The Gospel and Letters of John: 1 Introduction, analysis, and reference
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Gospel and Letters of John |n 1 |p Introduction, analysis, and reference |c Urban C. von Wahlde |
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| adam_text | Titel: Bd. 1. The Gospel and Letters of John. Introduction, analysis, and reference
Autor: Von Wahlde, Urban C.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Preface xl
Abbreviations xlii
INTRODUCTION é
A. General Introduction é
é. The Complexity of the Johannine Tradition
and the Task of the Commentator é
2. The Value of Such Work for the Interpretation
of the Gospel 2
3. General Issues regarding the Gospel of John:
Its Historicity, Background, Relation to the Synoptics,
and the Like 5
4. The Authorship of the Johannine Literature 6
B. The Greek Text of the Gospel and Letters 7
1. Light on Textual Criticism as a Result of the View
Presented in This Commentary 8
2. General Notes on the Translation of the Gospel
and the Letters 9
C. The Features That Suggest That the Present Gospel
Has Undergone Editing: The Aporias 10
D. Past Attempts to Deal with the Aporias 12
Contents
E. The Criteria Used in Earlier Analyses l6
é. The Aporias Themselves X7
2. Changes in Terminology l7
3. Doublets l8
4. Wiederaufnahme l8
5. Style !9
6. Synoptic Comparison 21
7. Differences in Theology 22
R The Approach Employed in This Analysis 22
1. Overview 22
2. Determining Literary Seams 23
a. Aporias 23
b. Wiederaufnahme 24
c. Other Resumptive Devices 25
3. Determining the Identity of the Material
of the First Two Editions 25
a. The Starting Point: Two Editions of the Gospel
Identified First by the Presence of Two Sets of Terms
for Religious Authorities 27
b. Other Features Occurring Consistently within
These Two Bodies of Material 2^
c. Consistency and Contrast in Usage 29
d. Extending the Process to Other Material of the First
and Second Editions 3°
4. Determining the Identity of the Material
of the Third Edition 30
a. Continuity and Discontinuity of Features
in the Third Edition 31
b. Mixing of Terms from Various Strata 33
G. Some Questions and Concerns about Such an Analysis 34
1. What Sort of Coherence Is to Be Expected
in First-Century Texts? 34
2. Imitation of the Style of a Previous Author? 36
3. Variations in Style by the Same Author? 36
Contents
4. The Order of the Editions 37
5. An Oral Prehistory to the Material of the First Edition? 38
6. Some Interpretive Principles Implied in Reading Such a Text 39
7. A Parallel Instance 41
8. Circularity of Argument? 42
9. Ambiguity of Features 42
H. The Organization of This Volume and the Process
of Acquainting Oneself with the Three Editions
and with the Role of 1 John 43
1. The Translation, the Typeface, and the Summaries 44
2. A Synthetic and a Contextual Approach and
Some Suggestions for Beginning 45
a. Synthetic Analysis 45
b. Contextual Analysis 46
c. How to Begin? 46
3. 1 John and the Third Edition 47
4. A Note on the Relation between the Third Edition and 1 John 49
5. Some Final Comments on the Analysis of the Composition
in Volume 2 49
I. An Overview of the History of the Johannine Community
together with an Overview of the Documents It Produced 50
1. The First Edition of the Gospel (a.D. 55-65?) 50
2. Johannine Theology Develops; Conflict with the
Synagogue Becomes Critical; and the Second Edition
Is Written (a.d. 60-65?) 51
3. An Internal Crisis and the Writing of the
Johannine Letters (a.d. 65-70?) 52
4. The Death of the Elder (a.d. 80-90?) 53
5. The Third Edition of the Gospel (a.d. 90-95?) 53
Contents
PART 1: THE FIRST EDITION OF THE GOSPEL 57
Introduction 57
Section 1. An Overview of the First Edition 58
Section 2. The Criteria Used for the Identification of the Material
of the First Edition 63
1. Characteristic Terminology 63
1E-1. In the first edition, the religious authorities are referred to as
Pharisees (Pharisaioi), chief priests (archiereis), and rulers
(archontes). This contrasts with the usage of the second edition
where the expression the Jews (Ioudaioi) is used in the more
generalized (and uniquely Johannine) sense to refer to religious
authorities (2E-1). 63
1E-2. In the first edition, Jesus miracles are referred to as signs
(sëmeia). In the second edition, they are referred to as works
(erga) (2E-2). In the third edition, the term is signs and won-
ders (sëmeia kai terata) (3E-56F). 68
1E-3. In the first edition, the term Ioudaioi refers to Judeans, that
is, to the inhabitants of Judea. This usage is limited to, and is
distinctive of, the first edition. In the second edition, Ioudaioi is
used in a distinctive way as a blanket term to refer to religious
authorities (2E-1). 70
1E-4. In the first edition, there is a consistent pattern of translation
of religious and geographical terms. This is not found in the
later editions. 74
2. Characteristics of Narrative Orientation 76
1E-5. In the first edition, there is a consistent use of stereotyped for-
mulas of belief. There is nothing comparable to this in the other
editions. 76
1E-6. In the first edition, there is a pattern of portraying belief as
occurring in tandem or chain reaction sequence. This pattern
is not found in either of the later editions. 79
1E-7. In the first edition, attention is repeatedly called to the quan-
tity and quality of Jesus signs. This is not found in the later edi-
tions. 80
Contents
iE-8. In the first edition, there is an emphasis on the variety of
groups that come to belief in Jesus. There is nothing comparable
to this in either the second or third editions. 82
1E-9. In the first edition, there are repeated reports of division of
opinion among the religious authorities regarding Jesus. In the
second edition, there is no division among the authorities and
the authorities hostility is presented as unified, formalized, and
solidified (2E-9). 83
1E-10. In the first edition, the hostility of the Pharisees increases
throughout the ministry, coming to a climax in the decision to
arrest Jesus. In the second edition, the level of hostility of the au-
thorities is present in an essentially steady state from the begin-
ning and does not significantly change thereafter except to mani-
fest itself repeatedly in attempts to kill Jesus (2E-5). 84
1E-11. In the first edition, there are repeated reports of the reaction
of the Pharisees following on reports of belief among the com-
mon people. This is not found in the later editions. 85
1E-12. In the first edition, the religious authorities ( Pharisees
chief priests and rulers ) reaction to Jesus and to the belief of
the crowds is almost exclusively on the basis of his signs. In the
second edition, the authorities virtually ignore the miracles and
focus on the claims of Jesus regarding his relation with the Fa-
ther (2E-7). 86
1E-13. In the first edition, the common people show no fear for the
authorities and at times debate with them and react to them
with disdain. In the second edition, the people (and disciples)
are consistently said to react to the authorities ( the Jews ) with
abject fear, expressed particularly in the phrase for fear of the
Jews (2E-6). 87
1E-14. In the first edition, it is the religious authorities ( Pharisees
chief priests and rulers ) who regularly react with fear and
apprehension to the belief of the common people. In the second
edition, the reverse is true: there is no hint of such attitudes in
the monolithic posture of the Jews and the people fear the au-
thorities (2E-6,2E-8). 88
1E-15. In the first edition, the supernatural knowledge of Jesus af-
fects individuals within the narrative and is seen as a miracle,
leading to belief. In the second edition, supernatural knowledge
is reported only in the asides of the narrator and functions, for
Contents
the reader, not as a miracle but as a demonstration of Jesus su-
periority to, and independence of, human affairs (2E-10). 89
1E-16. In the first edition, there are numerous explanations of terms
and customs as being of the Jews. Such explanations are not
found in the later editions, which, while they show little interest
in details of history, geography, or terminology, exhibit and pre-
sume detailed knowledge of the Jewish Scriptures, customs, and
methods of argument. 91
1E-17. In the first edition, the religious authorities as a group (iden-
tified as Pharisees chief priests or rulers ) never dialogue
with Jesus. This is also true of the Ioudaioi (in the sense of
Judeans ), who do not engage in conversation with Jesus. In the
second edition, the religious authorities, now identified by the
term the Jews are presented as almost always in dialogue with
Jesus (2E-11). 92
3. Theological Characteristics 93
1E-18. In the first edition, belief is based almost exclusively on the
miracles of Jesus; in the second edition, belief is based on a vari-
ety of witnesses to Jesus (2E-14). 94
1E-19. In the first edition, there is a marked focus on details that
demonstrate the greatness of the miracles. This does not appear
in the later editions. 96
1E-20. In the first edition, belief is presented as an easy affair,
something that occurs readily. In the second edition, belief is
something that only the disciples attain, and then fully only after
the Resurrection. 97
1E-21. Both the Christology of the first edition and the accusations
leveled at Jesus occur within the realm of traditional expecta-
tions. That is, the Christology is a traditional one, making no
divine claims. The accusations also do not contain a refutation
of any claims that could be said to be divine. However, the later
editions are marked by a radically higher Christology that con-
stantly affirms the divinity of Jesus. This is particularly evident
in the material of the second edition (2E-15; 2E-26, 27, 28, 29,
30). 98
1E-22. In the first edition, the authorities condemn Jesus to death
because of his miracles and because of fear of the Roman au-
thorities. In the second edition, he is condemned because of blas-
phemy (2E-25). 101
Contents
4. Features of the First Edition 102
1E-23R The first edition contains the primary narrative of the Gos-
pel. The chronology, narrative sequence, and geographical distri-
bution of the ministry stem from the first edition. 102
1E-24F. In the first edition, there is a special focus on Mosaic mo-
tifs. In the second edition, references to Moses are part of a
larger plan in which Jesus is shown to be greater than all the
major figures of Israel (greater than Jacob, 4:12; greater than
Moses, 6:30-32; greater than Abraham, 8:53). 102
1E-25F. The first edition contains twenty topographical references
that either are not mentioned in the Synoptics or that contain
details not mentioned in the Synoptics. 102
1E-26F. In addition to these topographical references, there is other
information in the first edition that reveals specific and precise
knowledge of Judaism in the first century. 103
1E-27F. In the first edition, there are numerous elements that have
no function in the present form of the Gospel. These were re-
ferred to as small, undigested scraps by Dodd. All, or almost
all, of these appear in the first edition. 103
1E-28F. In the first edition, questions are posed that are not an-
swered and statements are made that are responded to in ways
that do not fully address the original statement. Rather, the nar-
rative sequence is broken and the answer given is of an entirely
different type and from a different author (see abo 2E-33F). 103
5. Concluding Comments on the Characteristics
of the First Edition 104
Section 3. Synthesis of the First Edition 104
1. The Structure of the First Edition 105
2. The Theology of the First Edition 108
a. The Purpose of the First Edition 109
b. The Chronology, Sequence, and Geography of the
Ministry in the First Edition 109
c. The Narrative Focus on the Magnitude of Jesus Signs,
the Belief of the People, and the Hostility of the Authorities 111
d. Elements of a Mosaic Christology? 112
e. Are the Signs of the First Edition Symbolic ? 113
Contents
f. A Low Christology Throughout 114
3. The Genre of the First Edition 114
a. The Narrative Role of Geography in the First Edition 114
4. The Worldview of the First Edition 115
5. The Identity and Social Location of the Community
at the Time of the First Edition 6
a. Jewish Christian 116
b. Sectarian Leanings? n7
c. An Independent Tradition U7
d. Translations and Explanations of Jewish Feasts and Customs 118
e. Relationships with Followers of John the Baptist 119
f. Conclusions 12°
6. The Historicity of Material in the First Edition 12°
a. Overarching Issues of the Ministry of Jesus 121
b. Jesus and John the Baptist 123
c. The Accuracy and Detail of Geographical and
Topographical Information 124
d. Other Features Exhibiting Accurate and Detailed
Knowledge of Jewish Affairs 12^
e. The Historicity of Individual Miracles 128
f. Unhistorical Elements in the First Edition? 128
7. The Relation of Material in the First Edition to the Synoptics 130
8. The Author of the First Edition W
9. The Date of Composition of the First Edition *33
10. The Place of Composition of the First Edition *34
PART 2: THE SECOND EDITION OF THE GOSPEL 137
Introduction 137
Section 1. An Overview of the Second Edition *38
Section 2. The Criteria Used for the Identification of Material
of the Second Edition 144
1. Characteristic Terminology i44
Contents
2E-1. In the second edition of the Gospel, those who represent the
authoritative religious position of the Jewish religion are referred
to exclusively by the term Ioudaioi. This contrasts with the use
of Pharisees (Pharisaioi), chief priests (archiereis), and rul-
ers (archontes) for religious authorities in the first edition (lE-
1). It also contrasts with the use of Ioudaioi, referring to
Judeans, in the first edition (1E-3). 145
2E-2. In the second edition, the term works (erga) is used to des-
ignate Jesus miracles rather than signs (sëmeia), which was
the term characteristic of the first edition (1E-2). In the third
edition, the expression signs and wonders appears (3E-55F). 150
2E-3. In the second edition, sign (sëmeion) is used in a pejorative
sense as a proof demanded by the religious authorities rather
than in a positive sense as it was used in the first edition (1E-2). 153
2E-4. In the second edition, ergon ( work ) is used as an overall
theological conception to describe the ministry given to Jesus by
the Father. This contrasts with the use of entöle ( command-
ment ) to describe the ministry in the third edition (3E-6). 155
2. Characteristics of Narrative Orientation 156
2E-5. In the second edition, the religious authorities exhibit an in-
tense level of hostility toward Jesus throughout his ministry,
rather than the increasing hostility found in the first edition (lE-
10). 156
2E-6. In the second edition, the common people fear the religious
authorities and never dare to debate with them, in contrast to
the first edition where the common people (and temple police)
regularly assert themselves over against the authorities and even
enter into debate with them (1E-13). 158
2E-7. In the second edition, almost no concern is expressed regard-
ing the quantity or magnitude of Jesus miracles, in contrast to
the first edition where this was a preoccupation of the authori-
ties (1E-12). Moreover, when the miracles are discussed in the
second edition, they are discussed in a different way, as we shall
see below. 159
2E-8. In the second edition, the Jews do not react in fear or ap-
prehension to the belief of the masses. In the first edition, the au-
thorities regularly are concerned about and even fearful of the
belief of the common people (1E-14). 161
Contents
2E-9. In the second edition, the religious authorities show no divi-
sion of opinion about Jesus but represent a solid and unified hos-
tility, in contrast with the first edition where the religious au-
thorities (and the common people) are regularly divided in their
opinion about Jesus (1E-9). 162
2E-10. In the second edition, the supernatural knowledge of Jesus
functions to demonstrate his superiority in relation to human
events. In the first edition, such supernatural knowledge func-
tions within the narrative to lead to belief (1E-15). 163
2E-11. The Jews in the second edition are almost always in dia-
logue, and almost always in dialogue with Jesus. The Phari-
sees chief priests and rulers of the first edition, as a group,
never enter into dialogue with Jesus. In the third edition, the au-
thor at times takes over the term the Jews and they appear in
dialogue in that edition (cf. 6:52) (1E-17). 164
2E-12. The second edition is framed in the worldview typical of the
canonical Jewish Scriptures. This worldview is not dualistic but
contains a number of contrasts that must be distinguished from
dualism. However, the worldview of the third edition is clearly
marked by the modified (ethical) dualism typical of apocalyptic
(cf. 3E-8 to 3E-19). i65
3. Literary Characteristics 169
2E-13. The author of the second edition introduces the device of
misunderstanding. This consists of a statement by Jesus that is
understood on a material (or physical ) level, whereas it was
intended to be understood on the spiritual level. Where this
device is taken over by the author of the third edition, it is ac-
companied by features distinctive of the third edition. *69
4. Theological Characteristics *72
2E-14. In the second edition, belief is conceived of as having a
wider basis than just the miracles of Jesus (1E-18). In the third
edition, the list of witnesses is extended to include that of the
Paraclete and of the disciples. In addition, the focus will be on
the proper content of belief and of proper confession of Jesus
(3E-26). 173
2E-15. The second edition is marked by a consistent high Christol-
ogy in contrast to the consistent low Christology of the first edi-
tion (1E-21). In the third edition, the Christology continues to af-
firm the divinity of Jesus but takes this a step further by
Contents
identifying Jesus even more closely with attributes of God the Fa-
ther (3E-26). 174
2E-16. In the second edition, the Spirit is conceived of in an un-
qualified sense, whereas in the third edition, the Spirit is concep-
tualized in terms of a dualism where there is a multiplicity of
spirits (3E-12). As a result, in the third edition the Spirit is iden-
tified as the Holy Spirit or the Spirit of Truth and implicitly
contrasted with the Spirit of Deception, a contrast that is explicit
in 1 John. 176
2E-17. In the second edition, the believer is said to be born of the
Spirit or from above. In the third edition, the believer is said
to be born of God (3E-39). (There is no discussion of such
birth in the first edition.) 176
2E-18. In the second edition, there are repeated statements that
deny the importance of the physical, fleshly aspects of existence
and stress only the spiritual elements. In the third edition, there
is a noticeable emphasis on the value of the material and physi-
cal as part of the spiritual reality (3E-41). 177
2E-ig. In the second edition, the death of Jesus is seen as a depar-
ture to the Father. This contrasts with two elements of the third
edition. First, in the third edition, the death of Jesus is seen as
having an expiatory effect, a sacrificial, salvific death for his
own and for the world, a death that takes away sin (3E-33).
Second, in the third edition, the departure of Jesus is conceived
of as part of a larger schema of descent and return, a schema
that presumes the préexistence of Jesus (3E-34, 3E-53F). (There is
no discussion of the theological purpose of the death of Jesus re-
maining in the first edition.) 177
2E-20. In the second edition, the removal of sin is associated with
the power of the Holy Spirit; in the third edition, sin is removed
through the sacrificial, atoning death of Jesus (3E-33). (There is no
discussion of this in the remaining material of the first edition.) 179
2E-21. In the second edition, judgment (i.e., declaration of guilt)
is an event that takes place in the present time and is not con-
ducted by an external agent (i.e., God) but occurs in the event of
unbelief itself. In the third edition, there is a conviction that
there will be a universal judgment (i.e., a rendering of ac-
countability) at the end of time (3E-17). (There is no discussion
of judgment remaining in the first edition.) 181
Contents
2E-22. In the second and third editions of the Gospel, there are ref-
erences to the hour of Jesus. Both of these designations serve to
indicate that Jesus is not subject to human planning or human
intentions. Rather, he responds to the time determined f or him
by the Father. However, the framework within which this hour
is conceived and presented is different in the second and third
editions (3E-24). 182
2E-23. In the second edition, the notion of immanence (or indwell-
ing ) is introduced. Such immanence is predicated of the rela-
tionship between Jesus and the Father, thus establishing the inti-
macy of their relationship. However, in the third edition, the
notion of immanence between the Father and Son is extended to
include, and to be a model for, the relationship of both the Fa-
ther and the Son with the believer and applied to the relation-
ship between believers (3E-42). 184
2E-24. In the second edition, the notion of joy is described as ir-
removable and is the joy in the Resurrection that will follow on
the sorrow associated with the Passion and Death. In the third
edition, joy is described as complete and is the eschatological
joy associated with the realization of the future hopes associated
with the coming of Jesus (3E-36). 186
2E-25. In the second edition, the reasons for putting Jesus to death
are based on the charge that he makes himself Son of God
(19:7)- In the first edition, when Caiaphas convened the Sanhé-
drin, the decision to put Jesus to death was based on the fear that
if Jesus were allowed to continue as he was, the Romans would
come and destroy the Temple and the nation (11:48) (1E-22). 187
. Some Aspects of Theology Introduced in the Second Edition
but Taken Over by the Author of the Third Edition 187
2E-26X. The second edition introduces the presentation of Jesus as
referring to God as his Father This does not appear in the first
edition. Where it is taken over by the author of the third edition
(3E-46X), it is accompanied by other features that are unique to
the third edition. 189
2E-27X. The second edition introduces the presentation of Jesus as
referring to himself as Son in relation to God. This does not
occur in the first edition, and where it is taken over by the au-
thor of the third edition (3E-47X), it appears together with fea-
tures unique to that edition. 189
Contents
2E-28X. In conjunction with the conception of Jesus as Son in re-
lation to the Father, the author of the second edition also intro-
duced the conception of Jesus as sent by the Father. This does
not appear in the first edition, and where it appears in the third
edition, it appears with features distinctive ofthat edition (3E-
48X). 190
2E-29X. The notion of eternal life is introduced by the author of
the second edition and is a major motif. It is also taken over by
the author of the third edition, although various aspects of its
presentation are modified in connection with the issues in focus
at the time of the community crisis (3E-49X). 191
2E-30X. The author of the second edition introduces theological
terminology not found in the first edition. This terminology is
central to his theological presentation but is also taken over by
the author of the third edition (3E-50X). 192
6. Features of the Second Edition That Become Apparent
Once the Analysis Is Complete 193
2E-31F. In the second edition, there are a number of features that
are anachronistic to the ministry of Jesus but that accurately re-
flect the circumstances of the community at the end of the first
century. This contrasts with the presentation in the first edition,
where there is considerable accuracy and detail with regard to
the specific elements of the historical ministry of Jesus (1E-25F,
26F, 27F). 193
2E-32F. In the second edition, quotations from Scripture are typi-
cally introduced by some variation of the formula as it is writ-
ten [in the Scripture], while quotations in the third edition are
typically introduced by some variation of the formula in order
that the Scripture may be fulfilled (3E-51F). 195
2E-33F. The second edition manifests an awareness, and use, of so-
phisticated rabbinic argument that is not found in the first or
third editions. 195
2E-34F. Questions that are posed in the first edition are regularly
answered by material of the second edition (see 1E-28F). 196
Section 3. Synthesis of the Second Edition 197
1. The Structure of the Second Edition 197
2. The Theology of the Second Edition 203
a. Christology 205
Contents
b. Belief 205
c. Pneumatology 206
d. Eternal Life 206
e. Eschatology 207
f. Knowledge of God 207
g. Soteriology 208
h. Ethics 209
i. Anthropology 209
j. Ecclesiology 210
k. The Religious Significance of Material Reality 210
3. The Genre of the Second Edition 211
a. The Arrangement of the Material and the Question
of Narrative Sequence 211
b. The Narrative Role of Geography in the Second Edition 213
4. The Identity and Social Location of the Community
at the Time of the Second Edition 214
a. The Jews and the Synagogue 214
b. Polemic against the Followers of John the Baptist? 216
5. The Background of the Second Edition 217
6. The Value of the Material Found in the Second Edition
for the Study of the Historical Jesus 218
a. Historical Sequence 219
b. Time Frame 219
c. The Words of Jesus 219
d. Terminology 220
e. The Hostility of the Jews 220
f. Christology 221
g. John the Baptist 221
h. The Cleansing of the Temple 221
i. The Unnamed Feast 221
j. Summary 222
7. The Value of the Material Found in the Second Edition as a
Reflection of Circumstances in the Later First Century 222
Contents
a. Jewish Thought and Argument Reflected
in the Second Edition 223
b. Historical Circumstances of the Contemporary
Johannine Community 223
8. The Relation of Material in the Second Edition
to the Synoptics 224
9. The Author of the Second Edition 224
10. The Date of the Second Edition 225
11. The Place of Composition of the Second Edition 227
PART 3: THE THIRD EDITION OF THE GOSPEL 229
Introduction: The Next Stage in the Development of the
Tradition and a Choice of Ways for the Reader to Proceed 229
Section 1. An Overview of the Third Edition 231
Section 2. The Criteria Used for the Identification of the
Third Edition 236
1. Characteristic Terminology 237
3E-1. In the third edition, kyrios ( Lord ) is used in the religious
sense to refer to Jesus as the (divine) Lord. This is not found in
the earlier editions. 237
3E-2. In the third edition, the title Jesus Christ appears and is ap-
plied to Jesus. This title does not appear in either of the earlier
editions. 241
3E-3. In the third edition, the term erga ( works ) appears always
in the plural and always in the phrase erga poiein or erga
ergazesthai with the meaning to do the will (of someone). This
usage contrasts with the use of erga in the second edition to re-
fer to the miracles of Jesus and to his ministry (2E-2). 242
3E-4. In the third edition, adelphos ( brother ) is used in a reli-
gious sense to refer to fellow community members. This is not
found in the earlier editions. 244
3E-5. In the third edition, teknon/teknion ( child ¡ little child ) is
used as a designation for members of the community in their re-
lation with Jesus and/or God. This is not found in the earlier
editions. 245
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3E-6. In the third edition, entöle ( commandment ) is used as a
theological conceptualization of the ministry given to Jesus by
the Father. This contrasts with the use of ergon ( work ), which
is used to describe the ministry in the second edition (2E-4). 246
3E-7. In the third edition, reference is made to a distinct group of
disciples within the larger group. This group is known as the
Twelve! The other editions make no reference to this group. 249
2. Characteristics of Narrative Orientation: An Apocalyptic
Worldview 250
3E-8. In the third edition, the imagery of light and darkness is
used to describe opposing realms of good and evil. This is not
present in prior editions. 256
3E-9. In the third edition, the term works is used in the idiomatic
expression to do the works of. . . as a way of describing alle-
giance of persons to either good or evil within a context of apoc-
alyptic dualism. In the second edition, works designates the
miracles performed by Jesus (2E-2). 260
3E-10. In the third edition, the phrase son(s) of. . . is used to de-
scribe allegiance to either good or evil and is characteristic of
apocalyptic dualism. This is not present in the earlier editions. 263
3E-11. In the third edition, the expression being of. .. (the truth,
the earth, the world, etc.) is used to identify the allegiance of in-
dividuals. This does not appear in the other editions. 2( 5
3E-12. In the third edition, there is a duality of Spirits in which the
Spirit is described as the Spirit of Truth (and implicitly opposed
to the Spirit of Deception). This view contrasts with the presen-
tation of the Spirit in the second edition, where the issue was the
presence or the absence of the Spirit of God (2E-6). 268
3E-13. In the third edition, there are two dualistic titles typical of
apocalyptic by which the devil is identified. The first is Ruler of
This World, and the second is The Evil One. These are not
present in either of the other editions. 272
3E-14. In the third edition, the title Son of Man is regularly used
to describe Jesus as the agent of God. This title is typical of
apocalyptic and does not appear in the earlier editions. 274
3E-1S. In the third edition, the obligation to love is understood in a
sectarian sense as love to be focused on the members of one s
Contents
community. This conception is typical of apocalyptic and is not
found in the earlier editions of the Gospel. 277
3E-16. In the third edition, there is belief in a final apocalyptic es-
chatology that involves the notions of a last day and the return
of Jesus. This is not found in the earlier editions (but see 2E-21). 282
3E-17. In the third edition, there is a conviction of a universal ac-
countability (i.e., judgment, in the neutral sense of the word)
at the end of time. This is typical of apocalyptic thought. In the
second edition, there was the conviction that judgment (in the
negative sense) took place in the present and that the believer
would not undergo judgment (2E-21). There is no discussion of
judgment remaining in the first edition. 286
3E-18. In the third edition, there are two instances of the term
Kingdom of God. This terminology, so prominent in the Synop-
tics, appears in the Gospel of John only twice and is due to the
apocalyptic worldview of the author of the third edition. 288
3E-19. Finally, there are other apocalyptic elements that appear in
the gospel but appear so infrequently that they do not merit sep-
arate listing. Nevertheless, they are helpful in recognizing the
apocalyptic orientation of the material where they appear. The
terms are listed here and commented on briefly. 290
Literary Characteristics 294
3E-20. In the third edition, there are a number of instances where,
without explanation, the plural of the first- and second-person
pronouns is introduced in contexts where the singular had been
previously used and where the singular would be expected. 294
3E-21. In the third edition, there are a number of instances where
terminology characteristic of the first and second editions is
mixed with features of the third edition. 297
3E-22. A distinctive pattern of mixing terminology appears in the
case of the terms for religious authorities. In the third edition,
the author, who does not have a distinctive term for religious
authorities, uses whichever term has been used most recently.
This contrasts with the use in the second edition, where the au-
thor substitutes his own term ( the Jews ) for the terminology of
the first edition. 300
3E-23. In the third edition, there are a number of topics or terms
that are developed only minimally but which are developed in
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greater detail in ? John. Not only does the recognition of this fact
help to confirm that ? John was written prior to the third edition
of the Gospel, but at times it provides valuable background for
the meaning of a term. 3°*
Theological Characteristics 3°5
3E-24. In the third edition, the ministry of Jesus is conceptualized
as being composed of day (the public ministry) and night
(the Passion). This enables the author of the third edition to take
up the theme of the hour of Jesus from the second edition and
to integrate it with the concepts of light and darkness typical
of his apocalyptic viewpoint. 3°5
3E-25. In the third edition, the overarching structure echoes that of
1 John, where the first part of the letter focuses on the proclama-
tion of God as light and the second focuses on the proclamation
to love one another. Thus, in the first half of the (third edition of
the) Gospel (i.e., the public ministry), Jesus is presented as the
light of the world. In the second half of the Gospel (i.e., the Pas-
sion and Resurrection), Jesus is presented as loving his own even
to death. 306
3E-26. In the third edition, the distinctive Christology is presented
in a variety of ways. There are six primary ways, and these are
discussed in the following characteristics. There are also a num-
ber of ways in which this is presented that appear relatively in-
frequently. These are grouped and discussed here. All of these
are advances over the theology of the second edition and seek to
identify Jesus ever more closely with God the Father. None of
these features appear in earlier editions. 307
3E-27. In the third edition, the sonship of Jesus is specified as being
unique (monogenës). In the second edition, Jesus is identified
as Son but without specification of the uniqueness of his son-
ship (cf. 2E-27X). 308
3E-28. In the third edition, the author affirms the préexistence of
Jesus. Affirmation of préexistence is not present in earlier edi-
tions. 309
3E-29. In the third edition, Jesus identifies himself as I AM (Egö
eimi), the LXX rendition of the divine name. This does not ap-
pear in other editions. 310
Contents
3E-30. In the third edition, Jesus is said to have been given the
Spirit without measure. This specifies his possession of the
Spirit in a way not found in the second edition. 311
3E-31. In the third edition, there is an emphasis on the permanence
and abiding importance of the words of Jesus spoken in his his-
torical ministry. While the second edition stresses the words of
Jesus as one of the essential witnesses to him, the third edition
emphasizes the permanent validity of those words. 311
3E-32. In the third edition, particular emphasis is placed on the
role of Jesus as essential for gaining access to eternal life. This
was not present in the earlier editions. 313
3E-33. In the third edition, the death of Jesus is understood as hav-
ing an essential, salvific importance to it. This contrasts with
the view of the second edition (2E-19), which presented the death
of Jesus in terms of a departure to the Father, preparatory to the
sending of the Spirit. 315
3E-34. In the third edition, the ministry of Jesus is conceived of as
beginning with a descent from heaven and ending with a re-
turn to the Father. In the second edition, there is only the con-
ception of the departure of Jesus to the Father, which is not yet
conceived of in relation to a belief in préexistence (2E-19). 318
3E-35. In the third edition, the function of the Spirit (in the
Paraclete passages) is defined in such a way as to make it clear
that the Spirit does not speak on his own but reminds the listen-
ers of what Jesus has said. In the second edition, the emphasis is
on the necessity of receiving the Spirit, and the role of the Spirit
is not qualified in any way. 320
3E-36. In the third edition, joy is understood as complete in that
the future ( eschatological ) hopes of the people have been ful-
filled in the ministry of Jesus. In the second edition, joy was con-
ceived of as irremovable in the Resurrection of Jesus that fol-
lowed the pain and sorrow of the Passion (2E-24). 322
3E-37. In the second edition, eternal life had been conceived of as
beginning in the present and continuing after physical death but
without mention of the resurrection of the body. In the third edi-
tion, this belief is complemented by the introduction of explicit
statements of belief in bodily resurrection. 324
Contents
3E-38. In the third edition, there is an emphasis on the importance
of proper ethical behavior. This is not found in the earlier edi-
tions. 326
3E-39. In the third edition, the birth that the believer is said to ex-
perience is said to be from God. In the second edition, it is said
to be from the Spirit (2E-17). 328
3E-40. In the third edition, the figure of the Beloved Disciple ap-
pears. He does not appear in the earlier editions. 328
3E-41. In the third edition, the importance of the material and
physical is affirmed, whereas this was downplayed in the second
edition (2E-18). This value is expressed both in the importance
of the fact that the Word became flesh and also by the value
attributed to ritual sacraments, including the rite of initiation
(Baptism) and the sacred meal (the Eucharist). 331
3E-42. In the third edition, the relationship of mutual indwelling
between the Father and the Son is extended to include a rela-
tionship with believers. In the second edition, the focus was on
the indwelling of the Son in the Father (2E-23). 335
3£-43-Jn the third edition, there are four references to Jesus choos-
ing the disciples. This contrasts with the second edition, where
there is frequent mention of the Father giving believers/disci-
ples to Jesus. -37
3E-44. In the third edition, there are repeated statements expressing
the need, and the hope, for unity among believers. This does not
appear in the other editions. 337
3E-45. In the third edition, the basis for belief continues to be the
witnesses to Jesus as it was in the second edition(cf. 2E-14).
However, in the third edition, the list of witnesses is extended
from four to six. In the first edition, the basis of belief had only
been the signs performed by Jesus (1E-18). 337
5. Some Theological Features Introduced in the Second Edition
and Taken Over by the Author of the Third 338
TV, the author conti™ the use of the ti-
tle Father for God as it was introduced by the author of the
second edition (2E-26). However, the material in which it ap-
pears is marked by other features distinctive of the third edition.
As we have seen, the title does not appear in the first edition. 338
Contents
3E-47X. The notion of Jesus as Son is introduced by the author of
the second edition (2E-27X) and is taken over by the author of
the third. 339
3E-48X. The notion of Jesus as sent by the Father, which was in-
troduced into the Gospel by the author of the second edition (2E-
28X), is taken over by the author of the third. 339
3E-49X. The author of the third edition takes over the conception
of eternal life of the second edition, where it was first intro-
duced, but in the third edition this conception is qualified by
conditions or requirements that are not evident in the texts of
the second edition and which are elements in the author s re-
sponse to the opponents at the time of 1 John. 339
3E-50X. Among the words of the second edition taken over by the
third author are glory/glorify and witness. Although the
terms are taken over from the second edition, they have different
meanings when used by the author of the third. 341
6. Features of the Third Edition That Become Apparent Once
the Analysis Is Complete 342
3E-51F. One of the most widespread features of the second and
third editions is the type of formula used to introduce quotations
from, and references to, Scripture. In the third edition, quota-
tions and references are introduced by the formula in order that
the Scripture may be fulfilled... (hina plêröthë hë graphe ...)
or some variation of it. In the second edition, quotations and
references are introduced by the formula as it is written ...
(kathös estin gegrammenon ...) or a minor variation of it (2E-
32F). 342
3E-52F. In the second edition, there is frequent mention of the
world in both a positive and a negative sense. The same is true
of the third edition. The precise meaning of this term is difficult
to determine in all cases. However, one particular formulation
using this term, namely, the expression of this world, used as
an indication of allegiance and identity, is dualistic and appears
only in the third edition and in 1 John. 343
3E-53F. In the third edition, the verbs descend (katabainö) and
ascend (anabainó) have a theological meaning not found in
the other editions of the Gospel. 345
Contents
3E-54R In the third edition, the verb hypsoö ( to lift up ) is used
to refer to the Crucifixion of Jesus. This does not appear in the
other editions. 347
3E-55R In the third edition, it is said that Jesus has seen God and
tells of what he has seen. This is not present in earlier editions
of the Gospel. 347
3E-56R In the third edition, a number of passages and terms have
been introduced into the Gospel because of their similarity to the
Synoptic accounts. This does not appear in the other editions. 349
3E-57F. In the third edition, the author frequently makes brief mod-
ifications to the text and does so by bundling (grouping) his
additions together into a relatively brief context and then ad-
dressing the issue seldom or not at all again. This is not evident
in the other editions. 351
Section 3. Synthesis of the Third Edition 353
1. The Structure of the Third Edition 353
a. The Overarching Structure of the Third Edition 353
(1) The Prologue (1:1-18) 354
(2) Jesus as the Light of the World (1:19-12:50) 354
(3) Jesus as the Embodiment of Love (13:1-20:31) 355
(4) Epilogue (21:1-25) 356
b. Other Elements of the Structure of the Third Edition 357
(1) Glossing 357
(2) Addition by Grouping 357
2. The Literary Genre of the Material of the Third Edition 357
3. The Theology of the Third Edition 358
a. Elements of Theology Related to the Crisis
at the Time of 1 John 359
(1) Christology 359
(2) Belief 360
(3) Pneumatology 360
(4) Eternal Life 360
(5) Eschatology 361
(6) Knowledge of God 361
(7) Soteriology 361
Contents
(8) Ethics 361
(9) Anthropology 361
(10) Ecclesiology 362
(11) Religious Significance of Material Reality 362
b. Elements of the Theology of the Third Edition
Not Paralleled in 1 John 362
(1) Ecclesiology 362
(2) Ritual Concerns 363
(3) Bodily Resurrection 363
(4) Correlation with the Synoptic Gospels 363
(5) The Role of the Beloved Disciple 363
4. The Theology of the Third Edition and That of 1 John 364
a. Similarities between the Third Edition and 1 John 365
(1) The Worldview of the Third Edition and That of 1 John 365
(2) The Structure of 1 John and That of the Third Edition 365
(3) Similarities in Terminology 365
b. Terminology in 1 John but Not in the Third Edition 365
c. Terminology in the Third Edition but Not in 1 John 366
5. The Identity and Social Location of the Community
at the Time of the Third Edition 367
6. Background of the Material in the Third Edition 367
7. The Historical Value of Material Found in the Third Edition 369
8. The Relation of Material in the Third Edition to the Synoptics 369
9. The Author of the Third Edition 374
a. Is the Author of the Third Edition the Author of 1 John? 375
b. Is the Author of the Third Edition the Beloved Disciple? 375
c. Who, Then, Is the Author of the Third Edition? 375
10. The Date of the Third Edition 376
a. Dating Relative to the Composition of 1 John 376
b. Assigning a Specific Date to the Third Edition 385
(1) External Evidence 385
(a) The Earliest Manuscript Evidence 385
(b) The Earliest Citation 386
Contents
(2) Internal Evidence 389
c. Conclusions regarding the Dating of the Third Edition 39°
11. The Place of Composition 390
a. External Evidence 39i
b. Internal Evidence 392
PART 4: A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF JOHANNINE THEOLOGY 395
Section 1. The Development of Johannine Theology: Christology 397
1. The Christology of the First Edition 399
a. A Low Christology in the Affirmations about Jesus 399
b. Low Christology in Accusations Brought against Jesus
by the Jewish Authorities 399
c. A Moses Christology 4°o
d. Other Elements of the Christology of the First Edition 401
2. The Christology of the Second Edition 402
a. Jesus Exalted Claims 4°2
(1) Jesus as the Son in Relation to the Father 402
(2) Jesus as Son 4»3
(3) God as Father 403
(4) Jesus as Sent by the Father 4 4
(5) The Son Does the Same Work as the Father 405
b. Jesus Dependency on, and Orientation toward, the Father 406
(1) The Priority of the Father 406
(2) Jesus Does Only What He Hears from the Father 4O6
(3) Jesus Seeks the Glory of the Father 4°7
(4) Jesus Success and His Glory as Given to Him
by the Father 407
(5) Jesus Relationship with the Father 4°7
c. Jesus as Préexistent in the Second Edition? 4°8
d. Traditional Titles in the Second Edition 4°9
(1) Son of God 409
Contents
(2) Christ 409
(3) King 410
e. Conclusions 410
3. The Background of the Christology of the Second Edition 411
a. Sending 411
b. Apprenticeship 412
c. Agency 412
d. The Figure of Wisdom 413
e. Jesus as Possessing the Life of the Father 417
f. Conclusion 418
4. The Christology of 1 John 419
a. The View of the Opponents 419
b. The View of the Author of 1 John 420
(1) The Unique Identity of Jesus 420
(2) The Abiding Importance of Jesus 421
5. The Christology of the Third Edition 422
a. Jesus as Son 423
b. Jesus Possession of the Spirit 423
c. Jesus as Préexistent 423
d. Jesus as Son of Man 424
e. The Relationship between Jesus and the Father
in the Third Edition 425
(1) Jesus as Egö Eimi 425
(2) Jesus Is to Be Honored Just as the Father Is 426
(3) Jesus Is Addressed as My Lord and My God 426
(4) Jesus Continuing Dependence upon,
and Subordination to, the Father 426
(5) The Abiding Importance of Jesus 427
(6) Jesus Has Been Given What He Has by the Father 428
(7) Conclusion 428
6. The Background of the Christology in the Third Edition 429
a. The Apocalyptic Son of Man 429
b. Wisdom Motifs 429
Contents
c. The Son with the Full Authority of the Father 430
Section 2. The Development of Johannine Theology: Belief 43*
é. Belief in the First Edition 43*
a. Belief Based on Signs 43i
b. The Content of Belief 432
2. Belief in the Second Edition 432
a. Response to the Four Witnesses 432
b. The Second Edition and a Critique of Faith Based on Signs? 433
c. The Object of Belief 433
d. Belief, Eternal Life, and the Reception of the Spirit 434
e. The Content of Belief 435
f. Belief and Being Given by the Father 435
3. The Background of Belief in the Second Edition 436
4. Beliefinijohn 436
a. The View of the Opponents 436
b. The View of the Author 437
(é) The Abiding Importance of the Words of Jesus 437
(2) The Correct Understanding of Jesus 43**
5. Belief in the Third Edition 439
a. The Further Witnesses to Jesus 439
b. The Content of True Belief 440
c. The Permanent Importance of the Word of Jesus 440
d. The Spirit-Paraclete and the Words of Jesus 44«
e. Critique of Miracle-Faith 44*
6. The Background of Belief in 1 John and in the Third Edition 442
Section 3. The Development of Johannine Theology: Pneumatology 442
1. The Spirit in the First Edition 443
2. The Spirit in the Second Edition 443
a. The Central Role of Pneumatology in the Second Edition 443
b. The Spirit and Jesus 445
c. The Spirit and the Believer 446
Contents
d. Is the Spirit Presented as a Personal Being
in the Second Edition? 447
3. The Background of the Presentation of the Spirit
in the Second Edition 448
4. The Spirit in 1 John 449
a. The View of the Opponents 449
b. The View of the Author 449
c. Is the Conception of the Spirit in 1 John Less Developed? 451
5. The Spirit in the Third Edition 452
a. The Spirit as Paraclete 454
b. The Holy Spirit in 1:33 455
c. Conclusion 456
6. The Background of the Presentation of the Spirit in 1 John
and the Third Edition 457
Section 4. The Development of Johannine Theology: Eternal Life 459
1. Eternal Life in the First Edition 459
2. Eternal Life in the Second Edition 459
a. The Present Possession of Eternal Life 461
b. Conclusion 462
3. The Background of Eternal Life in the Second Edition 463
a. Natural Life and Spirit 463
b. Eternal Life and the Spirit in the Old Testament 465
c. The Nature of Eternal Life in Pre-Christian Judaism 467
4. Eternal Life in 1 John 469
a. The View of the Opponents and the View
of the Author of 1 John 469
(1) The Role of Jesus in Relation to Eternal Life 469
(2) Eternal Life and Mutual Love 470
(3) The Future Dimension of Eternal Life 470
(4) Eternal Life and Sin unto Death 471
(5) Bodily Resurrection in 1 John? 471
5. Eternal Life in the Third Edition 472
a. Jesus Possession of Eternal Life 472
Contents
b. Obedience and Eternal Life 472
c. The Role of Jesus in the Bestowal of Eternal Life 473
d. Eternal Life and the Eucharist 473
6. The Background of the Presentation of Eternal Life
in é John and in the Third Edition 474
a. The Spirit and Natural Life 474
b. The Spirit and Eternal Life 475
c. The Present Possession of Eternal Life in the Sectarian
Documents of Qumran and the Testaments of the Twelve
Patriarchs 476
d. Having Life in Oneself 476
e. Eternal Life with Future Bodily Resurrection
in the Sectarian Documents of Qumran and the Testaments
of the Twelve Patriarchs 477
f. Disputes over Immortality/Resurrection Elsewhere
in Early Christianity 4Sl
Section 5. The Development of Johannine Theology: Eschatology 482
é. Eschatology in the First Edition 482
2. Eschatology in the Second Edition 483
a. Eternal Life in the Present 484
b. References to Judgment 484
3. The Background of the Eschatology in the Second Edition 485
4. Eschatology in é John 486
a. The View of the Opponents 486
b. The View of the Author 486
(é) The Last Day or the Last Hour 487
(2) A Future Coming of Jesus 487
(3) A Final Judgment 487
(4) A Future State of Eternal Life Different from the Present 487
5· The Background of Eschatology in 1 John 488
a. In the Sectarian Documents of Qumran 489
b. In the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 489
c Elsewhere in Apocalyptic Judaism 49°
6. Eschatology in the Third Edition 49°
Contents
a. Passages with a Present Eschatology 491
b. Passages with a Future Eschatology 492
c. Passages of the Third Edition Where the Time Aspect
of Judgment Is Less Clear 492
7. The Background of Eschatology in the Third Edition 493
Section 6. The Development of Johannine Theology: Knowing God 494
1. Knowing God in the First Edition 494
2. Knowing God in the Second Edition 494
a. Knowing Persons, Not Doctrine 496
b. Teacher and Teaching 496
c. The Language of the Gospel 496
d. Direct Knowledge of God and Tradition 496
3. The Background of the Concept of Knowing God
in the Second Edition 497
4. Knowing God in 1 John 499
a. The View of the Opponents and the View of the
Author of 1 John 499
b. The Opponents Do Not Know 499
c. The Believer Knows 499
d. The Expressions Used by the Author 499
e. The Believer Knows Persons 500
f. The Nature of This Knowing and Its Source 500
g. Tests for Determining True Knowing 501
(1) Knowing and the First Johannine Commandment 501
(2) Stress on What Was from the Beginning 502
(3) Progressives and the Teaching of the Christ 502
(4) Conclusions 502
5. Knowing God in the Third Edition 503
a. The First Commandment in the Third Edition 504
b. The Additional Witnesses 504
c. The Paraclete and the Words of Jesus 505
d. Direct Knowledge in the Third Edition 506
Contents
6. The Background of the Concept of Knowing God
in é John and in the Third Edition 5o6
7. Conclusion 507
Section 7. The Development of Johannine Theology: Soteriology 508
1. Soteriology in the First Edition 5o8
2. Soteriology in the Second Edition 5o8
3. The Background of Soteriology in the Second Edition 5
a. In the Old Testament 5
b. In the Sectarian Documents of Qumran 5
c. Elsewhere in Apocalyptic Judaism 512
4. Soteriology in 1 John 5*3
a. The View of the Opponents 5*3
b. The View of the Author 5«
(1) Jesus Death Was a Death for His Own 5«
(2) The Death of Jesus Takes Away Sin 5^4
(3) The Death of Jesus Involved the Giving of His Flesh
and Blood, for the Life of the World 5*4
5. Soteriology in the Third Edition 5*5
a. Jesus Death as a Death for His Own 5l6
b. The Death of Jesus Takes Away Sin 5V
c. The Death of Jesus Involved the Giving of His Flesh
and Blood, for the Life of the World 5*8
d. The Death of Jesus Interpreted against the Model
of Abrahams Sacrifice of Isaac $
e. Jesus as Saving and as Savior 5*9
6. The Background of Soteriology in 1 John
and in the Third Edition 5*9
a. The Concept of Vicarious Atonement in Judaism 520
b. The Absence of an Atoning Eschatological Figure
in Judaism 521
c. The Concept of Vicarious Atonement Elsewhere
in Early Christianity 521
Section 8. The Development of Johannine Theology: Ethics 522
1. Ethics in the First Edition 522
Contents
2. Ethics in the Second Edition 522
3. The Background of Ethical Perfectionism in the Second Edition 524
4. Ethics in 1 John 525
a. The View of the Opponents 525
b. The View of the Author 526
5. Ethics in the Third Edition 527
a. Ethics and References to Sinful Actions 527
b. Ethics and Final Judgment 527
c. The Love Commandment 528
d. Conclusion 529
6. The Background of the Attitude toward Ethics in 1 John and
in the Third Edition 529
a. Ethical Perfectionism and Sin in the Sectarian Documents
of Qumran and in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 529
b. Ethical Perfectionism and Sin Elsewhere in Jewish Apocalyptic 531
c. Sectarian Love in the Sectarian Documents of Qumran and the
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 532
Section 9. The Development of Johannine Theology: Anthropology 532
1. Anthropology in the First Edition 532
2. Anthropology in the Second Edition 532
3. The Background of the Anthropology of the Second Edition 535
4. Anthropology in 1 John 535
a. The View of the Opponents and That of the Author 535
b. Believers as Children of God 535
c. Believers as Anointed 536
5. Anthropology in the Third Edition 538
6. The Background of the Anthropology of 1 John
and of the Third Edition 539
a. The Anthropology of 1 John and the Third Edition
and That of Apocalyptic 539
b. Similarities between the Anthropology of 1 John
and the Third Edition and That of the Sectarian
Documents of Qumran 539
Contents
c. Parallels to the Anthropology of é John and
of the Third Author Elsewhere in Early Christianity 540
Section 10. The Development of Johannine Theology: Ecdesiology 540
é. Ecdesiology in the First Edition 540
2. Ecdesiology in the Second Edition 541
3. A Background for the View of Ecdesiology
in the Second Edition? 542
4. Ecdesiology in 1 John — and in 3 John 543
a. Ecdesiology in 1 John 543
b. Ecdesiology in 3 John 545
5. Ecdesiology in the Third Edition 545
6. A Background of the Ecdesiology of the Johannine Letters
and the Third Edition 547
a. In the Sectarian Documents of Qumran 547
b. Elsewhere in Earliest Christianity 54^
Section 11. The Development of Johannine Theology:
The Religious Significance of Material Reality 54**
1. The Religious Significance of Material Reality
in the First Edition 55°
2. The Religious Significance of Material Reality
in the Second Edition 55°
3. The Background of the Attitude toward Material Reality
in the Second Edition 552
4. The Religious Significance of Material Reality in 1 John 552
a. The View of the Opponents 552
b. The View of the Author 553
5. The Religious Significance of Material Reality
in the Third Edition 555
a. The Importance of Material Reality in General 555
b. The Importance of Ritual Actions 555
c. The Role of Human Mediators 556
d. Bodily Resurrection 557
e. The Resurrection of Jesus 55^
Contents
f. A Final Observation on the Significance
of the Physical and Material in the Third Edition 558
6. The Background of These Various Attitudes
toward the Religious Significance of Material Reality 559
a. In the Old Testament 559
b. In the Sectarian Documents of Qumran 559
PART 5: REFERENCE 561
The Text of the Gospel 561
The Text of the Johannine Letters 610
Bibliography 626
1. General Reference 626
2. Texts 626
3. Commentaries on the Gospel of John 627
4. Articles and Monographs on the Gospel of John 629
5. Commentaries on the Johannine Letters 680
6. Articles and Monographs on the Johannine Letters 681
INDEXES
Authors 685
Subjects 691
Scripture and Other Ancient Literature 699
|
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| spelling | Von Wahlde, Urban C. 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)143547992 aut The Gospel and Letters of John 1 Introduction, analysis, and reference Urban C. von Wahlde Grand Rapids, Mich. [u.a.] Eerdmans 2010 LII, 705 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eerdmans critical commentary (DE-604)BV037208728 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021122887&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Von Wahlde, Urban C. 1941- The Gospel and Letters of John |
| title | The Gospel and Letters of John |
| title_auth | The Gospel and Letters of John |
| title_exact_search | The Gospel and Letters of John |
| title_full | The Gospel and Letters of John 1 Introduction, analysis, and reference Urban C. von Wahlde |
| title_fullStr | The Gospel and Letters of John 1 Introduction, analysis, and reference Urban C. von Wahlde |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Gospel and Letters of John 1 Introduction, analysis, and reference Urban C. von Wahlde |
| title_short | The Gospel and Letters of John |
| title_sort | the gospel and letters of john introduction analysis and reference |
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