Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.]
2010
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Censorship and the science of history in Poland 1944 - 1970 |
| Physical Description: | 358 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788375431582 |
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| adam_text | Censorship and the Science of History
in Poland
1944-1970
Abstract
When the communists were taking power in Poland, already in August
1944
they began
to establish a censorship system. Initially, the planned censorship was proposed to be a demo¬
cratic one, partly based on the rules effective in the interwar period (confiscation of a whole
print run under the valid laws after the text publication). The project was presented by
Jerzy
Borejsza. The state authorities, however, soon resigned from the project, looking for a total
subjugation of all publications to the propaganda purposes of the communist party. At the
turn of
1944/45,
at
Jakub
Bermarís
invitation, there came to Poland the representatives of the
Soviet censorship organ (the Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets, known
for short as Gbvlit) who worked out a project of regulation and legal acts that became the
basis for the establishment in January
1945
of the Central Bureau of Press Control, renamed
in November I945 the Main Office of Control of Press, Publications and Shows; Polish acro¬
nym: GUKPPiW). Following the regulations of
1945,
it operated until
1990.
The censorship
office in Poland faithfully carried out orders of the governing communist party (initially, the
Polish Worker s Party
-
PPR,
then the Polish United Workers Party
-
PZPR),
supervised the
implementation and functioning of a multi-institutional system to suppress or prohibit free¬
dom of speech or writing. The system was constructed in such a way that censorship inter¬
ferences were based not on die legal laws but on generally unknown internal regulations for¬
mulated by the GUKPPiW on the basis of guidelines prepared by the Central Committee of
the
PZPR.
The main point was that it was authors who were held responsible for censoring
of their own published texts.
In science a special role was played by scholars holding managerial positions (directors
of institutes, members of directorial boards and scientific councils, chiefs of departments and
chairs). These people determined research texts by scholars already at their preliminary stage
and restrained their authors in their subject matter and interpretations, eliminating everything
considered unaccepted by the authorities. Written texts on history were censored from their
very beginning, at university chairs and institutes and in the institutes of the Polish Academy
of Sciences. In a similar way operated editorial staff of scientific publishers. It was only seldom
that editors knew the internal regulations of the censorship office, but they had a good grasp
of what could be and what could not be published. The main rule was to comply with the
official Marxist methodology and with the ideology and current policy of the state authorities.
Papers of the first secretaries of the
PZPR,
comments by representatives of the authorities,
articles by historians associated with the communist leadership, previously approved reports
Abstract
339
submitted at the party s conventions and conferences, reviews of scientific books
-
all these
determined the obligatory canon of interpretations, defined what was allowed and what was
not. All texts to be published were systematically monitored by the censorship office whose
main role was to make sure that all institutions and individuals involved in the censoring sys¬
tem were fulfilling their duty. In most of the cases censors corrected small errors of their pred¬
ecessors. When the interference was more serious and publishers resisted the censors demands,
their adequate superior authorities intervened (of the Party s, government, university, academic
ones, etc.). Interferences in minor matters had a form of friendly caution but in more seri¬
ous cases the persons violating rules could have been dismissed from their posts or fired.
In
1952—1955
an active part in the system censoring the science of history was played
by the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where reviews of the texts to
be published were written and sent directly to the GUKPPiW for approval or refusal. A vast
majority of Polish scientists participated in the censoring of scientific research.
An important tool of censorship was Marxist philosophy. The authorities expected sci¬
entific research to be conducted according to the principles of historical materialism. They
were to guarantee the interpretation of the past in conformity with the political aims of com¬
munist leaders. Scientists approving Marxism were to serve the creation of socialist aware¬
ness of the society, to help propaganda efforts to promote universal acceptation for changes
introduced in Poland after World War II. At the congress held in
Otwock
near Warsaw at
the turn of I95I/52, the community of Polish historians subjugated the science of history to
Marxism as a valid methodological approach. Even so, from the very beginning researchers
took care to meet classic research principles in their works based on historical materialism.
Scholars accepted that the science of history was to serve political purposes (the rule that
scientific research should reflect the ideology of the ruling party
-
partyjność nauki).
Accord¬
ingly, they were taking up such topics as the class struggle, role of peasants and workers in
the past; they emphasised the importance of economic development in the history of states,
they wrote about the interrelation between social awareness and living conditions. Yet, they
strongly opposed any direct encroachments or decisions by the party s leaders upon detailed
arrangements of scientific texts (common practice in the Soviet Union). By accepting Marx¬
ism, Polish historians tried to regard it as a scientific method inspiring new research, yet
verified by research practice. According to them, a theory should be always confronted with
historical facts, corroborated by critically analysed source material. In this way Marxism, as
intended by a majority of Polish scientists and contrary to the expectations of the party s
leaders, was used against total subjugation of the science of research to the ends of current
propaganda and policy of the authorities. The historiography of the first half of the
1950s,
however, showed more compliance to than fight against the canons resulting from schematic
interpretations of Marxism.
After Stalin s death (March
1953),
and especially after the 20th Congress of the Com¬
munist Party of the Soviet Union and events in Poland of June and October
1956,
the ten¬
dencies against the influence of politics on research conclusions and against schematic inter¬
pretations of historical materialism were growing in strength. Researchers put more effort to
make the Marxist theory no set of ever-fixed formulas, to confront it also with research con¬
ducted in the West. In principle, however, they did not question the dominance of Marxism
in scientific research.
The system of censorship in Poland came to accept the departure from previous Stalinist
schematic interpretations; more and more often declarations of the role played by Marxism
340
Abstract
in science were accepted, while less and less care was taken to determine whether scientific
research complied with the declarations. There was also a substantial change in the argumen¬
tation of censors interfering in the texts to be published. No longer were authors reproached
for their disloyalty to the Marxist methodology and thus for their departure from the truth;
they were increasingly said that their conclusions, although correct, could not be published,
since the society was not mature enough to accept the historical truth. In this way the states
leaders admitted the manipulation of historical knowledge. Although the censure effectiveness
was still high, nevertheless historians less and less often accepted their participation in the
limitation of the freedom of speech. In the
1960s,
there was a growing number of scientists
who did not want their research be subjected to the propaganda needs, who did not want to
hold back actual historical facts inconvenient to communist propaganda, since it was against
their professional ethic. Undoubtedly, such an attitude of Polish researchers was influenced
by increasingly frequent contacts with Western science (research visits, increased access to lit¬
erature, personal contacts, etc.).
After
1956,
the states leadership focused mainly on the strict censoring of contemporary
history. Particularly thorny were the studies into Polish-Russian and Polish-Soviet relations,
history of workers movement and some periods of history of Poland: years
1918—1939,
the
Second World War and the time after
1945.
In the
1960s,
Polish historians followed the
Marxist methodology, but at the same time a majority of them thought that research into
contemporary history could not be conducted with disregard for controversial facts. In this
way, often against their own will, they were coming into conflict with the censoring system,
and more and more frequently they refused to participate in counterfeiting of the past. Such
attitude was reflected in the works by
Krystyna
Kersten
on the first years of the Polish Peo¬
ple s Republic. Her faithful adherence to classic historical methodology, conscientious analysis
of source material and the resulting description of actual events caused her to be in conflict
with the censorship system. Kerstens research reliability, despite her initial acceptance for the
political system of post-war Poland, led her to the ranks of the anti-communist opposition,
and her works became an important contribution to free the recent history of Poland from
falsifications imposed by the censorship.
To avoid falsehood, a majority of historians focused in their works on a conscientious pres¬
entation of facts. They referred to the principles of historical materialism less and less often,
regarded as the tool of subjugation of science to politics. Yet, despite these efforts to enlarge
the freedom of research, it is difficult to say that the historiography of the
1960s
defeated the
canons of interpretation of the past imposed by the censoring system in Poland.
Spis
tresei
wstęp
............................................................. 7
Rozdział I: ORGANIZACJA CENZURY
................................ 21
1.
Próby zorganizowania demokratycznej cenzury
(1944—1945).............. 21
2.
Metody pracy cenzury
............................................ 37
3.
Ograniczenia w kontaktach z zagranicą
............................... 71
Rozdział
II:
MARKSIZM JAKO NARZĘDZIE CENZURY
................104
1.
Początki „walki o marksizm w polskiej historiografii
-
zjazd wrocławski
(1948)........................................................107
2.
Zwycięstwo marksizmu w nauce historycznej z uszanowaniem warsztatu badaw¬
czego
—
I Kongres Nauki Polskiej
(1951),
I Konferencja Metodologiczna Histo¬
ryków Polskich
(1951-1952).......................................134
3.
Z praktyki stosowania marksizmu na przykładzie cenzuralnych recenzji prac
historycznych z lat
1952-1955 .....................................172
4.
W poszukiwaniu marksizmu „otwartego w nauce historycznej
—
zmiany po
październiku
1956
roku
..........................................201
Rozdział III: HISTORIA NA CENZUROWANYM
.......................245
1.
Potyczki o ocenę dziejów
II
Rzeczypospolitej
...........................245
2.
Cenzurowanie dziejów
II
wojny światowej: Armia Krajowa i Powstanie
Warszawskie
1944...............................................273
3.
Próby unaukowienia historii PRL na przykładzie prac Krystyny
Kersten
.....299
ZAKOŃCZENIE
.....................................................326
ABSTRACT
..........................................................338
WYKAZ NAJWAŻNIEJSZYCH SKRÓTÓW
................................341
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.......................................................343
INDEKS NAZWISK
...................................................352
|
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| author | Romek, Zbigniew 1954- |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1970 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1970 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037157402 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:52:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375431582 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021072055 |
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| physical | 358 S. |
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| spelling | Romek, Zbigniew 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1019372567 aut Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 Zbigniew Romek Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.] 2010 358 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Censorship and the science of history in Poland 1944 - 1970 Geschichte 1944-1970 gnd rswk-swf Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtswissenschaft (DE-588)4020535-6 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Geschichtswissenschaft (DE-588)4020535-6 s Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 s Geschichte 1944-1970 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021072055&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021072055&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Romek, Zbigniew 1954- Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Geschichtswissenschaft (DE-588)4020535-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4067601-8 (DE-588)4020535-6 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 |
| title_auth | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 |
| title_exact_search | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 |
| title_full | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 Zbigniew Romek |
| title_fullStr | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 Zbigniew Romek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 Zbigniew Romek |
| title_short | Cenzura a nauka historyczna w Polsce 1944 - 1970 |
| title_sort | cenzura a nauka historyczna w polsce 1944 1970 |
| topic | Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Geschichtswissenschaft (DE-588)4020535-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zensur Geschichtswissenschaft Polen |
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