Holdings: Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě

Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě: sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag (Author)
Format:	Conference Proceeding Book
Language:	German English Czech Slovak
Published:	Praha Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů 2010
Subjects:	Geschichte 1944-1989 Antikommunismus Ostmitteleuropa Konferenzschrift > 2009 > Prag
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Klappentext
Item Description:	Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl., teilw. slowak., teilw. tschech. - Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache
Physical Description:	366 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9788087211427

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adam_text	OBSAH Úvod ......................................................................................................................................7 Ediční poznámka ...................................................................................................... u Panel I 1. sál, středa 15. dubna 2009 TOMÁŠ BURŠÍK, Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR ■ Diskuse nad třetím odbojem ................17 BERND FLORATH, BStU ► Zum Subjektwechsel politischer Gegnerschaft in der DDR in den fünfziger Jahren.......................................................................................27 RAFAL WNUK, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin »- Anti-communist Conspiracy in Poland 1944-1956...........................................................................................41 RENATO PODBERSIČ, Study Centre for National Reconciliation ► The case of Slovenia: resistance and opposition to the communist regime ..........................................................51 MAGDOLNA BARÁTH, Historical Archives of Hungarian State Security ► Anti Communist resistance in Hungary .............................................................................................................61 RASA BALOČKAITÉ Vyta utas Magnus University Semiological guerrilla warfare: strategies of resistance under Soviet rule in Lithuania ........................................................73 RONALD GEBAUER, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena »■ The peaceful revolution and its aftermath: the social situation of victims of communism in East Germany ......................83 EKATERINA BONCHEVA, a member of the Secret Files Commission in Bulgaria ■ The Goryani movement - the first anti-communist resistance movement in Eastern Europe ...............93 HEIKKI LARMOLA, University of Helsinki ► The impacts of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1948 on Finland ...............................................................................................................................99 ALEŠ GABRIČ, Institute for Contemporary History, Ljubljana · The communist regime in Slovenia and its critics .........................................................................................................127 Panel II 2. sál, středa 15. dubna 2009 MARKÉTA CHALUPOVÁ, Historický ústav Filozofické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity ■ Odbojová skupina bratří Mašinu a její reflexe v dobovém legálním československém tisku ...........139 JAN KALOUS, ÚSTR ► Reflexe případu bratří Mašinu v dobovém kontextu .......................145 VLADIMÍR VARÍNSKY, Fakulta humanitných vied Univerzity Mateja Bela, Banská Bystrica »■ Slovenský povojnový exil a jeho protikomunistické aktivity .............................................157 JAN PEŠEK, Historický ústav SAV, Bratislava ► Odhalení příprav části vedení Strany svobody ke „zvratu lidově demokratického zřízení a obnovení kapitalismu v Československu v polovině 50. let .................................................................................................................. 167 NORBERT KMET, Ústav politických vied SAV, Bratislava ► Formy odporu cirkví a veriacich.. 175 VLADIMÍR PÁLKO, Ústav pamäti národa, Bratislava ► Odpor proti komunismu ve Sboru národní bezpečnosti .............................................................................................................191 Panel III 1. sál, čtvrtek 16. dubna 2009 TOMÁŠ GRULICH, Senát Parlamentu ČR ► Potlačování dopadu zahraničního odboje v Československu prostřednictvím bezpečnostních složek ................................................ 1 EVŽEN VÁCLAV FAUCHER, Universität Nancy, Frankreich »- Zur Erinnerungskultur. Beispielfall Akce Tábor (Brunn Februar 1948 - August 1949)...............................................................205 PROKOP TOMEK, Vojenský historický ústav ► Netradiční metody přechodu státní hranice kurýry v době studené války ................................................................................................217 MATĚJ KOTALÍK, ÚHSD FF UK, NFA ► „Páskové a „chuligáni proti režimu? Na okraj tradičních konceptu odboje a rezistence ............................................................................225 JAROSLAV ROKOSKÝ, ÚSTR ► Odboj za časů hanebnosti. Protikomunistická skupina Štěpán Gavenda, Miloš Zemánek a spol ..........................................................................................233 JOSEF HALLA »· Nevšední osud Štěpánky Balouškové .........................................................239 Panel IV 2. sál, čtvrtek 16. dubna 2009 STANISLAV KONEČNÝ, Společenskovědný ústav SAV, Košice ► Protikomunistické aspekty v činnosti jednotek UPA na Slovensku po druhé světové válce .........................................251 KATEŘINA JOKLOVÁ, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně Odbojová činnost členů nekomunistických stran na Liberecku .................................................................................263 FRANTIŠEK BÁRTÍK, Památník Vojna ► Tábory nucené práce (TNP). Jaroslav Metyš a Jaroslav Vojtěch - dva konkrétní případy cesty do TNP ...................................................................273 JIŘÍ URBAN, ÚSTR ► Manifestační rolnický průvod na ONV v Dobrušce .............................283 MARTIN TICHÝ, ÚSTR ► Několik poznámek к případu Jiřího Rábla ......................................303 KAMIL NEDVĚDICKÝ, Ministerstvo vnitra ČR ► Právní pohled na odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu .......................................................................................................319 MARTIN JINDRA, ÚSTR > Případ olomouckého faráře Církve československé Augustina Jünglinga............................................................................................................331 Pamětnický panel ...................................................................................................339 Abstracts .......................................................................................................................355 Panel II 2 «ЗІ, ігґгі.і 15. dubna 2009 A CHALUPOVÁ. htHQr кку иѕИ* filtuabcké Iďkulty Маи^кОЧѓ uiimff itf * ÛdbopH« b.elłlMalinuaiejlieilHrwdubmimlegaMi^^łiulf^enikririHibu - - 139 Ν KSIOUS. OSTR » РвЧи.ѓ prłDłdi ЬгдіЛ HftSJnů v dobovŕm kcnteWu .. - ALuHIfi VAfiirCKï; Fakulta rn-nunlloŕth -ча UniWriily МаІе\|л Beli. ВлпЗД вуПпа ■■ IA4PïÏ(l· MutjikkítnbwíftV, Braira- odhalíni рГір«ач ¿in· vedenl S ke ..iwralj (IdP^ d«n f«atického řříienl а abneunk ктНаІйши w Ćnło y pcJovinj SÖ. IM................................. NMIBEHTKWI IKtwpoliiiefcÎcliyirdSAVBratiïbvjii rafniradporaclAvri««!- VWOIMÉR PftLKĐ. UiUm pánin niroiJí. du .... * С ■! .ι,- prati li. ir ч™ ue Sboru ■Urobil btzpítft«tl ......................................................................... Panel III 1. sůl, ■-■it— lů, dubna ?üUb TOfclíi GHULlCH. Senat Pírlm¿uL l· ►■ Pstliíovinl .I.^j·.- „¡ши.ііі EVŹ(N VACIAV FAULHEIT. iin«riitsi Ni»cm, Fr-nk iíh * Jur Erfainerurtf. ЩОКОР TOMEK. «i[í«skt hiiruncfcy 4ţlav - rwr«liínľ rnr kuríry udobi nudei tólky ......................................._ ГЬТЕІ KOIALlłr. UHSDtTUK.NFA^i.Piilwvr badi Jrtlth колнрЕй Ddbaje л ľuUtnie« J4HKLAW FU ,ΚΜΚϊ- ÚSTI Odbui r Olu ^ ne hro . Pi гД, komuni , И. .., -Λ.- . ■ ■ UÉvenda. Μι loi ZmtMrfc a ipd ..............._........................................................... IQSEf HAUA r Nevtednf вдгі Ïirp-nk, Panel IV 2. sal, Čtvrtek 16. dubita 20Q9 TANISLAV KG4LĆNY SpolefensKovţdny uiiav SAV. Kall» r Pralftomurtúllckt fatl iţeau ѓ Ub«i«ku ........................ ---.........................263 BAKIID РјгпМпЛ Vt4 ■ ЛЬаіу niiitnt k piadu JiFthg Mbli --------................ ДО KAMU NB-ĽivfíHtŕŕ; МЊђнПИИАгЛСП» Plivni Döhltd па odhni а adpor mml kcmirtitìiirnìu reümu ..................._..................--—.............................. 1 9 MflHTINJINDRfi UŠTU - №pd olomcudeho fari г· H г- ,^ l^^- Ii. - h.· ■ n il. m ι \|l г.у ι ................................................-...................331 Ра mët nicky pand .... ............................................ а* Abstracts ......................................................................____ зв Abstracts RASA BALOČKAITÉ This article sheds some light on popular strategies of resistance under Soviet rule. The theoretical impulse for this research comes from James С Scott s theory of silent resistance, i.e. resistance practices under severe domination such as slavery or serfdom, and John Fiske s theory of popular culture. Both theorists agree that the subject, even under subordination, is always an active agent in the production of meaning. He is free to interpolate meanings into dominant discourse and consume it for his own personal purposes. In this paper, Fiske s theory of popular culture is applied to the totalitarian context of the Soviet state, and Soviet ideology is reconsidered at the popular level, i.e. popular culture and popular consciousness. It aims to illuminate ruses, trickery, deception and cheating. It explains semiological guerrilla raids and attacks upon Soviet ideology and the Soviet system. It also illustrates how ideology provided by a disempowering system is consumed for personal pleasure and personal gain. MAGDOLNA BARÁTH This paper analyses the incidence and nature of anti-communist resistance in Hungary in the 1950s and 1960s by looking at State Security and police documents and statistics on such activity. A breakdown is given of the anti-communist and anti- state crimes covered, including conspiracy , incitement, and spying. The study also looks at the class background of those found guilty of anti-communist resistance, and notes that the percentage of so-called class enemies from the ranks of kulaks, former capitalists and other oppressors is surprisingly low. It should be stressed, however, that there are inherent methodological deficiencies with a study of this nature, because reconstructing the history of resistance in Hungary from State Security documents means that we are relying on sources that are considered by historians to be the most untrustworthy. State Security organizations tried to criminalize even the smallest cases of passive resistance and sometimes they tried to use fabricated evidence to turn cases that did not in any way qualify as political resistance into seditious acts. FRANTIŠEK BÁRTÍK The aim of this paper is to provide a basic portrayal of Czechoslovakia s forced labour camps. Forced labour camps were established pursuant to Act No. 247/48 of the Collection of Laws (Coll.), on labour camps, which was approved on 25 October 1948. They existed in Czechoslovakia until 1954, particularly in sectors suffering from labour shortages (mines, ironworks, construction firms, state farms, agricultural businesses, etc.). 355 In order for a person to be sent to a forced labour camp, he need not have committed a crime. It was enough for him to be suspected of being capable of committing an offence. People aged 18 to 60 years were sent to forced labour camps for three months to two years without court proceedings, apart from a few exceptions. The decision to send someone to a forced labour camp was most frequently taken by a three-member commission appointed by the Regional National Committee. The commission ended its activity on 31 July 1950, when Act No. 247/48 Coll. was annulled. The subsequent legalization of forced labour camps was stipulated by Act No. 88/50 Coll. and Act No. 86/50 Coll. Forced labour camps were primarily important for isolating enemies of the regime ofthat period and attempting to turn them into loyal fellow citizens. EKATERINA BONCHEVA This paper tackles the deep-rooted perception that Bulgaria never had its own anti-communist revolution, unlike the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, or East Germany, and that it also never had numerous networks of dissidents or prisoners of conscience, in contrast to Ukraine and Russia. The author draws attention to the fact that Bulgaria was actually the country which fostered the first armed and the most enduring resistance movement against communist rule and the Sovietization of the state. As early as 1944, the so-called goryani or mountain men movement began launching operations against the communists, and it continued to do so until 1956. This study charts the history of the goryani and also mentions some subsequent anti- communist resistance in Bulgaria. In doing so, it highlights an aspect of the country s history which has yet to be the subject of an extensive, consensual analysis. TOMÁŠ BURŠÍK The author s study discusses the subject of anti-communist resistance (the so-called Third Resistance ) in Czechoslovakia. It attempts to specify and define it, whilst also evaluating the availability of resources and their interpretation as well as generally working with these materials. The paper also deals with generational issues among historians, which could be the reason why research in this field is still only in its infancy. The author s concept of the Third Resistance encompasses all possible activities - from the activities of political representatives, both at home and in exile, before the communist putsch in 1948 to foreign radio broadcasts, military and intelligence activities, attempts at armed resistance, agricultural and industrial sabotage, spontaneous opposition in society during important events, numerous manifestations of civil society, labour unrest, the activities of the hidden Church , pamphlet campaigns and displays of resistance in Czechoslovak prison facilities. 356 MARKÉTA CHALUPOVÁ This contribution is devoted to the legal Czechoslovak press and the way in which it reflected on the Mašín brothers resistance group when they were active. More specifically, the analysis focuses on four dailies - Rudé právo, Lidová demokracie, Svobodné slovo and Mladá fronta. The Mašin Brothers group operated during the so-called foundation period of communism in Czechoslovakia, which began with the February putsch of 1948 and ended around 1953, or the early 19508. This period is one of the most gruesome and tragic periods in the history of post-war Czechoslovakia. Reflecting on the Mašín case should serve to provide more elaborate information about the Mašín group, but should also illustrate the extent of the communist regime s totalitarianism. Propaganda is a powerful tool in the hands of totalitarian governments. The press was one of the main instruments of propaganda under the Czechoslovak communist regime. EVŽEN VÁCLAV FAUCHER After outlining the lack of popular feeling for French resistance to the German occupation (in spite of specifically French factors encouraging the glorification of resistance activists, which were absent from the Czech paradigm after 1989), the author focuses on recalling the group led by Petr Křivka in Brno in the years 1948-1949.181 of these people were arraigned, 2 men were sentenced to death and executed, and one committed suicide. This study demonstrates how it is not surprising that the meaning of their actions has been obliterated, minimized or distorted. BERND FLORATH In Germany, historical research on resistance and opposition has developed its own methodology and framework through dealing with resistance to National Socialism. Applying the same methods to anti-communist resistance challenges further theoretical considerations of the characteristics and varied nature of opposition and resistance as concepts that are also useful for comparative analysis. This paper emphasizes a definition focused on the framework of Georg Jellinek asking for the political status of citizens confronting state interests. Starting with this conceptual basis, a change in the emphasis and direction of political antagonism in the GDR in the mid-1950s is outlined, whilst stressing the growth and dominance of left-wing revisionist opposition from 1956 till at least 1968. ALEŠ GABRIČ After clashing with the Soviet Union, the authorities in Yugoslavia became more politically tolerant of citizens with different convictions. Following the partial 357 liberalization of the media at the beginning of the 1950s, people could read or hear about more than just the only valid opinion on certain problems that was presented by the communist authorities. The criticism voiced by intellectuals was limited to individual political issues (e.g. the political monopoly of the communists, the cult of personality, limited freedom of the press, etc). The communist regime viewed socially critical intellectuals and their publications as opposition, and was, periodically, more or less tolerant towards it. Nonetheless, the fates of these intellectuals (forced retirement, imprisonment, life in emigration, bans on the printing of their works, etc.) proved that the communist regime used all possible means to prevent people from seeking different political directions. RONALD GEBAUER Estimates indicate that 260,000 people were imprisoned by the regime in the former German Democratic Republic for political reasons and that many more suffered severe persecution at the hands of this communist administration. Based on a questionnaire survey and some face-to-face interviews with applicants for compensation and rehabilitation in the federal state of Thuringia, this paper looks at how communist maltreatment affected the social standing of these people as well as the impact it had on their state of health. Given that this study proves there are several disparities between those seeking reparation for communist injustices and the general population, the author calls for research to be extended in this area so that one can foster a greater understanding of the consequences of these past events and develop coping strategies for dealing with them. TOMÁŠ GRULICH In this paper, the author focuses on the relationship between Czechoslovak organs of repression and Czech and Slovak émigrés. He describes the steps that the communist regime took to prevent potential emigres from legally travelling abroad. This even included changing legislation, because until 1948 crossing the border was only considered to be an infringement of passport regulations. Consequently, the Ministry of the Interior asked the state prosecutor to classify quitting the country as high treason. Similarly, the security forces attempted to prevent departures abroad by systematically engendering a fear of emigration with the help of tough punishments. From the mid- 1950s onwards, the departments of the Ministry of the Interior subsequently developed a new modus operandi, i.e. active measures that were supposed to reduce the significance of the émigré community and to weaken its unity and strength. They were also meant to undermine the opinions of Czechoslovak émigré organizations and to create discord among individual groups. 358 JOSEF HALLA Štěpánka Baloušková, who was a teacher by profession and the wife of an officer imprisoned by both totalitarian regimes, was born on 11 October 1922. In 1951, she decided to actively take a stand against the totalitarian regime, and for several years she helped political prisoners from forced labour camps at uranium mines in Jáchymov. She supplied them with items they needed, she acted as a go-between with their families all over the country, and she did not hesitate to psychologically support some of them by visiting them in prison. Despite the large number of contacts, they managed to achieve a high level of collusion, which ensured that she never ended up in jail or detention. Moreover, she was also not extra-judicially persecuted (provided that we disregard being harassed at work and pursued by property claims). After the fall of the communist regime, she helped organize commemorative gatherings of political prisoners in the places that became Jáchymov labour camps, which were known as the Jáchymov Hell . MARTIN JINDRA This contribution concerns itself with Augustin Jüngling, an Olomouc priest from the Czechoslovak Hussite Church, who was politically active in the Czech National Socialist Party from 1945. His life changed dramatically after the communist putsch in Czechoslovakia in February 1948. On 25 August 1948 he decided to solve his difficult situation by escaping to Germany. Thanks to his status, he found a contact person at the Ludwigsburg refugee camp who regularly visited Czechoslovakia. From November 1948, with the help two messengers, he established contact with his family and friends in Olomouc, including, for example, the Czechoslovak priest Oldřich Bukal and his friend František Kopecký. This connection was maintained until 27 July 1949, when one of the messengers was imprisoned. In 1951, communist State Security (StB) fabricated evidence against a group with 12 members whom they called Oldřich Bukal and Company. This group was tried at the end of February 1952, and sentenced to a total of 50 years and 6 months. By that time Augustin Jüngling worked as a priest for the Czechoslovak Hussite Church in the USA, where he had gone with all his family on 17 June 1950. The court case against Oldřich Bukal and Company was the largest political trial against the Czechoslovak Hussite Church after February 1948 (Bukals group included, for example, two priests, a priest s wife, a clerk, a bishop s daughter, etc.). KATEŘINA JOKLOVÁ The events of February 1948 had an impact on all aspects of life throughout Czechoslovakia. The resistance in Liberec was led by representatives of non-communist 359 parties. At the turn of 1949 and 1950, communist State Security (StB) investigated two terrorist groups named after Dr. Eduard Beneš and Jan Roháč of Duba. These organizations were directed by a political centre in Liberec, which was connected with a Prague centre headed by Milada Horáková. Over 80 people were arrested and accused of high treason, spying, murder, burglary and sabotage. The members of these groups were sentenced in three trials. Bedřich Judytka and Bohuslav Houfek were sentenced to death. 20 people were sentenced to life imprisonment. The others were sentenced to a total of 872 years in prison. The trials of these so-called terrorist groups were supported by a strong publicity campaign. These 3 trials were followed by 10 more, involving over 50 people. JAN KALOUS Using available archive materials, this paper takes a new look at the well known case of the Mašín brothers resistance group in Czechoslovakia. It focuses primarily on the investigation into the death of two members of the State Security apparatus - Oldñch Kašík and Jaroslav Honzátko. Their short professional careers with communist State Security are outlined and their personal documentation is also included. The study tries to analyse and comment on the materials from the original investigation in 1951 and the subsequent revenge on the relatives that was carried out after the Mašín brothers fled to the West in October 1953. NORBERT KMEŤ The seizure of power by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia triggered repressive measures against Christian churches. Three Catholic periodicals were banned in the Czech lands and some religious holidays were abolished. This was followed by purges throughout society. During the years 1949-1950, in particular, believers openly protested against the religious policy of the communist regime. These expressions of disagreement were labelled as resistance. In the same period, the government authorities introduced various measures such as the so-called Catholic initiative, the destruction of the monasteries and the elimination of the Greek Catholic Church. Nevertheless, despite various forms of repression, believers did participate in religious life, whilst playing a passive role in the ideological events of the communist regime. STANISLAV KONEČNÝ In this article, the author analyses the activities of troops from the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in Slovakia in the years 1945-1946. The troops were part of a new strategy and tactics pursued by the Ukrainian national movement. Their task was to influence the inhabitants of north-eastern Slovakia through propaganda, thereby 360 broadening their operational platform for rearguard actions. These actions were taking place under intense pressure from the Soviet and Polish armies as well as security forces. The main thrust of the UPAV propaganda comprised anti-communism presented in the shape of anti-Sovietism. Stanislav Konečný analyses the individual arguments and slogans of this propaganda, the principles, methods and means used to implement it, and the results it achieved. MATĚJ KOTALÍK Besides straightforward cases of heroes and cowards, executioners and victims, the history of anti-communist resistance and opposition in Czechoslovakia is also linked with peripheral subcultures, such as those of the stilyagi and hooligans. Both terms were widely used in journalism, literature, cinema and academic discourse during the 1950s. To go beyond their communist ideologization and todays heroization, Gerhard Botz s typology of resistance behaviour and Robert King Mertons modes of social adaptation can become useful. According to the former, stilyagi and hooligans rank among forms of social protest; according to the latter, they belong somewhere between retreatism and rebellion. In the mid-1960s, discussions about youth revolt became one of the preludes to the Prague Spring, whereas in the aftermath of 1956, the legal definition of hooliganism in Soviet Bloc states served as a means of political stabilization. HEIKKI LARMOLA After defining the concept of a crisis in a subjective and objective sense, this paper proceeds to look at the subjective crisis that the communist putsch in Czechoslovakia precipitated in Finland in 1948. The author conducts an extensive analysis of the situation in Finland during this period, particularly the time leading up to the conclusion of a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and Finland in 1948, which helped ensure that the Finns remained outside the Soviets direct sphere of influence and also shaped Finnish foreign policy for the next 43 years. Despite the fact that the putsch in Czechoslovakia and negotiations on the Finnish-Russian treaty coincided with each other, the paper does not find any direct connection between the two events. Moreover, although there were calls by Finnish communists for the country to take a Czechoslovak Path to socialism after the events in Prague 1948, the author outlines why this was never a very realistic prospect for a number of reasons. He also explains how the communists in Finland were always in a much weaker position than their Czechoslovak counterparts in the years following WWII, even though they themselves often failed to realize this. 361 KAMIL NEDVEDICKY This article deals with resistance and opposition to the communist regime in Czechoslovakia from a legal perspective. The opening section contains some examples of how the fight was waged against despotism. In the main part of the text, the author defines the difference between legality and legitimacy, which is the most important issue when it comes to making sense of this issue. There is also a description of the legal order and actual situation in Czechoslovakia at the time of the communist plot. This text provides evidence of illegitimate and illegal actions taken against many people from various social groups, and shows that these actions were typical of the communist regime. The author emphasizes the context and the international backdrop to the relevant period. He finds a visible contradiction between the communist system and international law, which was based on effective documents that codified the principles of humanity. In conclusion the author presents his legal opinion that resistance and opposition to the communist regime, including cases where people took up arms against tyranny, was in accordance with the law. At present, our legal order justifies this resistance against the communist regime and considers it to have been moral and worthy of respect. VLADIMIR PALKO Instances of resistance against communism in the National Security Corps in Czechoslovakia during the era under consideration were quite extraordinary. The most important case was that of the officers Bernard Jaško, Pavol Kalinaj and Pavol Hajdin. From March 1949, they informed Bishop Michal Buzalka via Štefan Uhrín of communist State Security (StB) operations directed against the Catholic Church. Jaško was arrested along with 21 other people one day before he planned to escape abroad. During interrogations, at least six of the detainees were subjected to physical and mental torture for refusing to sign fabricated statements. On 9 November 1949, the State Court sentenced Jaško and Kalinaj to death by hanging and handed out prison sentences totalling 93 years to the others. The Supreme Court confirmed the death sentences and raised the prison sentences to a total of 144 years imprisonment. Jaško and Kalinaj were executed on 17 February 1951. At the behest of the communist leadership, State Security commanders distributed copies of the judgements pronouncing the death sentences to each member of State Security and the National Security Corps, as a veiled threat which used terror and fear to ensure obedience. Other officers who paid the ultimate price for resisting communism included Pavol Babík, who left the country but returned to work as a spy, and Pavol Valent, who helped four people cross the Austrian border. 362 JAN PEŠEK The Freedom Party was one of two peripheral parties operating in Slovakia after 1948. It was without any political influence, functioning only as an activist party with minimal membership. In the mid-1950s, a faction in the party leadership, headed by the party chairman and deputy to the National Assembly Vincent Pokojný, attempted to mobilize the party and acquire more members. Another leadership faction led by the party secretary general František Štefánik did not approve of these ideas and denounced Pokojný and his followers to the leadership of the Communist Party. At the end of 1955, Štefánik gave Communist Party representatives some programme documents, which outlined the course the Freedom Party would take if communism were to collapse. At the beginning of 1956, State Security arrested Pokojný (who had been forced to give up his mandate as an MP) as well as his followers, and accused them of plotting to overturn communism and revive capitalism. Pokojný and his cohorts were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment in June 1956. Pokojný himself was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Although an appeals court reduced the sentence at the end of 1956, it still served as a stark warning to other peripheral parties in the country not to follow this example. RENATO PODBERSIČ Between the end of the First World War and the collapse of Yugoslavia, Slovenia was the only European country to experience the most intensive activities of all three forms of totalitarianism (fascism, Nazism and communism). In contrast to communism in other Eastern European states, communism in Yugoslavia, particularly in Slovenia, came to power of its own accord, without the intervention of the Soviet Army. Because communist rule could only remain in power through force, it was necessarily based on the use of excessive repression against its own citizens. Until the collapse of communism, Yugoslavia, and consequently Slovenia, remained a totalitarian state, despite certain liberal changes. The main support structure of communist rule was its political secret police. They took care to ensure that internal enemies were constantly under control and that timely sanctions were taken against them whenever this was required. JAROSLAV ROKOSKÝ The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly and unscrupulously constructed a totalitarian regime. It eliminated real and imagined enemies without compunction. It created its own rules, methods and institutions, which mostly had no basis in the rule of law. Štěpán Gavenda was one of those who would not reconcile himself to the new totalitarianism. He escaped to West Germany in the spring of 1948. In a refugee 363 camp, he was recruited for intelligence work by the US Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). He succeeded in building an extensive intelligence network in Prague, Moravia and Slovakia, but his activities were eventually discovered by State Security (StB). This resulted in a death sentence for Gavenda, which was changed to life imprisonment on appeal. In 1952, Gavenda escaped with five inmates from Leopoldov Prison, and he fled to West Germany once more. Despite various difficulties, he once again got involved in anti-communist resistance, but was re-arrested by security forces and transferred to the Czech Socialist Republic. On 15 April 1954, the Regional Court in Uherské Hradiště sentenced him to death. MARTIN TICHÝ Jiří Rábí was one of many people accused in the 1950s of high treason, espionage at the Jáchymov uranium mine, contacting the US embassy, and illegally crossing state boundaries. His case covers the delicate subject of resistance in Europe during the Second World War whilst simultaneously touching on the very important topic of uranium mines. By looking at case files, we can find many examples of the methods commonly used by communist State Security (StB) and other police bodies during the investigation process. Nevertheless, these types of files are only one source of information, which needs to be supplemented with data that can be obtained using other research methods, e.g. oral history projects. Using Jiří Rábľs case as an example, this article attempts to demonstrate the cha¬ racteristic manner in which communists persecuted so-called enemies of the people s democracy. PROKOP TOMEK In the early 1950s, a number of Cold War skirmishes took place in the Czechoslovak border region beside Austria and West Germany. The actors involved in these clashes were couriers serving Czechoslovak anti-communist resistance in exile. Lethal defence systems, including electrified fences and booby traps, were being built by Czechoslovak security forces along the country s western borders. In conjunction with a sophisticated system of frontier guards, this made the border practically impenetrable, which forced Western intelligence services to look for new ways of getting couriers across this boundary. Attempts were made to cross border rivers underwater using diving suits and special rubber wetsuits. In 1953-1954 aerial crossings in hydrogen-filled balloons were also tested in several cases. Despite the fact that this was quite an antiquated 364 aircraft, US intelligence services used what were then new plastic materials and special modifications for designing the balloons. The pilots were trained at the RAF s Bedford base in the UK. Around six balloons landed secretly in Czechoslovakia during the relevant period. They carried radio transmitters and other equipment for intelligence couriers. The last such operation took place on 13 August 1954. This operation failed because two couriers were killed while landing in Czechoslovakia near the village of Krasna Hora nad Vltavou. US and British intelligence archives covering the period in question are still closed, but information on their operations (especially failed missions) can be obtained from the archives of their adversaries, i.e. those of the Czechoslovak Border Guards and State Security. Courier operations on Czechoslovakia s western borders are still a subject that needs to be researched further. JIŘÍ URBAN In this paper, the author draws attention to a case of resistance against the communist regime, which occurred in a Czech rural district almost 60 years ago. The work deals with a peasants protest rally in front of the District National Committee building in Dobruška. In December 1949, local private farmers decided to respond to official inspections of their homesteads (which forced them to deliver disproportionately large amounts of produce within the framework of the Czechoslovak Communist Party s agricultural policies) by organizing a protest march to the headquarters of the District National Committee. A Czechoslovak national flag was raised at the head of the procession and around 300 people took part in the event. Communist State Security responded with the mass detention of selected farmers, whom it then portrayed as a group of subversives. This resulted in the political trial of 18 farmers, whom communist propaganda disparagingly described as the village rich or kulaks. The case was heard before the Prague State Court in Hradec Králové. Prison sentences ranging from 13 to 25 years were given to 6 people who were identified as organizers, while sentences of 1 to 9 years were meted out to the others. 14 people had all their property confiscated while 5 were subsequently forced out of their homes as part of a nationwide security dampdown known as Operation К ( kulaks ). The study describes what motivated the farmers to resist and gives an account of what went on behind the scenes during the investigation. It also outlines how the existence a treasonous group was fabricated. The paper draws on documents from both central and regional archives. 365 VLADIMIR VARÍNSKY This study attempts to find the causes behind the anti-communist revolt in Slovakia after WWII whilst also reflecting on the nature of this uprising. The article pays particular attention to the activities of the Slovak emigre community after the war. It especially stresses the Slovaks traditional Christian and national consciousness as a predetermining factor in their anti-communist revolt. In Slovakia, operations against the Red Army were perceived as a response to the threat posed to the Christian tradition by Marxist atheism. The proclaimed renewal of Czechoslovak statehood was also perceived by Slovaks as a threat to their own recently acquired autonomy. Consequently, the natural response was to prepare for a revolt against the communist threat. Based on their preference for certain different aspects of Slovak traditional feeling, two separate intelligence organizations were created before the end of the war. Although they prepared two completely different ways of rebelling, they were ultimately united in their anti-communist orientation. RAFAL WNUK This paper primarily focuses on the period just before and after the end of WWII, when the Polish anti-Nazi underground resistance movement, directed by the London government in exile, began to break up into various national and regional factions. Many of these groupings subsequently attempted in various ways to disrupt the establishment in Poland of a communist regime supported by Moscow. This underground anti-communist resistance effectively ceased to be a threat to Poland s communist administration after many of the insurgents availed of an amnesty that was granted in 1947. Nonetheless, several smaller groupings did continue to operate against the communists from forested areas. They proved to be surprisingly tenacious and the last group was not vanquished until 1953. In addition to attempting to calculate the number of casualties that resulted from fighting between communist forces and underground rebels, the author also discusses whether these clashes could be considered to have been an all out civil war or some other kind of fratricidal conflict . 366 Mezinárodní konferenci Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému re¬ žimu v Československu a ve střední Evropě uspořádal ve dnech 15.-16. dubna 2009 Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů ve spo¬ lupráci s Archivem bezpečnostních složek a Úřadem vlády ČR. Příspěvky téměř třiceti účastníků, které na ní zazněly v češtině, angličtině, němčině a slovenštině a jež obsahuje tento sborník, mapují situaci v Československu a v dalších komunisty ovláda¬ ných zemích, hnutí odporu, které se v nich zformovalo, či osudy odbojových skupin a jednotlivců z jejich řad. Na druhé straně popisují mechanismy, jimiž komunistický režim upevňoval svo¬ ji moc: ať už ovlivňováním veřejného mínění pomocí tištěných médií doma i v emigrantských komunitách, potlačováním spon¬ tánních protestů za asistence zmanipulovaných soudů i celého státního aparátu nebo vybudováním táborů nucených prací.
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author_corporate	Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag
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author_sort	Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag
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spelling	Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě 2009 Prag Verfasser (DE-588)16094908-7 aut Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] International conference Odboj a odpor Sborník k mezinárodní konference Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 Praha Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů 2010 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl., teilw. slowak., teilw. tschech. - Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd rswk-swf Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag gnd-content Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 s Geschichte 1944-1989 z DE-604 Baločkaitė, Rasa Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4002291-2 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)1071861417
title	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
title_alt	International conference Odboj a odpor Sborník k mezinárodní konference Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
title_auth	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
title_exact_search	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
title_full	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...]
title_fullStr	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...]
title_full_unstemmed	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...]
title_short	Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě
title_sort	odboj a odpor proti komunistickemu rezimu v ceskoslovensku a ve stredni evrope sbornik k mezinarodni konferenci poradane v praze ve dnech 15 16 dubna 2009 resistance and opposition against the communist regime in czechoslovakia and central europe 15th 16th april 2009
title_sub	sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
topic	Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd
topic_facet	Antikommunismus Ostmitteleuropa Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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