Phase noise in signal sources: theory and applications
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London, UK
Institution of Engineering and Technology
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | Reprint. |
| Schriftenreihe: | IET telecommunications series
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 321 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 086341026X 9780863410260 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Robins, W. P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Phase noise in signal sources |b theory and applications |c W. P. Robins |
| 250 | |a Reprint. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London, UK |b Institution of Engineering and Technology |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a X, 321 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a IET telecommunications series |v 9 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1823675824008593408 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
і
HST OF MAJOR
SYMBOLS USED
viii
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 The Importance of Spectral Purity
1
1.2
Towards a Physical Understanding
3
1.3
The Concept of Noise Density
4
1.4
Sinusoidal Representation of Narrow Band Noise
6
2
REVIEW OF MODULATION THEORY
9
2.1
Amplitude Modulation
9
2.2
Phase Modulation
9
2.3
Frequency Modulation
11
2.4
The Addition of an Arbitrary Phase Angle
12
2.5
Linear Approximation
13
2.6
Phasor Representation
13
2.7
The Concept of Conformability
14
2.8
Coherent Demodulation of Conformable Signals
16
3
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHASE JITTER
AND NOISE DENSITY
18
3.1
Sinusoidal Phase Jitter
18
3.2
The Representation of Narrow Band Noise
19
3.3
Phase Jitter due to Superposed SSB Noise
20
3.4
Simplified Treatment of Phase Jitter due to Superposed
DSBWhiteNoise
24
3.5
Fuller Treatment of DSB Superposed White Noise
26
3.5.1
Phase Modulation Index
26
3.5.2
Amplitude Modulation Index
29
3.5.3
Sideband Power Relationships
29
3.5.4
Phase Jitter
30
3.5.5
Phasor Representation
31
3.5.6
Real and Potential Sidebands
33
3.5.7
Philosophic Difficulties
36
Contents
ні
3.6
A Note on Notation
37
3.6.1
Parameters to be Distinguished
37
3.6.2
The Concept of Phase Noise Density
37
3.6.3
The Notation Used
37
3.7
Integration Over a Frequency Band
37
3.7.1
Pure Noise
37
3.7.2
Phase Noise
38
3.8
Summary of the Relationships between Phase Jitter and Noise
38
3.8.1
Pure Phase Noise
38
3.8.1.1
In Terms of Noise Density
39
3.8.1.2
Integrated Over a Baseband Bandwidth
b
39
3.8.2
Superposed Thermal Noise
39
3.8.2.1
SSB Noise
39
3.8.2.2
DSB Noise
39
4
NOISE INDUCED FREQUENCY MODULATION
41
4.1
Basic Relationships
41
4.2
Restricted Value of the Concept of Frequency Deviation
44
4.3
Comparison of Phase Noise and Frequency Deviation
45
5
NOISE IN OSCILLATORS
47
5.1
The Effects of Non-Linearity
47
5.2
Analysis
48
5.3
Phase Noise Density as a Function of Offset Frequency
54
5.4
The Feedback
Q
55
5.5
The Loaded
Q
56
5.6
The Choice of Parameters
60
5.7
Examples
61
5.8
Integration of Phase Noise of an Oscillator
65
5.9
Other Factors which Affect Oscillator Phase Noise
65
5.9.1
Disturbances on the Tuning Voltage of a VCO
66
5.9.2
Disturbances on Other Power Supply Rails
68
5.9.2.1
Due to Non-Linearities
68
5.9.2.2
Due to Transistor Capacitance Changes
69
5.9.3
Disturbances at the Output
69
5.9.3.1
Added Noise
69
5.9.3.2
Mismatch Effects
69
5.9.4
Vibration
70
5.9.5
Manual Tuning Mechanisms
72
5.9.6
Dual Resonators
73
5.9.7
Subsequent Filtering
73
5.10
A Simple Misunderstanding
74
6
FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER CHAINS
75
6.1
The Need for Frequency Multiplication
75
6.2
The Effect of Frequency Multiplication
75
6.2.1
An Amplitude Modulated Wave
75
6.2.2
A Phase Modulated Wave
76
6.2.3
Effect of Frequency Multiplication on Phase Noise
77
6.2.4
Effect of Frequency Multiplication on Thermal Noise
78
6.2.4.1
SSB Thermal Noise
78
6.2.4.2
DSB Thermal Noise
80
Contents
6.3
Added Amplifier Noise
81
6.3.1
A Fundamental Frequency Source
81
6.3.2
A Source with Amplification Prior to Frequency
Multiplication
83
6.3.3
A Source with Amplification After Frequency
Multiplication
84
6.4
Example—An
Х
-Band
Xtal Oscillator/Multiplier Source
85
6.5
Limitations of Simple Oscillator and Oscillator/
Multiplier Sources
87
6.6
The Performance of some
Х
-Band
Sources
90
6.7
Spurious Outputs
92
THE USE OF PHASE LOCK LOOPS
93
7.1
Introduction
93
7.2
Phase Lock Loop Configuration
94
7.2.1
VCO
96
7.2.2
Phase Detector
97
7.2.3
Loop Filter
100
7.2.4
The Open Loop Gain
104
7.2.5
The Closed Loop Gain
105
7.2.6
Loop Natural Frequency and Damping Factor
105
7.3
Phase Lock Loop Characteristics
109
7.3.1
Frequency Transmission Characteristics
109
7.3.2
Residual Phase Error
109
7.3.3
Mathematical Convergence of I//3 Noise Operated
on by a PLL
114
7.4
The Need for Frequency Division
115
7.5
Programmable Dividers
116
7.6
The Effects of Frequency Division on Correction Ratio
and PLL Parameters
119
7.7
Phase Detector Noise Floors
122
7.7.1
Analogue
122
7.7.2
Digital using 'Exclusive Or' Gate PD
127
7.7.3
Digital using Edge Triggered PD
128
7.7.4
The Use of a Saturating Amplifier
128
7.7.5
The Effect of Frequency Division
130
7.8
Frequency Conversion within a PLL
131
FREQUENCY SYNTHESISERS
134
8.1
Types of Synthesiser
134
8.1.1
Direct Synthesis
134
8.1.2
Synthesis using PLLs
135
8.2
Factors Affecting Choice of Configuration
135
8.3
Analysis of some Examples
140
8.3.1
A UHF
Synthesiser
140
8.3.2
An
Х
-Band
Synthesiser
147
8.4
A TI
58/59
Program to Integrate Phase Jitter over Specific
Frequency Bands
152
8.4.1
General
152
8.4.2
Theory
153
8.4.3
The Program
153
Contents
v
8.5
Discrete
Spurious
Outputs 154
8.5.1
Production of Discrete Spurious
Outputs 154
8.5.2
Phase Jitter due to Discrete Spurious Outputs
154
8.5.2.1
Contributions due to a Single Sinusoid
154
8.5.2.2
Integration of Contributions due to a Number
of Spurious Signals
155
8.5.3
Enhancement of MO Spurious Outputs
156
8.5.4
Breakthrough of PD Signals
157
8.5.5
Unwanted Harmonics of Frequency Multipliers
161
8.5.6
Harmonics of the Output Frequency
161
8.5.7
Discrete Signals due to Power Supply Ripple or
Vibration
161
8.6
Engineering Design Requirements
162
8.6.1
Power Supplies
162
8.6.2
Earthing
163
8.6.3
Screening and Filtering
163
8.6.4
Vibration
164
8.7
Some Important Aspects of Phase Noise Measurement
164
8.7.1
A Simple Method of Measuring Nop/C or Integrated
Phase Jitter
164
8.7.2
Methods of Calibration
165
8.7.3
Derivation of Calibration Constants
166
8.7.4
Statistical Aspects
168
8.8
A Generalisation of the Concept of Phase Noise Density
171
THE RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHASE
NOISE AND FREQUENCY STABILITY (FREQUENCY
DOMAIN TO TIME DOMAIN TRANSFORMATIONS
AND THEIR INVERSES)
172
9.1
Introduction
172
9.2
Reciprocal Density Relationships
173
9.3
The Calculation of Integrated Frequency Jitter from
Phase Noise Density Characteristics
173
9.3.1
The Theoretical Relationship
173
9.3.2
A TI
58/59
Program
174
9.3.3
The Relevant offset Frequency Range
177
9.3.4
Statistical Aspects
180
9.4
The Measurement of Integrated Frequency Jitter
180
9.4.1
Initial Review of Concepts
180
9.4.2
The Allan Variance
184
9.4.3
An Important Relationship
185
9.4.4
'Transfer Function' to a Frequency Jitter Input
186
9.4.5
Transfer Function to a Phase Noise Input
189
9.4.6
Statistical Aspects
193
9.5
Measurement of Density Using Time Domain Methods
195
9.5.1
Measurement of Frequency Jitter Density
195
9.5.2
Measurement of Phase Noise Density
199
9.5.3
Statistical Aspects
199
9.5.4
The
Hadamard
Variance
200
vi
Contents
9.6
Calculation of Phase Noise Density Knowing Integrated
Frequency Jitter
200
9.6.1
When (Nop/C)f follows a I//3 law
200
9.6.2
For Other Known Laws
202
10
SYSTEM PHASE NOISE REQUIREMENTS
203
10.1
A Single Dish CW Radar System
204
10.1.1
General Description
204
10.1.2
Delayed Reflections of a Signal with Spurious AM
and PM
207
10.1.3
Permissible AM
211
10.1.4
Permissible PM
217
10.1.5
Single Sideband Signals and Double Sideband
Interference
222
10.2
A Radar using High Deviation
FM 224
10.2.1
Types of
FM
Radar
224
10.2.2
Required Frequency Deviation
226
10.2.3
Spurious AM and PM
229
10.3
Communication Systems using Single Channel per Carrier
FM 232
10.3.1
Introduction
232
10.3.2
Phase Noise Requirements for a Simple
FM
System
233
10.3.3
The Addition of Pre-emphasis/De-emphasis
239
10.4
FDM/FM Communication Systems
241
10.4Л
Introduction
241
10.4.2
The Required Value of C/TVo
242
10.4.3
Phase Noise Requirements
244
10.5
Communication Systems Using PSK
246
10.5.1
Introduction
246
10.5.2
Carrier Recovery
249
10.5.3
Signal Error Rate
254
10.5.4
Clock Recovery
260
10.5.5
Differential PSK
262
10.5.6
The Effects of Phase Transients
268
10.6
Antenna Tracking
272
REFERENCES
277
APPENDIX I SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FORMULAE
279
APPENDIX II NOISE TEMPERATURE AND NOISE
FIGURE REVIEW
285
АП.1
Background
285
A1I.2 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure
· 286
AH.3 Waveguide Losses at Different Temperatures
288
AII.4 The Reasons for a Mismatch at the Input to a Low
Noise Amplifier
290
AH.5 The Noise Figure of an
FET
Amplifier
292
АИ.6
The Noise Bandwidth of a Single Tuned Circuit
293
AH.7 Mixer Noise Figure, Noise Temperature and NTR
294
AH.8 The Suppression of Local Oscillator AM Noise by a
Balanced Mixer
296
Contents
vii
APPENDIX
HI THE QUADRATURE REPRESENTATION OF
NARROW BAND NOISE
300
APPENDIX IV THE
Q
OF VARACTOR TUNED
OSCILLATORS
304
APPENDIX V THE PHASE NOISE PERFORMANCE
OF GUNN OSCILLATORS
309
INDEX
311 |
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| id | DE-604.BV037210399 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-10T13:06:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 086341026X 9780863410260 |
| language | Undetermined |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021124462 |
| oclc_num | 552043681 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| physical | X, 321 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| record_format | marc |
| series | IET telecommunications series |
| series2 | IET telecommunications series |
| spelling | Robins, W. P. Verfasser aut Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications W. P. Robins Reprint. London, UK Institution of Engineering and Technology 2007 X, 321 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IET telecommunications series 9 Signalquelle (DE-588)4181273-6 gnd rswk-swf Phasenrauschen (DE-588)4174165-1 gnd rswk-swf Signalquelle (DE-588)4181273-6 s Phasenrauschen (DE-588)4174165-1 s DE-604 IET telecommunications series 9 (DE-604)BV039636474 9 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021124462&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Robins, W. P. Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications IET telecommunications series Signalquelle (DE-588)4181273-6 gnd Phasenrauschen (DE-588)4174165-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181273-6 (DE-588)4174165-1 |
| title | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications |
| title_auth | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications |
| title_exact_search | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications |
| title_full | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications W. P. Robins |
| title_fullStr | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications W. P. Robins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase noise in signal sources theory and applications W. P. Robins |
| title_short | Phase noise in signal sources |
| title_sort | phase noise in signal sources theory and applications |
| title_sub | theory and applications |
| topic | Signalquelle (DE-588)4181273-6 gnd Phasenrauschen (DE-588)4174165-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Signalquelle Phasenrauschen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021124462&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039636474 |
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