Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě: sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009
Gespeichert in:
| Körperschaft: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Tagungsbericht Buch |
| Sprache: | German English Czech Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů
2010
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl., teilw. slowak., teilw. tschech. - Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788087211427 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 111 | 2 | |a Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě |d 2009 |c Prag |j Verfasser |0 (DE-588)16094908-7 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě |b sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |c [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a International conference Odboj a odpor |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Sborník k mezinárodní konference Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 366 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl., teilw. slowak., teilw. tschech. - Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1944-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Antikommunismus |0 (DE-588)4002291-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Ostmitteleuropa |0 (DE-588)4075753-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |y 2009 |z Prag |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Ostmitteleuropa |0 (DE-588)4075753-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Antikommunismus |0 (DE-588)4002291-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1944-1989 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Baločkaitė, Rasa |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 437 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143588308680704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvod
......................................................................................................................................7
Ediční poznámka
......................................................................................................
u
Panel I
1.
sál, středa
15.
dubna
2009
TOMÁŠ BURŠÍK, Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR
*■
Diskuse nad třetím odbojem
................17
BERND FLORATH,
BStU
► Zum Subjektwechsel politischer Gegnerschaft
in der DDR in den fünfziger Jahren.......................................................................................27
RAFAL
WNUK,
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
»-
Anti-communist
Conspiracy in Poland
1944-1956...........................................................................................41
RENATO
PODBERSIČ,
Study Centre for National Reconciliation
►
The case of Slovenia:
resistance and opposition to the communist regime
..........................................................51
MAGDOLNA BARÁTH,
Historical Archives of Hungarian State Security
►
Anti
Communist
resistance in Hungary
.............................................................................................................61
RASA
BALOČKAITÉ Vyta
utas
Magnus University
*
Semiological guerrilla warfare:
strategies of resistance under Soviet rule in Lithuania
........................................................73
RONALD
GEBAUER, Friedrich
Schiller University of Jena
»■
The peaceful revolution and its
aftermath: the social situation of victims of communism in East Germany
......................83
EKATERINA BONCHEVA, a member of the Secret Files Commission in Bulgaria
*■
The Goryani
movement
-
the first anti-communist resistance movement in Eastern Europe
...............93
HEIKKI LARMOLA,
University of Helsinki
►
The impacts of the Czechoslovak crisis of
1948
on Finland
...............................................................................................................................99
ALEŠ GABRIČ,
Institute for Contemporary History, Ljubljana
*·
The communist regime in
Slovenia and its critics
.........................................................................................................127
Panel
II
2.
sál, středa
15.
dubna
2009
MARKÉTA CHALUPOVÁ, Historický ústav Filozofické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity
*■
Odbojová
skupina bratří Mašinu a její reflexe v dobovém legálním československém tisku
...........139
JAN KALOUS, ÚSTR
►
Reflexe případu bratří Mašinu v dobovém kontextu
.......................145
VLADIMÍR
VARÍNSKY,
Fakulta
humanitných vied
Univerzity
Mateja Bela,
Banská Bystrica
»■
Slovenský
povojnový
exil a jeho protikomunistické aktivity
.............................................157
JAN PEŠEK, Historický ústav
SAV,
Bratislava
►
Odhalení příprav části vedení Strany svobody
ke „zvratu lidově demokratického zřízení a obnovení kapitalismu v Československu
v polovině
50.
let
..................................................................................................................
167
NORBERT KMET, Ústav politických
vied SAV,
Bratislava
►
Formy odporu
cirkví a veriacich..
175
VLADIMÍR PÁLKO, Ústav
pamäti
národa, Bratislava
►
Odpor proti komunismu ve Sboru
národní bezpečnosti
.............................................................................................................191
Panel III
1.
sál, čtvrtek
16.
dubna
2009
TOMÁŠ GRULICH, Senát Parlamentu ČR
►
Potlačování dopadu zahraničního odboje
v Československu prostřednictvím bezpečnostních složek
................................................
1
EVŽEN VÁCLAV
FAUCHER,
Universität Nancy, Frankreich »- Zur Erinnerungskultur. Beispielfall
Akce Tábor
(Brunn Februar 1948 - August 1949)...............................................................205
PROKOP TOMEK, Vojenský historický ústav
►
Netradiční metody přechodu státní hranice
kurýry v době studené války
................................................................................................217
MATĚJ KOTALÍK, ÚHSD
FF
UK, NFA
►
„Páskové a „chuligáni proti režimu? Na okraj
tradičních konceptu odboje a rezistence
............................................................................225
JAROSLAV ROKOSKÝ, ÚSTR
►
Odboj za časů hanebnosti. Protikomunistická skupina Štěpán
Gavenda, Miloš Zemánek a spol
..........................................................................................233
JOSEF
HALLA
»·
Nevšední osud Štěpánky Balouškové
.........................................................239
Panel
IV
2.
sál, čtvrtek
16.
dubna
2009
STANISLAV KONEČNÝ, Společenskovědný ústav
SAV,
Košice
►
Protikomunistické aspekty
v činnosti jednotek
UPA na
Slovensku po druhé světové válce
.........................................251
KATEŘINA JOKLOVÁ, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně
Odbojová činnost členů
nekomunistických stran na Liberecku
.................................................................................263
FRANTIŠEK BÁRTÍK, Památník Vojna
►
Tábory nucené práce (TNP). Jaroslav Metyš a Jaroslav
Vojtěch
-
dva konkrétní případy cesty do TNP
...................................................................273
JIŘÍ URBAN, ÚSTR
►
Manifestační
rolnický průvod na ONV v Dobrušce
.............................283
MARTIN TICHÝ, ÚSTR
►
Několik poznámek
к
případu Jiřího Rábla
......................................303
KAMIL NEDVĚDICKÝ, Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
►
Právní pohled na odboj a odpor proti
komunistickému režimu
.......................................................................................................319
MARTIN JINDRA, ÚSTR
*>
Případ olomouckého faráře Církve československé
Augustina
Jünglinga............................................................................................................331
Pamětnický panel
...................................................................................................339
Abstracts
.......................................................................................................................355
Panel
II
2
«ЗІ, ігґгі.і
15.
dubna
2009
A CHALUPOVÁ. htHQr
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filtuabcké Iďkulty
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b.elłlMalinuaiejlieilHrwdubmimlegaMi^^łiulf^enikririHibu
- - 139
Ν
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.........................................................................
Panel
III
1.
sůl,
■-■it—
lů, dubna
?üUb
TOfclíi GHULlCH.
Senat
Pírl*m¿uL
l·
►■
Pstliíovinl .I.^j·.-
„¡ши.ііі
EVŹ(N
VACIAV
FAULHEIT.
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ЩОКОР
TOMEK. «i[í«skt
hiiruncfcy
4ţlav
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r*wr«liínľ
rnr
kuríry
udobi
nudei*
tólky
......................................._
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..............._...........................................................
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Panel IV
2.
sal,
Čtvrtek
16.
dubita 20Q9
TANISLAV
KG4LĆNY
SpolefensKovţdny
uiiav
SAV. Kall»
r Pralftomurtúllckt
fatl
iţeau
ѓ
Ub«i«ku
........................ ---.........................263
BAKIID
РјгпМпЛ
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ЛЬаіу
niiitnt
k pi*adu JiFthg Mbli
--------................
ДО
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kcmirtitìiirnìu
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..................._..................--—..............................
1 9
MflHTINJINDRfi UŠTU
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................................................-...................331
Ра
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.... ............................................
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Abstracts
......................................................................____
зв
Abstracts
RASA
BALOČKAITÉ
This article sheds some light on popular strategies of resistance under Soviet rule.
The theoretical impulse for this research comes from James
С
Scott s theory of silent
resistance,
i.e.
resistance practices under severe domination such as slavery or serfdom,
and John Fiske s theory of popular culture. Both theorists agree that the subject, even
under subordination, is always an active agent in the production of meaning. He is free
to interpolate meanings into dominant discourse and consume it for his own personal
purposes. In this paper, Fiske s theory of popular culture is applied to the totalitarian
context of the Soviet state, and Soviet ideology is reconsidered at the popular level,
i.e.
popular culture and popular consciousness. It aims to illuminate ruses, trickery,
deception and cheating. It explains semiological guerrilla raids and attacks upon
Soviet ideology and the Soviet system. It also illustrates how ideology provided by
a disempowering system is consumed for personal pleasure and personal gain.
MAGDOLNA BARÁTH
This paper analyses the incidence and nature of anti-communist resistance in
Hungary in the
1950s
and
1960s
by looking at State Security and police documents
and statistics on such activity. A breakdown is given of the anti-communist and anti-
state crimes covered, including conspiracy , incitement, and spying. The study also
looks at the class background of those found guilty of anti-communist resistance, and
notes that the percentage of so-called class enemies from the ranks of kulaks, former
capitalists and other oppressors is surprisingly low. It should be stressed, however,
that there are inherent methodological deficiencies with a study of this nature, because
reconstructing the history of resistance in Hungary from State Security documents
means that we are relying on sources that are considered by historians to be the most
untrustworthy. State Security organizations tried to criminalize even the smallest cases
of passive resistance and sometimes they tried to use fabricated evidence to turn cases
that did not in any way qualify as political resistance into seditious acts.
FRANTIŠEK BÁRTÍK
The aim of this paper is to provide a basic portrayal of Czechoslovakia s forced labour
camps. Forced labour camps were established pursuant to Act No.
247/48
of the Collection
of Laws (Coll.), on labour camps, which was approved on
25
October
1948.
They existed
in Czechoslovakia until
1954,
particularly in sectors suffering from labour shortages
(mines, ironworks, construction firms, state farms, agricultural businesses, etc.).
355
In order for a person to be sent to a forced labour camp, he need not have committed
a crime. It was enough for him to be suspected of being capable of committing an
offence. People aged
18
to
60
years were sent to forced labour camps for three months
to two years without court proceedings, apart from a few exceptions. The decision to
send someone to a forced labour camp was most frequently taken by a three-member
commission appointed by the Regional National Committee. The commission ended
its activity on
31
July
1950,
when Act No.
247/48
Coll. was annulled. The subsequent
legalization of forced labour camps was stipulated by Act No.
88/50
Coll. and Act No.
86/50
Coll. Forced labour camps were primarily important for isolating enemies of the
regime
ofthat
period and attempting to turn them into loyal fellow citizens.
EKATERINA BONCHEVA
This paper tackles the deep-rooted perception that Bulgaria never had its own
anti-communist revolution, unlike the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, or East
Germany, and that it also never had numerous networks of dissidents or prisoners of
conscience, in contrast to Ukraine and Russia. The author draws attention to the fact
that Bulgaria was actually the country which fostered the first armed and the most
enduring resistance movement against communist rule and the Sovietization of the
state. As early as
1944,
the so-called goryani or mountain men movement began
launching operations against the communists, and it continued to do so until
1956.
This study charts the history of the goryani and also mentions some subsequent anti-
communist resistance in Bulgaria. In doing so, it highlights an aspect of the country s
history which has yet to be the subject of an extensive, consensual analysis.
TOMÁŠ BURŠÍK
The author s study discusses the subject of anti-communist resistance (the so-called
Third Resistance ) in Czechoslovakia. It attempts to specify and define it, whilst also
evaluating the availability of resources and their interpretation as well as generally
working with these materials. The paper also deals with generational issues among
historians, which could be the reason why research in this field is still only in its infancy.
The author s concept of the Third Resistance encompasses all possible activities
-
from the activities of political representatives, both at home and in exile, before
the communist putsch in
1948
to foreign radio broadcasts, military and intelligence
activities, attempts at armed resistance, agricultural and industrial sabotage,
spontaneous opposition in society during important events, numerous manifestations
of civil society, labour unrest, the activities of the hidden Church , pamphlet campaigns
and displays of resistance in Czechoslovak prison facilities.
356
MARKÉTA CHALUPOVÁ
This contribution is devoted to the legal Czechoslovak press and the way in which
it reflected on the
Mašín
brothers resistance group when they were active. More
specifically, the analysis focuses on four dailies
-
Rudé právo, Lidová demokracie,
Svobodné slovo and Mladá fronta. The Mašin Brothers
group operated during the
so-called foundation period of communism in Czechoslovakia, which began with the
February putsch of
1948
and ended around
1953,
or the early
19508.
This period is one
of the most gruesome and tragic periods in the history of post-war Czechoslovakia.
Reflecting on the
Mašín
case should serve to provide more elaborate information
about the
Mašín
group, but should also illustrate the extent of the communist regime s
totalitarianism. Propaganda is a powerful tool in the hands of totalitarian governments.
The press was one of the main instruments of propaganda under the Czechoslovak
communist regime.
EVŽEN VÁCLAV
FAUCHER
After outlining the lack of popular feeling for French resistance to the German
occupation (in spite of specifically French factors encouraging the glorification of
resistance activists, which were absent from the Czech paradigm after
1989),
the author
focuses on recalling the group led by
Petr Křivka
in Brno in the years
1948-1949.181
of these people were arraigned,
2
men were sentenced to death and executed, and one
committed suicide. This study demonstrates how it is not surprising that the meaning
of their actions has been obliterated, minimized or distorted.
BERND FLORATH
In Germany, historical research on resistance and opposition has developed its own
methodology and framework through dealing with resistance to National Socialism.
Applying the same methods to anti-communist resistance challenges further theoretical
considerations of the characteristics and varied nature of opposition and resistance
as concepts that are also useful for comparative analysis. This paper emphasizes
a definition focused on the framework of
Georg Jellinek
asking for the political status
of citizens confronting state interests. Starting with this conceptual basis, a change in
the emphasis and direction of political antagonism in the GDR in the
mid-1950s
is
outlined, whilst stressing the growth and dominance of left-wing revisionist opposition
from
1956
till at least
1968.
ALEŠ GABRIČ
After clashing with the Soviet Union, the authorities in Yugoslavia became
more politically tolerant of citizens with different convictions. Following the partial
357
liberalization of the media at the beginning of the
1950s,
people could read or hear
about more than just the only valid opinion on certain problems that was presented
by the communist authorities. The criticism voiced by intellectuals was limited to
individual political issues (e.g. the political monopoly of the communists, the cult of
personality, limited freedom of the press, etc). The communist regime viewed socially
critical intellectuals and their publications as opposition, and was, periodically, more or
less tolerant towards it. Nonetheless, the fates of these intellectuals (forced retirement,
imprisonment, life in emigration, bans on the printing of their works, etc.) proved that
the communist regime used all possible means to prevent people from seeking different
political directions.
RONALD
GEBAUER
Estimates indicate that
260,000
people were imprisoned by the regime in the former
German Democratic Republic for political reasons and that many more suffered severe
persecution at the hands of this communist administration. Based on a questionnaire
survey and some face-to-face interviews with applicants for compensation and
rehabilitation in the federal state of Thuringia, this paper looks at how communist
maltreatment affected the social standing of these people as well as the impact it had on
their state of health. Given that this study proves there are several disparities between
those seeking reparation for communist injustices and the general population, the
author calls for research to be extended in this area so that one can foster a greater
understanding of the consequences of these past events and develop coping strategies
for dealing with them.
TOMÁŠ GRULICH
In this paper, the author focuses on the relationship between Czechoslovak organs
of repression and Czech and Slovak
émigrés.
He describes the steps that the communist
regime took to prevent potential emigres from legally travelling abroad. This even
included changing legislation, because until
1948
crossing the border was only
considered to be an infringement of passport regulations. Consequently, the Ministry
of the Interior asked the state prosecutor to classify quitting the country as high treason.
Similarly, the security forces attempted to prevent departures abroad by systematically
engendering a fear of emigration with the help of tough punishments. From the
mid-
1950s
onwards, the departments of the Ministry of the Interior subsequently developed
a new modus
operandi,
i.e.
active measures that were supposed to reduce the significance
of the
émigré
community and to weaken its unity and strength. They were also meant
to undermine the opinions of Czechoslovak
émigré
organizations and to create discord
among individual groups.
358
JOSEF
HALLA
Štěpánka Baloušková,
who was a teacher by profession and the wife of an officer
imprisoned by both totalitarian regimes, was born on
11
October
1922.
In
1951,
she decided to actively take a stand against the totalitarian regime, and for
several years she helped political prisoners from forced labour camps at uranium mines
in
Jáchymov.
She supplied them with items they needed, she acted as a go-between with
their families all over the country, and she did not hesitate to psychologically support
some of them by visiting them in prison. Despite the large number of contacts, they
managed to achieve a high level of collusion, which ensured that she never ended up in
jail or detention. Moreover, she was also not extra-judicially persecuted (provided that
we disregard being harassed at work and pursued by property claims).
After the fall of the communist regime, she helped organize commemorative
gatherings of political prisoners in the places that became
Jáchymov
labour camps,
which were known as the
Jáchymov
Hell .
MARTIN
JINDRA
This contribution concerns itself with
Augustin
Jüngling, an
Olomouc
priest from
the Czechoslovak Hussite Church, who was politically active in the Czech National
Socialist Party from
1945.
His life changed dramatically after the communist putsch in
Czechoslovakia in February
1948.
On
25
August
1948
he decided to solve his difficult
situation by escaping to Germany. Thanks to his status, he found a contact person at the
Ludwigsburg
refugee camp who regularly visited Czechoslovakia.
From November
1948,
with the help two messengers, he established contact with
his family and friends in
Olomouc,
including, for example, the Czechoslovak priest
Oldřich Bukal
and his friend
František Kopecký.
This connection was maintained until
27
July
1949,
when one of the messengers was imprisoned. In
1951,
communist State
Security (StB) fabricated evidence against a group with
12
members whom they called
Oldřich Bukal
and Company. This group was tried at the end of February
1952,
and
sentenced to a total of
50
years and
6
months. By that time
Augustin
Jüngling
worked
as a priest for the Czechoslovak Hussite Church in the USA, where he had gone with
all his family on
17
June
1950.
The court case against
Oldřich Bukal
and Company
was the largest political trial against the Czechoslovak Hussite Church after February
1948
(Bukals group included, for example, two priests, a priest s wife, a clerk, a bishop s
daughter, etc.).
KATEŘINA JOKLOVÁ
The events of February
1948
had an impact on all aspects of life throughout
Czechoslovakia. The resistance in
Liberec
was led by representatives of non-communist
359
parties.
At the turn of
1949
and
1950,
communist State Security (StB) investigated
two terrorist groups named after Dr.
Eduard
Beneš
and
Jan Roháč
of
Duba.
These
organizations were directed by a political centre in
Liberec,
which was connected with
a Prague centre headed by
Milada Horáková.
Over
80
people were arrested and accused
of high treason, spying, murder, burglary and sabotage. The members of these groups
were sentenced in three trials.
Bedřich Judytka
and
Bohuslav Houfek
were sentenced
to death.
20
people were sentenced to life imprisonment. The others were sentenced
to a total of
872
years in prison. The trials of these so-called terrorist groups were
supported by a strong publicity campaign. These
3
trials were followed by
10
more,
involving over
50
people.
JAN KALOUS
Using available archive materials, this paper takes a new look at the well known case
of the
Mašín
brothers resistance group in Czechoslovakia. It focuses primarily on the
investigation into the death of two members of the State Security apparatus
-
Oldñch
Kašík
and
Jaroslav Honzátko.
Their short professional careers with communist State
Security are outlined and their personal documentation is also included.
The study tries to analyse and comment on the materials from the original
investigation in
1951
and the subsequent revenge on the relatives that was carried out
after the
Mašín
brothers fled to the West in October
1953.
NORBERT KMEŤ
The seizure of power by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia triggered repressive
measures against Christian churches. Three Catholic periodicals were banned in
the Czech lands and some religious holidays were abolished. This was followed by
purges throughout society. During the years
1949-1950,
in particular, believers openly
protested against the religious policy of the communist regime. These expressions of
disagreement were labelled as resistance. In the same period, the government authorities
introduced various measures such as the so-called Catholic initiative, the destruction
of the monasteries and the elimination of the Greek Catholic Church. Nevertheless,
despite various forms of repression, believers did participate in religious life, whilst
playing a passive role in the ideological events of the communist regime.
STANISLAV KONEČNÝ
In this article, the author analyses the activities of troops from the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army
(UPA)
in Slovakia in the years
1945-1946.
The troops were part of
a new strategy and tactics pursued by the Ukrainian national movement. Their task was
to influence the inhabitants of north-eastern Slovakia through propaganda, thereby
360
broadening their operational platform for rearguard actions. These actions were taking
place under intense pressure from the Soviet and Polish armies as well as security forces.
The main thrust of the UPAV propaganda comprised anti-communism presented in
the shape of anti-Sovietism.
Stanislav Konečný
analyses the individual arguments and
slogans of this propaganda, the principles, methods and means used to implement it,
and the results it achieved.
MATĚJ KOTALÍK
Besides straightforward cases of heroes and cowards, executioners and victims, the
history of anti-communist resistance and opposition in Czechoslovakia is also linked
with peripheral subcultures, such as those of the stilyagi and hooligans. Both terms were
widely used in journalism, literature, cinema and academic discourse during the
1950s.
To go beyond their communist ideologization and todays heroization, Gerhard Botz s
typology of resistance behaviour and Robert King Mertons modes of social adaptation
can become useful. According to the former, stilyagi and hooligans rank among forms
of social protest; according to the latter, they belong somewhere between retreatism
and rebellion. In the
mid-1960s,
discussions about youth revolt became one of the
preludes to the Prague Spring, whereas in the aftermath of
1956,
the legal definition of
hooliganism in Soviet Bloc states served as a means of political stabilization.
HEIKKI LARMOLA
After defining the concept of a crisis in a subjective and objective sense, this paper
proceeds to look at the subjective crisis that the communist putsch in Czechoslovakia
precipitated in Finland in
1948.
The author conducts an extensive analysis of the
situation in Finland during this period, particularly the time leading up to the
conclusion of a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance between the
USSR and Finland in
1948,
which helped ensure that the Finns remained outside the
Soviets direct sphere of influence and also shaped Finnish foreign policy for the next
43
years. Despite the fact that the putsch in Czechoslovakia and negotiations on the
Finnish-Russian treaty coincided with each other, the paper does not find any direct
connection between the two events. Moreover, although there were calls by Finnish
communists for the country to take a Czechoslovak Path to socialism after the events
in Prague
1948,
the author outlines why this was never a very realistic prospect for
a number of reasons. He also explains how the communists in Finland were always in
a much weaker position than their Czechoslovak counterparts in the years following
WWII, even though they themselves often failed to realize this.
361
KAMIL
NEDVEDICKY
This article deals with resistance and opposition to the communist regime in
Czechoslovakia from a legal perspective. The opening section contains some examples
of how the fight was waged against despotism. In the main part of the text, the author
defines the difference between legality and legitimacy, which is the most important
issue when it comes to making sense of this issue. There is also a description of the
legal order and actual situation in Czechoslovakia at the time of the communist plot.
This text provides evidence of illegitimate and illegal actions taken against many people
from various social groups, and shows that these actions were typical of the communist
regime. The author emphasizes the context and the international backdrop to the
relevant period. He finds a visible contradiction between the communist system and
international law, which was based on effective documents that codified the principles
of humanity. In conclusion the author presents his legal opinion that resistance and
opposition to the communist regime, including cases where people took up arms
against tyranny, was in accordance with the law. At present, our legal order justifies
this resistance against the communist regime and considers it to have been moral and
worthy of respect.
VLADIMIR PALKO
Instances of resistance against communism in the National Security Corps in
Czechoslovakia during the era under consideration were quite extraordinary. The
most important case was that of the officers Bernard
Jaško, Pavol Kalinaj
and
Pavol
Hajdin.
From March
1949,
they informed Bishop
Michal Buzalka
via
Štefan Uhrín
of communist State Security (StB) operations directed against the Catholic Church.
Jaško
was arrested along with
21
other people one day before he planned to escape
abroad. During interrogations, at least six of the detainees were subjected to physical
and mental torture for refusing to sign fabricated statements.
On
9
November
1949,
the State Court sentenced
Jaško
and Kalinaj to death by
hanging and handed out prison sentences totalling
93
years to the others. The Supreme
Court confirmed the death sentences and raised the prison sentences to a total of
144
years imprisonment.
Jaško
and Kalinaj were executed on
17
February
1951.
At the
behest of the communist leadership, State Security commanders distributed copies of
the judgements pronouncing the death sentences to each member of State Security and
the National Security Corps, as a veiled threat which used terror and fear to ensure
obedience.
Other officers who paid the ultimate price for resisting communism included
Pavol
Babík,
who left the country but returned to work as a spy, and
Pavol
Valent,
who helped
four people cross the Austrian border.
362
JAN PEŠEK
The Freedom Party was one of two peripheral parties operating in Slovakia after
1948.
It was without any political influence, functioning only as an activist party with
minimal membership. In the
mid-1950s,
a faction in the party leadership, headed by
the party chairman and deputy to the National Assembly Vincent
Pokojný,
attempted
to mobilize the party and acquire more members. Another leadership faction led by the
party secretary general
František
Štefánik
did not approve of these ideas and denounced
Pokojný
and his followers to the leadership of the Communist Party. At the end of
1955,
Štefánik
gave Communist Party representatives some programme documents, which
outlined the course the Freedom Party would take if communism were to collapse. At
the beginning of
1956,
State Security arrested
Pokojný
(who had been forced to give
up his mandate as an MP) as well as his followers, and accused them of plotting to
overturn communism and revive capitalism.
Pokojný
and his cohorts were sentenced
to long terms of imprisonment in June
1956.
Pokojný
himself was sentenced to
11
years
in prison. Although an appeals court reduced the sentence at the end of
1956,
it still
served as a stark warning to other peripheral parties in the country not to follow
this example.
RENATO PODBERSIČ
Between the end of the First World War and the collapse of Yugoslavia, Slovenia was
the only European country to experience the most intensive activities of all three forms
of totalitarianism (fascism, Nazism and communism). In contrast to communism in
other Eastern European states, communism in Yugoslavia, particularly in Slovenia,
came to power of its own accord, without the intervention of the Soviet Army.
Because communist rule could only remain in power through force, it was necessarily
based on the use of excessive repression against its own citizens. Until the collapse
of communism, Yugoslavia, and consequently Slovenia, remained a totalitarian state,
despite certain liberal changes. The main support structure of communist rule was its
political secret police. They took care to ensure that internal enemies were constantly
under control and that timely sanctions were taken against them whenever this was
required.
JAROSLAV ROKOSKÝ
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly and unscrupulously constructed
a totalitarian regime. It eliminated real and imagined enemies without compunction. It
created its own rules, methods and institutions, which mostly had no basis in the rule of law.
Štěpán
Gavenda was one of those who would not reconcile himself to the new
totalitarianism. He escaped to West Germany in the spring of
1948.
In a refugee
363
camp, he was recruited for intelligence work by the US Counterintelligence Corps
(CIC).
He succeeded in building an extensive intelligence network in Prague, Moravia
and Slovakia, but his activities were eventually discovered by State Security (StB).
This resulted in a death sentence for Gavenda, which was changed to life imprisonment
on appeal.
In
1952,
Gavenda escaped with five inmates from
Leopoldov
Prison, and he fled to
West Germany once more. Despite various difficulties, he once again got involved in
anti-communist resistance, but was re-arrested by security forces and transferred to the
Czech Socialist Republic. On
15
April
1954,
the Regional Court in
Uherské
Hradiště
sentenced him to death.
MARTIN
TICHÝ
Jiří Rábí
was one of many people accused in the
1950s
of high treason, espionage
at the
Jáchymov
uranium mine, contacting the US embassy, and illegally crossing
state boundaries. His case covers the delicate subject of resistance in Europe during
the Second World War whilst simultaneously touching on the very important topic of
uranium mines.
By looking at case files, we can find many examples of the methods commonly used
by communist State Security (StB) and other police bodies during the investigation
process. Nevertheless, these types of files are only one source of information, which
needs to be supplemented with data that can be obtained using other research methods,
e.g. oral history projects.
Using
Jiří
Rábľs
case as an example, this article attempts to demonstrate the cha¬
racteristic manner in which communists persecuted so-called enemies of the people s
democracy.
PROKOP TOMEK
In the early
1950s,
a number of Cold War skirmishes took place in the Czechoslovak
border region beside Austria and West Germany. The actors involved in these clashes
were couriers serving Czechoslovak anti-communist resistance in exile. Lethal defence
systems, including electrified fences and booby traps, were being built by Czechoslovak
security forces along the country s western borders. In conjunction with a sophisticated
system of frontier guards, this made the border practically impenetrable, which forced
Western intelligence services to look for new ways of getting couriers across this
boundary.
Attempts were made to cross border rivers underwater using diving suits and
special rubber wetsuits. In
1953-1954
aerial crossings in hydrogen-filled balloons
were also tested in several cases. Despite the fact that this was quite an antiquated
364
aircraft, US intelligence services used what were then new plastic materials and special
modifications for designing the balloons. The pilots were trained at the RAF
s
Bedford
base in the UK.
Around six balloons landed secretly in Czechoslovakia during the relevant period.
They carried radio transmitters and other equipment for intelligence couriers. The
last such operation took place on
13
August
1954.
This operation failed because two
couriers were killed while landing in Czechoslovakia near the village of
Krasna Hora
nad Vltavou.
US and British intelligence archives covering the period in question are still closed,
but information on their operations (especially failed missions) can be obtained from
the archives of their adversaries,
i.e.
those of the Czechoslovak Border Guards and State
Security. Courier operations on Czechoslovakia s western borders are still a subject that
needs to be researched further.
JIŘÍ
URBAN
In this paper, the author draws attention to a case of resistance against the communist
regime, which occurred in a Czech rural district almost
60
years ago. The work deals
with a peasants protest rally in front of the District National Committee building
in
Dobruška.
In December
1949,
local private farmers decided to respond to official
inspections of their homesteads (which forced them to deliver disproportionately large
amounts of produce within the framework of the Czechoslovak Communist Party s
agricultural policies) by organizing a protest march to the headquarters of the District
National Committee. A Czechoslovak national flag was raised at the head of the
procession and around
300
people took part in the event. Communist State Security
responded with the mass detention of selected farmers, whom it then portrayed
as a group of subversives. This resulted in the political trial of
18
farmers, whom
communist propaganda disparagingly described as the village rich or kulaks.
The case was heard before the Prague State Court in
Hradec Králové.
Prison sentences
ranging from
13
to
25
years were given to
6
people who were identified as organizers,
while sentences of
1
to
9
years were meted out to the others.
14
people had all their
property confiscated while
5
were subsequently forced out of their homes as part
of a nationwide security dampdown known as Operation
К
( kulaks ). The study
describes what motivated the farmers to resist and gives an account of what went
on behind the scenes during the investigation. It also outlines how the existence
a treasonous group was fabricated. The paper draws on documents from both central
and regional archives.
365
VLADIMIR
VARÍNSKY
This study attempts to find the causes behind the anti-communist revolt in
Slovakia after WWII whilst also reflecting on the nature of this uprising. The article
pays particular attention to the activities of the Slovak emigre community after the
war. It especially stresses the Slovaks traditional Christian and national consciousness
as a predetermining factor in their anti-communist revolt. In Slovakia, operations
against the Red Army were perceived as a response to the threat posed to the Christian
tradition by Marxist atheism. The proclaimed renewal of Czechoslovak statehood
was also perceived by Slovaks as a threat to their own recently acquired autonomy.
Consequently, the natural response was to prepare for a revolt against the communist
threat. Based on their preference for certain different aspects of Slovak traditional
feeling, two separate intelligence organizations were created before the end of the war.
Although they prepared two completely different ways of rebelling, they were ultimately
united in their anti-communist orientation.
RAFAL WNUK
This paper primarily focuses on the period just before and after the end of WWII,
when the Polish anti-Nazi underground resistance movement, directed by the
London government in exile, began to break up into various national and regional
factions. Many of these groupings subsequently attempted in various ways to disrupt
the establishment in Poland of a communist regime supported by Moscow. This
underground anti-communist resistance effectively ceased to be a threat to Poland s
communist administration after many of the insurgents availed of an amnesty that
was granted in
1947.
Nonetheless, several smaller groupings did continue to operate
against the communists from forested areas. They proved to be surprisingly tenacious
and the last group was not vanquished until
1953.
In addition to attempting to calculate
the number of casualties that resulted from fighting between communist forces and
underground rebels, the author also discusses whether these clashes could be considered
to have been an all out civil war or some other kind of fratricidal conflict .
366
Mezinárodní konferenci Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému re¬
žimu v Československu a ve střední Evropě uspořádal ve dnech
15.-16.
dubna
2009
Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů ve spo¬
lupráci
s
Archivem bezpečnostních složek a Úřadem vlády ČR.
Příspěvky téměř třiceti účastníků, které na ní zazněly v češtině,
angličtině, němčině a slovenštině a jež obsahuje tento sborník,
mapují situaci v Československu a v dalších komunisty ovláda¬
ných zemích, hnutí odporu, které se v nich zformovalo, či osudy
odbojových skupin a jednotlivců z jejich řad. Na druhé straně
popisují mechanismy, jimiž komunistický režim upevňoval svo¬
ji moc: ať už ovlivňováním veřejného mínění pomocí tištěných
médií doma i v
emigrantských
komunitách, potlačováním spon¬
tánních protestů za asistence
zmanipulovaných
soudů i celého
státního aparátu nebo vybudováním táborů nucených prací.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_corporate | Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag |
| author_corporate_role | aut |
| author_facet | Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag |
| author_sort | Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Prag |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036880146 |
| classification_rvk | MG 80092 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)706094006 (DE-599)BVBBV036880146 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1989 |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag |
| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV036880146 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:50:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16094908-7 |
| isbn | 9788087211427 |
| language | German English Czech Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020795549 |
| oclc_num | 706094006 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 DE-M457 |
| physical | 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mezinárodní Konference Odboj a Odpor proti Komunistickému Režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě 2009 Prag Verfasser (DE-588)16094908-7 aut Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] International conference Odboj a odpor Sborník k mezinárodní konference Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 Praha Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů 2010 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl., teilw. slowak., teilw. tschech. - Zsfassung der Beitr. in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd rswk-swf Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag gnd-content Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 s Geschichte 1944-1989 z DE-604 Baločkaitė, Rasa Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002291-2 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| title_alt | International conference Odboj a odpor Sborník k mezinárodní konference Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| title_auth | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| title_exact_search | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| title_full | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] |
| title_fullStr | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 [autoři příspěvku: Rasa Baločkaitė ...] |
| title_short | Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a ve Střední Evropě |
| title_sort | odboj a odpor proti komunistickemu rezimu v ceskoslovensku a ve stredni evrope sbornik k mezinarodni konferenci poradane v praze ve dnech 15 16 dubna 2009 resistance and opposition against the communist regime in czechoslovakia and central europe 15th 16th april 2009 |
| title_sub | sborník k mezinárodní konferenci [pořádané v Praze ve dnech 15. - 16. dubna 2009] = Resistance and opposition against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, 15th - 16th april 2009 |
| topic | Antikommunismus (DE-588)4002291-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antikommunismus Ostmitteleuropa Konferenzschrift 2009 Prag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020795549&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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