING
RAINFALL 245
MICROORGANISMS AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 245 CARBON MOVES BETWEEN LIVING
THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 246
CASE: IRONING OUT GLOBAL WARMING? 246
BACTERIA CONVERT NITROGEN INTO FORMS THAT PLANTS CAN ABSORB 248
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DETAILED CONTENTS
CASE: THE KEY TO A BOUNTIFUL HARVEST 248
SULFUR IN ORGANIC MATERIAL IS RETURNED TO THE ENVIRONMENT BY
MICROORGANISMS 251
LIKE OTHER CYCLES, THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE RELIES ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITY 251
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS INVOLVING MICROORGANISMS 253 BOTH ORGANISMS IN A
MUTUALISM BENEFIT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP 253
IN A COMMENSAL RELATIONSHIP ONE ORGANISM IS BENEFITED WHILE THE OTHER IS
UNAFFECTED 254 MICROORGANISMS IN THE SAME ENVIRONMENT MAY COMPETE FOR
CERTAIN RESOURCES
CASE: A MICROSCOPIC DOG-EAT-DOG WORLD
CASE: TROUBLE IN PARADISE
CASE: A RUPTURED APPENDIX
273
275
SOME MICROORGANISMS ARE PREDATORS
COMING UP NEXT...
KEY TERMS
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10 THE NATURE OF DISEASE: A PATHOGEN S PERSPECTIVE
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTACT WITH MICROORGANISMS ONLY
RARELY RESULTS IN DISEASE HOSTS ARE COLONIZED WITH NORMAL MICROBIAL
FLORA
THAT IS USUALLY HARMLESS
CASE: SAYONARA SALMONELLA
THE PROCESS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE A PATHOGEN MUST ACHIEVE SEVERAL
OBJECTIVES IF IT IS TO CAUSE DISEASE RESERVOIRS PROVIDE A PLACE FOR
PATHOGENS TO PERSIST
BEFORE AND AFTER AN INFECTION
CASE: WHAT S BUGGING KITTY?
THE TYPE OF RESERVOIR USED BY A PATHOGEN HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE
CONTROL PATHOGENS MUST REACH A NEW HOST VIA ONE OR MORE MODES OF
TRANSMISSION
CASE: REVENGE OF THE BLUE DEVILS
PATHOGENS GAIN ACCESS TO THE HOST THROUGH A PORTAL OF ENTRY ONCE THEY
HAVE ENTERED, PATHOGENS MUST ADHERE TO THE HOST
MOST PATHOGENS MUST INCREASE IN NUMBER BEFORE THEY CAUSE DISEASE
SUCCESSFUL PATHOGENS MUST AT LEAST INITIALLY EVADE HOST DEFENSES
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSE DISEASE IN SEVERAL
DIFFERENT WAYS
254
254
255
256
257
257
259
260
260
260
260
263
263
264
264
266
268
268
270
270
271
272
272
VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE BY INTERFERING WITH THE NORMAL ACTIVITIES OF THE
OF THE CELLS THEY INFECT 277
DIFFERENT EUKARYOTIC PARASITES AFFECT THEIR HOSTS IN DIVERSE WAYS 278
PATHOGENS LEAVE THE HOST THROUGH A PORTAL OF EXIT 279 SYMPTOMS OF
DISEASE OFTEN ASSIST THE PATHOGEN IN ITS TRANSMISSION TO A NEW HOST 280
CASE: WHO S HURTING WHOM? 280
COMING UP NEXT... 281
KEY TERMS 282
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 282
CHAPTER 11 HOST DEFENSE 285
WHEN INFECTION CANNOT BE BLOCKED, FIRST INNATE IMMUNITY AND THEN
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IS ACTIVATED 286
CASE: INFLUENZA: EXPOSED! 286
BARRIERS TO ENTRY 288
CASE: FRED 288
CASE: LAURA 290
THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE 290
IF BARRIERS TO ENTRY FAIL, THE PATHOGEN IS CONFRONTED BY ELEMENTS OF
INNATE IMMUNITY 290
WHEN INNATE MECHANISMS FAIL TO ELIMINATE AN INFECTION, THE ADAPTIVE
IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED 293
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS ACTIVATE THOSE CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY 294
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS MIGRATE TO LYMPHATIC ORGANS TO ACTIVATE
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 295
THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE 296
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS ACTIVATE HELPER T CELLS TO INITIATE AN ADAPTIVE
RESPONSE 296
SOME ACTIVATED HELPER T CELLS ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS TO INITIATE A
CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE 298 HELPER T CELLS ALSO ACTIVATE B CELLS TO
INITIATE A HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE 298
IN A HUMORAL RESPONSE, SEVERAL DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES MAY BE
PRODUCED 302
A SUCCESSFUL ADAPTIVE RESPONSE CULMINATES IN THE ELIMINATION OF THE
PATHOGEN 303
AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE IS NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL 304
CASE: BONNIE 304
SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO THE SAME PATHOGEN RESULTS IN A STRONGER AND
FASTER ADAPTIVE RESPONSE 304
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DETAILED CONTENTS
VACCINES INDUCE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY WITHOUT CAUSING DISEASE 306
HIV: A PROBLEM OF IMMUNE SYSTEM DESTRUCTION 307
CASE: OSCAR 307
CHAPTER 13 EPIDEMIOLOGY: WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, AND WHY? 343
HOST VERSUS PATHOGEN: A SUMMARY
COMING UP NEXT- KEY TERMS
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
311
312
312
313
CHAPTER 12 CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 315
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS OF CONTROL 316 PHYSICAL CONTROL OF
MICROORGANISMS INVOLVES MANIPULATION OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
SUCH AS TEMPERATURE 316
CASE: COLD, HARD FACTS ABOUT COLD- FILTERED BEER 318
CHEMICAL METHODS CAN CONTROL MICROORGANISMS ON LIVING AND NONLIVING
MATERIAL 320
A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS HAVE ANTISEPTIC AND DISINFECTANT PROPERTIES 320
CASE: WASH YOUR HANDS FIRST! 321
ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 322
AN IDEAL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG INHIBITS MICROORGANISMS WITHOUT HARMING THE
HOST 323
A DRUG S MODE AND SPEED OF ACTION, THE TYPE OF INFECTION BEING TREATED,
THE POTENTIAL FOR SIDE EFFECTS, AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF DRUG RESISTANCE
ALL INFLUENCE DRUG SELECTION 325
CASE: A MYSTERY ILLNESS 326
ANTIBIOTICS WORK BY INTERFERING WITH SPECIFIC BACTERIAL STRUCTURES OR
ENZYMES 328
SELECTIVE TOXICITY, WHILE POSSIBLE, IS HARDER TO ACHIEVE AGAINST
EUKARYOTIC PATHOGENS 331
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS MUST INTERFERE WITH A PARTICULAR STEP IN THE VIRAL
REPLICATIVE CYCLE 332
THE MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS HAS LED TO THE PROBLEM OF DRUG RESISTANCE 335
CASE: THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPLETING PRESCRIPTIONS 335
NEW STRATEGIES PROVIDE OPTIONS FOR CIRCUMVENTING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
338
COMING UP NEXT...
KEY TERMS
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
339
340
340
THE BIRTH OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 344
THE FIRST MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY IDENTIFIED CHOLERA AS A
WATERBORNE DISEASE 344
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE FOUND THAT IMPROVED HYGIENE REDUCED THE LIKELIHOOD
OF TYPHUS 345
EPIDEMICS 345
A SINGLE CONTAMINATED SITE CAN GIVE RISE TO A COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMIC 345
CASE: AN OUTBREAK OF HEPATITIS A 345
HOST-TO-HOST EPIDEMICS ARE SPREAD FROM INFECTED TO NONINFECTED
INDIVIDUALS 347
EPIDEMICS CAN OCCUR FOR BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND/OR SOCIAL REASONS
347
CASE: CAUGHT RED-HANDED-AND WHITE- BEAKED! 347
EPIDEMICS BECOME MORE LIKELY WHEN FEWER PEOPLE IN A POPULATION ARE
RESISTANT 349
EPIDEMIC OUTBREAKS OF INFLUENZA OCCUR AS THE VIRUS CHANGES GENETICALLY
352
CASE: FLU SEASON 352
INVESTIGATING DISEASE OUTBREAKS 355
CASE: A NEW BUG ON THE BLOCK 356
A CASE DEFINITION HELPS HEALTH AUTHORITIES DETERMINE IF UNUSUAL CASES
ARE RELATED 356
TIME, PLACE, AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW DISEASE PROVIDE CLUES
TO THE DISEASE S IDENTITY 357 CASE-CONTROL STUDIES CAN PINPOINT A COMMON
RISK FACTOR AMONG AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS 358
EMERGENT DISEASES 359
ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL CHANGES CAN RESULT IN
EMERGENT DISEASES 360
EMERGENT DISEASES CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS ONE OF
FOUR BASIC TYPES 362
BIOTERRORISM 364
COMING UP NEXT... 364
KEY TERMS 365
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 365
CHAPTER 14 THE FUTURE IS HERE: MICROORGANISMS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 367
THE ANALYSIS OF DNA 368
BACTERIAL RESTRICTION ENZYMES HAVE PROVEN USEFUL FOR CUTTING DNA AT
SPECIFIC SITES 368
IMAGE 8
DETAILED CONTENTS
DNA FRAGMENTS CAN BE SEPARATED BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 369
SOUTHERN BLOTTING CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY A SPECIFIC GENE OF INTEREST
371
CASE: PINPOINTING A CANCER-CAUSING GENE 371
SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO REVEAL THE SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES
IN A DNA SAMPLE 373
CASE: TB-BC ( BEFORE COLUMBUS, THAT IS) 374
LARGE AMOUNTS OF SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES CAN BE OBTAINED WITH THE
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 374 THE SANGER METHOD CAN BE USED TO SEQUENCE
A SPECIFIC SAMPLE OF DNA 375
THE ENTIRE GENOMES OF MANY ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN SEQUENCED 376
CASE: E. COWS DARK SIDE 376
GENETIC ENGINEERING: WHOSE GENE IS IT ANYWAY? 379
CASE: BIOLOGICAL BLACKMAIL 379
GENES OF INTEREST CAN BE CLONED BY INSERTING THEM INTO BACTERIA 379
DNA FROM ANY ORGANISM CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A DNA LIBRARY 383
384 INSIGHTS AND APPLICATIONS DNA TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVIDED BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF GENES AND HOW THEY FUNCTION 384
DNA TECHNOLOGY HAS NUMEROUS MEDICAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS 385
CASE: THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY: THE KING IS DEAD OR LONG LIVE THE KING? 389
ETHICS AND SAFETY 392
COMING UP NEXT... 393
KEY TERMS 393
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 393
CHAPTER 15 GUESS WHO S COMING TO DINNER:
MICROORGANISMS AND FOOD 395
THE BEGINNINGS OF A BEAUTIFUL FRIENDSHIP 396 CASE: FLIGHT FROM EGYPT 396
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY CAN HELP TO PRESERVE THE QUALITY OF SOME FOODS 396
FERMENTED DAIRY PRODUCTS AND GRAINS HAVE BEEN USED FOR THOUSANDS OF
YEARS 397
MICROORGANISMS AND FOOD PRODUCTION 398 SOME FUNGI AND BACTERIA ARE
CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS FOOD 398
CASE: WHAT S FOR TUCKER, MATE? 398
IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN, SOME MICROORGANISMS UNDERGO FERMENTATION,
RELEASING SPECIFIC WASTE PRODUCTS 401
MANY PLANT PRODUCTS CAN BE FERMENTED INTO VARIOUS FOOD ITEMS 401
CASE: HOMEMADE WINE 402
FERMENTED MILK IS THE BASIS OF MAKING CHEESE AND YOGURT 407
CERTAIN MEAT PRODUCTS, INCLUDING SALAMIS AND CURED HAMS, REQUIRE
FERMENTATION 408
PRODUCTION OF OTHER FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 408
COFFEE BEANS ARE READIED FOR ROASTING THROUGH THE USE OF BACTERIA 408
MANY COMMON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ARE PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS 408
CASE: MICROBIAL METABOLITES FOR A FEATHERED FRIEND 408
TIME TO EAT: A FEW MICROBIAL RECIPES 410
SAUERKRAUT 410
PICKLES 410
BAGELS 411
YOGURT 412
GREEK FETA CHEESE 412
VEGEMITE SANDWICH 413
COMING UP NEXT... 414
KEY TERMS 414
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 414
CHAPTER 16 BETTER LIVING WITH MICROOORGANISMS: INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED
MICROBIOLOGY 417
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 418
CASE: UNEARTHING A NEW ANTIBIOTIC 418
MANY MICROORGANISMS PRODUCE METABOLITES WITH COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL 419
MICROORGANISMS PRODUCING PROMISING METABOLITES MUST OFTEN BE SUBJECTED
TO STRAIN IMPROVEMENT 419 POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MICROBES MUST ALSO GROW
WELL IN AN INDUSTRIAL SETTING AND MUST NOT POSE UNDUE
RISKS TO HUMANS OR THE ENVIRONMENT 421
A DEFINED SERIES OF STEPS ARE FOLLOWED TO MOVE PRODUCTION FROM THE
LABORATORY TO THE FACTORY 422 MANY INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED MICROBIAL
METABOLITES HAVE USEFUL MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 423
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIAL METABOLITES HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF OTHER,
NONMEDICAL USES 425
IMAGE 9
DETAILED CONTENTS
BIG PROBLEMS, LITTLE SOLUTIONS 426
NEW STRATEGIES ARE REQUIRED TO COMBAT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 427
CASE: THE SWEET SMELL OF SUCCESS 427
MICROORGANISMS ARE USED TO DIGEST HARMFUL CHEMICALS THROUGH THE PROCESS
OF BIOREMEDIATION 428
BOTH THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT AND THE MICROBE BEING USED DETERMINE HOW
BIOREMEDIATION IS CONDUCTED 429
BIOREMEDIATION CAN PROVE VALUABLE IN MANY DIFFERENT SETTINGS 430
MICROORGANISMS CAN HELP REDUCE SOLID WASTE AND IMPROVE SOIL QUALITY
THROUGH COMPOSTING 431
CASE: WASTE REDUCTION BEGINS AT HOME 431
PLASTICS MAY BE REPLACED BY BIODEGRADABLE, MICROBIALLY PRODUCED
ALTERNATIVES 432
MICROORGANISMS MAY BE USED TO HELP MEET THE DEMAND FOR LIMITED RESOURCES
433
MICROORGANISMS MAY BE ABLE TO STABILIZE SOIL, REDUCING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
436
COMING UP NEXT... 436
KEY TERMS 436
CONCEPT QUESTIONS 437
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hofkin, Bruce V. |
| author_facet | Hofkin, Bruce V. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037224114 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QR41 |
| callnumber-raw | QR41.2 |
| callnumber-search | QR41.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QR 241.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QR - Microbiology |
| classification_rvk | WF 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)699661967 (DE-599)BVBBV037224114 |
| dewey-full | 616.9/041 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.9/041 |
| dewey-search | 616.9/041 |
| dewey-sort | 3616.9 241 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037224114 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:53:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780815341758 081534175X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021137936 |
| oclc_num | 699661967 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Garland Science |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hofkin, Bruce V. Verfasser aut Living in a microbial world Bruce V. Hofkin New York [u.a.] Garland Science 2011 Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microorganisms Textbooks Microbiology Textbooks Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 s 1\p DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021137936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hofkin, Bruce V. Living in a microbial world Microorganisms Textbooks Microbiology Textbooks Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4316357-9 |
| title | Living in a microbial world |
| title_auth | Living in a microbial world |
| title_exact_search | Living in a microbial world |
| title_full | Living in a microbial world Bruce V. Hofkin |
| title_fullStr | Living in a microbial world Bruce V. Hofkin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Living in a microbial world Bruce V. Hofkin |
| title_short | Living in a microbial world |
| title_sort | living in a microbial world |
| topic | Microorganisms Textbooks Microbiology Textbooks Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Microorganisms Textbooks Microbiology Textbooks Mikrobiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021137936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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