Europe in the twentieth century:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont, Calif.
Wadsworth
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 721 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780495913191 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Europe in the twentieth century |c Robert Paxton ; Julie Hessler |
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| 300 | |a XXIV, 721 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1914-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143820060753922 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xxi
Europe
at Zenith,
1914
З
Europe and the World
3
European Traders, Travelers, and Investors
4
Imperialism
5
European Artists and Scientists
8
European Landscapes: Urban and Rural
8
Life in the City
9
Life in Peasant Europe
10
The Rich and the Poor
11
Class and Social Rank
11
The Poor
12
The Rich
13
The Middle Class
15
Upward Mobility
17
Women and Families
17
Having Fewer Children
17
Women s Place
18
Political Systems and Mass Movements
20
Monarchy
20
The Role of Parliaments
21
The Socialist Movement
23
Nationalism
24
Inherited Creeds
26
Liberalism
26
Conservatism
28
Organized Religion
29
Toward a New Consciousness
30
The Revolution in Science
30
The Revolution in Art and Thought
31
Reactions to Cultural Revolution
34
Suggestions for Further Reading
36
How the Great War Began
41
Premonitions of War
42 , ,,. .·.■„,
The Crisis of July
1914 42 ;.. :;
The Balkans: Declining Empires and Rising Nationalities
43
Contents
Germany s
Blank Check 48
Austria s
Ultimatum
to Serbia
49
Escalation: From Local War to Continental War
50
Russia s Mobilization
50
France s Intentions
51
Germany Declares War
52
The Schlieffen Plan
53
Britain Joins In
54
A Longer View of the Causes of War
56
Sovereignty and a Nation s Honor
57
Imperialist Considerations
57
Internal Dissent
58
The Alliance System Tightens
59
The War Machines
59
The Exercise of Choice
60
Suggestions for Further Reading
60
The
Marne
and After,
1914-1917 63
War Fever
63
A Dilemma for the Socialists
65
War and Social Peace
66
The First Battle of the
Marne
67
The Eastern Front
68
Tannenberg
and the Masurian Lakes,
1914 68
The Austrian Fronts,
1914-1915 69
The Search for a Breakthrough in the West
70
Assaults Over the Top
70
Major Offensives: Verdun, the
Somme,
the Champagne
72
New Weapons
74
The Widening War
76
The War at Sea
78
The United States Enters the War
79
Suggestions for Further Reading
80
The Impact of Total War
83
Adjusting to a War of Attrition
84
War Governments: A Comparative Look
85
Great Britain
85
France
87
Germany
88
Russia
90
Austria-Hungary
91
Italy
92
The Social Impact
93
The Status of Women
93
The Role of Labor
94
Social Cleavage
95
Contents xi
The Economic Impact
96
War Profiteers
96
Inflation
96
The Impact on Internal Order
97
Growing Unrest
97
Liberal and Socialist War Critiques
99
Police Power
100
Control of Public Opinion
101
The Intellectual Impact
102
Suggestions for Further Reading
105
Revolution,
1917-1920 107
The Russian Revolutions,
1917 107
The February Revolution
108
The Provisional Government and the Soviets
109
The October Revolution
112
The Bolshevik Regime
114
Lenin s Peace, Land, and Bread
114
A New Dictatorship
116
Civil War
117
Western Europe,
1917-1918:
Unrest and Final Campaigns
120
The German Revolution,
1918-1919 122
Steps toward Revolution
122
The Struggle for Power within German Socialism
123
The Failure of the Social Revolution
124
The Dissolution of Austria-Hungary,
1918-1919 126
The Breakdown of Dynastic Loyalties
127
Nation-Building in the Successor States
128
The
Béla Kun
Regime
130
Britain, France, Italy: The Unrest of
1919-1920 131
The Aftermath
133
Success and Failure: A Comparative Look
133
The Third International and the Division of the European Left
135
Suggestions for Further Reading
137
The Paris Peace Settlement
141
The Setting: Ideals, Interests, and Ideology
142
War Aims
142
The Fourteen Points
142
Wartime Treaties and Promises
143
Strategic Interests of the Great Powers
145
Fear of Bolshevism
146
The Settlement
147
The League of Nations Covenant
147
The Western European Settlement
149
The Rhineland: Separation and Demilitarization
150
Reparations
151
Contents
The Eastern European Settlement
153
Territorial Changes
153
Frontier Problems
155
Discrimination among Nationalities
156
The Eastern European Settlement Assessed
158
Applying the Peace Settlement
161
The Years of Coercion,
1919-1924 163
The Years of Conciliation,
1924-1929 166
The Locarno Era: The Dawes Plan and the Locarno Treaty
166
The Failure of Disarmament
170
New Diplomacy?
172
Public Involvement
173
The Communist Threat
174
Diplomatic Machinery
175
Suggestions for Further Reading
176
Revolution against Revolution: Fascism
179
Fascism in Italy
180
Mussolini: From Syndicalism to Fascism
180
Early Fascism
181
Fascism s New Course
182
Governmental Crisis
183
The March on Rome
184
Mussolini Assumes Personal Rule
186
National Socialism in Germany
188
Postwar Antirevolutionary Vigilantism
188
The Emergence of Hitler
189
The Nazi Party
189
The Beer Hall Putsch,
1923 190
Counterrevolution in Hungary
191
A Closer Look at Fascism
194
The Meaning of Fascism
194
The Roots of Fascism
196
Suggestions for Further Reading
199
Normalcy : Europe in the
1920s 203
A Return to Normalcy
203
Neoliberal
Economics: Dismantling War Government
204
Neoliberal
Politics: Broadening Parliamentary Democracy
205
Britain
206
A Three-Way Party System
206
The First Labour Government,
1924 207
Return to Conservative Normalcy
208
France
211
The Cartel
des Gauches 211
Poincaré:
Return to Normalcy
213
Weimar Germany
213
Burdens of the Weimar Republic
214
Contents xiii
The Weimar
Coalition
215
The Great Coalition
217
Eastern Europe
219
Rural Predominance and Agrarian Discontent
220
The Problem of National Minorities
222
The Iberian Peninsula
224
Fascist Italy
225
Revolutionary Russia in a Stabilized World
227
Challenges to the Bolshevik Regime
227
The Industrialization Debate
228
The Consolidation of Political Dictatorship
229
The Rise of Stalin
230
A Fragile Stability:
Neoliberalism
Assessed
231
Suggestions for Further Reading
232
9
Mass Culture and High Culture Between the Wars
235
Mass Culture: The Age of Radio and Movies
235
The Technological Basis for Mass Media
236
The Emergence of Mass Audiences
237
The Political Uses of Radio and Movies
237
Control of the Mass Media
239
The Role of Advertising
240
The New Leisure
240
Organized Recreation
241
Sports
242
Travel
243
The Effects of Mass Culture and Leisure
244
High Culture Between the Wars
247
New Concerns
247
Aesthetic Experiments
251
The Settings of Interwar Culture
252
The Search for a Mass Audience
253
The Academic and Scholarly Worlds
254
Opposition to the Experimental Arts
256
Suggestions for Further Reading
258
10
The Great Depression: Troubled Democracies, Rising Dictatorships
261
The Origins and Course of the Great Depression
263
Domestic Impoverishment
264
International Financial Panic
264
Depression Remedies in Theory
266
Liberal Economics
266
Socialist Economics
267
Middle-Way Solutions
267
Depression Remedies in Practice
268
The Scandinavian Countries
268
Britain
269
France
272
xiv Contents
Corporatist
Italy
276
Weimar Germany
277
Two Revolutions from Above
281
Nazism in Germany
281
The Soviet Union under Stalin
288
Conclusion
293
Suggestions for Further Reading
294
11
Responding to Nazism: European Politics,
1933-1939 299
The Rising Tide of Fascism and Authoritarianism
300
Mussolini s Totalitarian Leap : Ethiopia, Fascist Custom,
and Anti-Semitism,
1934-1938 300
Fascism and Democratic Failure in Eastern Europe
301
Clerical Authoritarianism
304
Portugal: Salazar s
Estado Novo
305
Christian Social Austria: Dollfuss and Schuschnigg
306
Fascist Movements in Democratic States
307
Fascist Successes and Failures in the
1930s 313
The Popular Front
313
The Long Road to the Popular Front
313
The Popular Front in France
316
Spain: From the Popular Front to Civil War
319
European Intellectuals in the Polarized
1930s 324
Conclusion
326
Suggestions for Further Reading
326
12
The Paris Peace Settlement Dismantled: Aggression and
Appeasement,
1933-1939 329
Hitler s First Moves
329
Setback in Austria
330
First Violations of the Versailles Treaty
331
The Remilitarization of the Rhineland, March
1936 332
Italy Shifts Sides
334
Break with the West
334
Alliance Patterns
335
Hider s Designs in the East
336
Lebensraum
for the Master Race
336
Economic Considerations
337
Anschluß:
Hitler Seizes an Opportunity
338
Czechoslovakia and Appeasement,
1938 339
Czechoslovakia s Precarious Position
339
Appeasement
340
Mounting Crisis in Czechoslovakia
342
The Munich Setdement
343
The Alternative of War
346
The Polish Crisis,
1939:
Descent into War
347
Chamberlain Abandons Appeasement
347
The Nazi-Soviet Pact
348
Contents xv
The Origins of World War II
351
Suggestions for Further Reading
352
13
Hitler s Europe: Conquest, Collaboration, and Resistance,
1939-1942 355
The Nature of the Conflict in
1939 356
War in the East,
1939-1940 357
Blitzkrieg in Poland
357
Stalin s Gains in Eastern Europe,
1939-1940 358
War in the West,
1940 359
The Fall of France
359
The Battle of Britain
362
War in the East,
1941-1942 365
Blitzkriegin
the Balkans
365
Attack on the Soviet Union
365
Hitler s New Order
367
The Nazi War Economy
369
Occupation Policy
369
The
SS
Empire
370
The Murder of the Jews
371
Collaboration
374
Ideological Collaboration
374
Collaboration for National and Economic Interests
375
Passive Acquiescence
376
Resistance
377
Resistance outside Germany
379
Resistance within Germany
380
The Military Impact of the Resistance
382
The Intellectual Impact of the Resistance
382
Suggestions for Further Reading
384
14
From Hot War to Cold War,
1942-1949 389
American Hegemony in the West
390
Planning the Western Front
390
Diversionary Second Fronts: North Africa and Italy
392
D-Day and the Assault on Germany
394
Soviet Hegemony in the East
396
Soviet Survival,
1941-1943 397
Soviet Advance to the West
400
The Big Three and the Future of Europe
400
Gathering Political Implications
401
The Teheran Conference, November
1943 401
Soviet Moves in the Balkans
403
The Yalta Conference, February
1945 403
The Potsdam Conference, July
1945 407
Origins of the Cold War
409
Soviet Peace Aims
409
American Peace Aims
412
Ideological Differences
414
xvi
Contents
First Battlegrounds of the Cold War
414
Poland
414
Germany
416
A World in two Blocs,
1947-1949 420
Suggestions for Further Reading
422
15
Reconstruction in Western Europe,
1945-1951 425
The Work of Reconstruction
427
Purge Trials and New Leaders
427
Economic Recovery and Social Change
430
The Labour Government in Britain,
1945-1951 432
The
Beveridge
Report: Full Employment
432
The British Welfare State
434
Economic Maladjustment
434
The French Fourth Republic
435
The Search for Leadership
436
Nationalization, Planning, and the Division of the French Left
437
Postwar Italy
439
The Contest for Political Power
439
Reconstruction
440
The Two Germanies
441
Separate Statehood
442
The West German Miracle
443
Conclusion
444
Suggestions for Further Reading
444
16
The Soviet Bloc,
1945-1964 447
Reconstruction and Revolution in Easten Europe,
1945-1948 447
The Postwar Conjuncture: Destruction and Renewal
448
The Communists Route to Power
452
Stalinism as Imperialism
455
The Soviet Union after the War: Confidence and Coercion
455
The Imposition of Stalinism on Eastern Europe
459
Reform and Its Limits: The Khrushchev Years
465
The New Course: Reform and Revolution in Eastern Europe
467
Khrushchev and the Thaw
471
Conclusion
474
Suggestions for Further Reading
475
17
Western Europe, the Cold War, and Decolonization: Adjusting
to a Diminished World Role
479
Europe under the Mushroom Cloud
479
Decolonization: The Eclipse of European Power
481
Britain: From the Empire to the Commonwealth
482
France: Decolonization and War
484
The Movement for European Unification
487
Origins of Unification: From the Council of Europe
and the ECSC to the Common Market
487
Contents xvii
Military Union: NATO versus de Gaulle 492
The Common
Market in
the
1960s 497
Conclusion
499
Suggestions for Further Reading
500
18
Consumer Societies in the West,
1950-1968 503
The Economic Miracle
503
The Distribution of Wealth and Social Mobility
506
The Politics of Prosperity
510
West Germany: Anticommunism, Restoration, and Restitution
in the Adenauer Era
511
Italy: Christian Democracy and Clientelism
512
France: The Presidential Republic of
de
Gaulle
513
Britain: Consensus Politics and Economic Troubles
514
Scandinavia: Social Democracy Unchallenged
515
Spain and Portugal: Authoritarianism and Economic Growth
516
Youth Culture: Disrupting Consensus
516
Style, Popular Music, and the Generation Gap
517
Sexuality and the Revolution in Values
520
Idealism and Activism: The Student Movement
522
Conclusion
527
Suggestions for Further Reading
527
19
Western European Politics,
1968-1989:
Recession, Democratization,
Detente
531
The Legacy of
1968:
The Transformation of the Left
531
Revolutionary Terrorism
532
New Social Movements and the Greens
536
Eurocommunism
539
Allies and Rivals: Europe and the United States
540
Rival Versions of Detente
540
Economic Competition
545
The Politics of Recession
548
Economic Strains: Oil, Jobs, and Trade
548
Welfare States under Stress
551
The European Community in Recession
558
End of the Dictatorships: Spain and Portugal
559
Conclusion
562
Suggestions for Further Reading
563
20
Western Europe Since
1970:
Societies and Cultures Transformed
567
The New Feminism and Shifting Gender Roles
567
Women s Liberation and Equal Rights
567
Women s Work and the European Family
571
Religious Revival and Decline
574
Vatican II and Religious Revival in the 1950S-1960S
575
Accelerating Secularization: Toward a Post-Christian
Europe?
578
xviii Contents
Immigration:
A Challenge to European Identity
581
Non-European Immigrants: From Working Class to Underclass
581
Race, Identity, and Politics
585
Conclusion
589
Suggestions for Further Reading
590
21
Science, the Arts, and Intellectual life
593
Science: Internationalization and Innovation
594
Modernism and Postmodernism in the Arts
595
Intellectuals, Politics, and Identity: Two Case Studies
602
France: Existentialism, Structuralism, Post-Structuralism
603
Germany: History and National Identity
606
Suggestions for Further Reading
610
22
Eastern Europe,
1965-1985:
Communism in Decay
613
Economic and Social Trends
613
Economic Catch-Up: An Eastern European Miracle ?
614
Education, Consumption, and Families: Daily Life Transformed
617
Stalled Economies: The
1970s
and
1980s 621
Politics in the Brezhnev Era
624
Conservatism and Reform in the Soviet Bloc
624
Yugoslavia: The Politics of Decentralization
628
The Dissident Movement: A Civic Challenge
630
Solidarity: A Polish National Union
633
The Brezhnev Doctrine
638
Conclusion
639
Suggestions for Further Reading
640
23
The Revolution of
1989
and After
643
The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
644
The Gorbachev Experiment,
1985-1991 644
Falling Dominoes: Eastern Europe in
1989 646
Reunifying Germany, Ending the Cold War
649
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
651
The Morning After
652
Russia in Trouble
652
Creating Democracy, Inventing the Market in East-Central Europe
657
The New Germany
659
The Yugoslav Civil War
661
Western Europe in the
1990s 666
The European Union: Between Deepening and Widening
666
Western European Politics
669
Suggestions for Further Reading
673
Conclusion
677
War and International Politics
678
Political Ideologies and Democratization
681
Economic Development; Social and Cultural Change
683
Index
687
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Paxton, Robert O. 1932- Hessler, Julie 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124996035 (DE-588)1146539398 |
| author_facet | Paxton, Robert O. 1932- Hessler, Julie 1966- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Paxton, Robert O. 1932- |
| author_variant | r o p ro rop j h jh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037218782 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 1020 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)664324349 (DE-599)BVBBV037218782 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-2001 gnd Geschichte 1914-2000 gnd Geschichte 1900-1970 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-2001 Geschichte 1914-2000 Geschichte 1900-1970 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europe / History / 20th century Europa Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europe / History / 20th century Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV037218782 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:53:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780495913191 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021132703 |
| oclc_num | 664324349 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-20 |
| physical | XXIV, 721 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wadsworth |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Paxton, Robert O. 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)124996035 aut Europe in the twentieth century Robert Paxton ; Julie Hessler 5. ed. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth 2011 XXIV, 721 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-2001 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1914-2000 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-1970 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Europe / History / 20th century Europa Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Geschichte 1914-2000 z DE-604 Geschichte 1900-1970 z 1\p DE-604 Geschichte 1914-2001 z 2\p DE-604 Hessler, Julie 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1146539398 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021132703&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Paxton, Robert O. 1932- Hessler, Julie 1966- Europe in the twentieth century Geschichte |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Europe in the twentieth century |
| title_auth | Europe in the twentieth century |
| title_exact_search | Europe in the twentieth century |
| title_full | Europe in the twentieth century Robert Paxton ; Julie Hessler |
| title_fullStr | Europe in the twentieth century Robert Paxton ; Julie Hessler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Europe in the twentieth century Robert Paxton ; Julie Hessler |
| title_short | Europe in the twentieth century |
| title_sort | europe in the twentieth century |
| topic | Geschichte |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Europe / History / 20th century Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021132703&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paxtonroberto europeinthetwentiethcentury AT hesslerjulie europeinthetwentiethcentury |