Náměstí Republiky: výzkum století
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Archaia
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Archaeological excavations of the century |
| Beschreibung: | 225 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788025444948 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143583883689984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PŘEDMLUVA (V. Jehlička
-
ministr kultury ČR)
7
ÚVODEM (Z. Dragoun) H
ARCHEOLOGICKÝ VÝZKUM STOLETÍ
14
Dva hektary za tři roky (P. Juřina)
17
Technologie, které to umožnily (P. Juřina -J. Růžička)
22
PŘÍBĚH NÁMĚSTÍ REPUBLIKY
(OSM STALETÍ POD KASÁRNAMI)
26
Utváření jeviště našeho příběhu
-
geologická minulost
31
(J. Zavřel)
Kupci či řemeslníci
?
(nejstarší sídlištní horizont)
35
Dům mincmistra nebo zloděje střížků?
37
(K. Kašák -J. Valkony -J. Militký)
Zvony pro svatého Benedikta? (M. Vyšohlíd)
39
Proměna v rezidenční čtvrť
43
Paláce z kamene i ze dřeva
44
^ Juřina
-
V. Kašpar -J. Podliska)
O prstenu žida Mojžíše, syna Šalamounova
52
(V. Kašpar
- ƒ
Žegklitz)
Město tří kostelů
-
Petrská čtvrť a její role
v románské Praze
55
(Z. Dragoun
-
P. Juřina
—
V Kašpar)
Výstavba hradeb a vznik náměstí (P. Juřina)
67
Změna přichází
s
„Otcem vlasti
(založení Nového Města pražského a nová výstavba)
73
Špitál Jana Jakubů aneb středověká charita
74
(P. Juřina
—
K. Samojskd)
Hrnčíři z Truhlářské ulice (V. Kašpar -J. Žegklitz)
79
Domy se mění v paláce
85
Jízdárna ukrývala sklepem měšťanských domů
86
(P. Juřina
-
P Kováčik
-
M.
Kovář)
Rezidence alchymisty Rudolfa
II.
88
(P. Juřina
-
K. Samojskd)
Zapomenutý alchymista
(P. Kováčik
-
P.
Veselá)
92
Kde se pivo vaří
...
(P Kováčik
-
K. Samojská)
94
Od světského k duchovnímu a zase zpět
97
Přicházejí kapucíni (P. Juřina
—
S. Juřinová
—
K. Samojská)
99
Zahrada posledního odpočinku
107
(E Flek
-
M. Omelka
-].
Podliska)
Granát z pruské války a Praha v obležení (V. Kašpar —J. Žegklitz)
111
Od „viribus unitis po „sloužíme lidu
-
dvě století
v režii armády
119
Kasárna v kapucínském klášteře (P. Juřina
—
K. Samojská)
120
Svědectví dýmek (M. Vyšohlíd)
124
Nehoda muničního transportu (Z.
Lochmann) 128
Z historie „armádních fresek (P. Juřina)
131
VÝPOVĚĎ PRAMENŮ
134
Geologické vědy ve službách archeologie (J. Zavřel)
138
Co prozradila pylová zrnka a ostatní přírodniny
142
(P. Kočár
—
Z. Sůvová
-
V. Jankovská)
Svědectví knih městské kanceláře (K Samojská)
146
Pohled do kuchyně a na jídelní stůl
—
výpověď
keramických nálezů
153
(P Vařeka)
Sklo v proměnách staletí (J. Podliska)
163
Svědectví mincí
-
největší soubor ztracených platidel
170
(M. Omelka -J. Militký)
Výpověď cihel (P. Líbal)
176
VÝZVA PRO
21.
STOLETÍ
(PŘÍNOS VÝZKUMU PRO SPOLEČNOST)
178
Příslovečná špička ledovce aneb terénem to nekončí
182
(P Juřina
—
S. Juřinová)
Pět milionů nálezů! Kam
s
nimi? (P. Juřina)
186
Památky v pohybu (P. Juřina-J. Mj
artan)
189
Románská architektura mezi butiky? (M. Líbal
-
P. Líbal)
195
Výběr z literatury
200
Resume
206
Autoři
225
Resume
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF THE CENTURY
The excavations of the former George of
Poděbrady
Barracks and the adjacent areas of Republic
Square
(náměstí Republiky)
in Prague represent the largest area excavations of the historical city cen¬
tre in the history of Czech archaeology. The fieldwork phase was completed in a „mere three years
(from April
2003
to April
2006)
on an area of nearly
2
ha. From the very beginning the investment
project at the site involved the complete development of the entire studied lot and the constructi¬
on of the Palladium shopping centre. To offer readers a better idea of the scale of the excavations,
the size of the area can best be compared to the dimensions of Prague s Old Town Square. No other
undisturbed parcel of this size can be found in the centre of Prague.
It became clear when the project was still in the preparation stages that an excavation of this
scope could not be handled by a single archaeological institution. From preliminary talks with the
investor s representatives and state monument care officials, close cooperation gradually began to
crystallise between the main guarantor of the excavations
-
the firm Archaia o. s.
-
and additional
institutions with great experience in the field of urban archaeology: the public service organisations
Archaia
Praha
о.
p.
s.
and Archaia Brno o. p. s. and the Archaeology Department at the National
Institute of the Care of Monuments, the territorial specialized department in Prague. Domestic and
foreign universities were also invited to participate in the project (Charles University in Prague, the
University of West Bohemia in
Plzeň,
and Polish universities in
Łódź
and
Toruń);
students from the¬
se schools provided excavation assistance as part of internships. The division of the studied area into
„institutional sections (north-south strips of land that were assigned from west to east to the institu¬
tions in the order they are listed above) enabled, in addition to the necessary distribution of the work
load, a beneficial diversity of views of the studied residential area. This division of the site likewise
provided a unique opportunity to standardize the working procedures of professional organisations
involved in the study of medieval and Early Modern period urban development in the country.
As the professional form of the entire excavation project and the close cooperation of all the par¬
ticipating experts began to gradually take shape, the question of the project s time schedule came to
the forefront of priorities. It isn t necessary to overstate the great interest the investor had in seeing
the fieldwork phase of the project completed so the future construction site would be vacated by
archaeologists. The diametrically opposed ideas of the two sides right from the beginning on the
amount of time necessary to study the entire site showed that without new technology that could
significantly accelerate the tempo of the archaeological work, a reasonable compromise would never
be reached.
Technology that made it possible
General agreement was reached on the subject of photographic documentation once work began
on putting the excavation team together. All of the institutions agreed on the use of digital devices,
which made it possible to immediately check individual shots without waiting for results from
the photo lab. The use of digital photogrammetry on all of the planar situations would significantly
accelerate terrain documentation by replacing classic drawing on graph paper at least in part (espe¬
cially more complicated situations such as walls, pavement, hard surfaces, etc.) by geodetic photo¬
graphy. The actual excavation map of the site can therefore be created on the computer and field
workers can continue excavating with a minimal loss of time. All that remained was the development
of a sufficiently fast and reliable method for taking the respective perpendicular shots fixed on the
geodetic grid. This difficult task was taken up by our team of geodesists
(Jan Růžička
and
Petr Bartá-
ček),
who, after initial experiments with clumsy camera stand that was impractical in rugged terrain,
developed the
Růžička
pole . The work range (approximately
4
m
vertically and
2
m
horizontally)
of this highly portable telescopic pole with an angular holder at the end for a light digital camera
was ideal for the excavation conditions. In addition to substantial time savings (digging work could
continue virtually uninterrupted) the method produced additional advantages. In combination with
„standard photographic documentation vertical photography provides a more realistic image of the
site, and is also not technically limited like the original high tripod
-
for example, accessibility in
interiors and difficult field conditions. It utilises the speed of processing digital photography and the
possibility of immediate control of the obtained results with the help of CAD software. The archae¬
ologist can make corrections directly on the computer or on the print.
A review of the main innovative methods of our excavations should also include mention of the
„accessories that contributed to the desired result. These included, for example, the use of small-sca¬
le mechanisation to an extent that far exceeded previous utilisation. The use of two Takeuchi mini-
-excavators and several small conveyer belts was not meant to replace the activities of field workers,
but to merely supplement them in a meaningful way. Thanks to this, the professionally trained field
workers could devote themselves to substantially more exacting work than merely excavating the
recent fill of cellars and cesspits. The installation of floating lines directly at the excavation site sim¬
plified the work of natural science specialists. Instead of storing hundreds of kilograms of collected
samples in warehouses, this material took the shortest possible path to the sieves of this equipment
so the surrounding soil could be removed. This eliminated time-consuming handling, transport
and storage of a large volume of one component of the material produced by the excavations.
The installation of the laboratory in the former barracks building also produced significant savings
of both time and secondary costs (e.g. for temporary packaging material). The finds travelled directly
from the terrain to the hands of laboratory workers, a substantial advantage for the finds themselves.
Last but not least, we should also mention the existence of our own cafeteria, which we built in the
spaces of the former officers mess hall in the defunct courtyard wing of the main barracks building.
The fully equipped dining facility allowed hundreds of our employees to take their meals and quench
their thirst without having to leave the excavation site.
THE STORY OF REPUBLIC SQUARE
Merchants or craftsmen?
Thanks to the scope of the conducted excavations, we can safely say today that the intense
settlement of the location began with settlers who came to this part of the future city during the
course of the 12th century. The question nevertheless remains as to which half of the century this
initial settlement belongs. Finds of coins together with at least two phases o( documented house
construction prior to the year
1200
indicate that the first building boom in this Romanesque part
of Prague must have occurred before the midpoint of the 12th century. Previous excavations in the
area of contemporary New Town had already challenged earlier theories of scattered settlement tied
to the environs of Church buildings (for example, St. Peter s Church in the
Poříčí
settlement and the
Church of St. Clement) and led us to the thought of continual development of this part of Prague
suburbia that didn t follow the line of later Old Town walls. It was the extensive excavations of the
grounds of the former barracks and the adjacent space of Republic Square that gave certainty to
what had previously been a vague theory. The systematic excavation of the one and a half hectare
site definitively dispelled the hypothesis of sporadically settled space before the formal founding
of the town. The inaccuracy of this initial idea gradually became clear as the underground parts
of houses not made of stone were gradually uncovered. The size and architectural design of these
houses directly corresponded to the earliest settlement horizons around St. Peter s Church and the
Church of St. Clement. A uniform orientation (essentially along the lines of the four directions) to¬
gether with uniform construction techniques indicates the existence of a unified
urbanistic
concept
already in this phase of Prague suburban settlement. We greatly regret that all that remains of the ma¬
jority of these houses is a cellar space dug into the gravel layer of the ground and surrounded around
the perimeter by massive postholes. The simple rectangular or square floor plans sometimes include
a projecting „entrance hallway
—
actually remnants of the former wooden staircase to the cellar.
The above ground construction of a house is found only rarely, as was the case with the collapsed cel¬
lar ceiling covered with clay (daub) at the neighbouring site at
Truhlářská
Street No.
1117.
Not one
of the ten houses discovered on the grounds of the former barracks and on Republic Square was pre¬
served in its entirety. What s more, earlier work at the site often disrupted parts of houses that would
have enabled us to more precisely reconstruct the entire structure.
The excavation of the fill of one of these houses produced a remarkable discovery in the form
of a stack of nine silver coins stuck together. In addition to two readily apparent coins featuring
Vladislav II from the period of his reign
(1158-1174),
this group also included seven blank denars,
probably from the same period. This was the first find of its kind in the country. Textile imprints
suggest that the coins were wrapped in some kind of cloth and their final owner lost the entire stack
somewhere at the settlement site. This set of unfinished coins could obviously have never been in
circulation. The only explanation would be that the set of coins somehow escaped from the Prague
mint along with the minted coins. We can only wonder who finally ended up with the coins. On
the basis of the other coins and archaeological finds taken from the fill of the house, it would appear
that the social environment was above standard. The evidence suggests the presence of a wealthy
merchant patrician. On the other hand, the following find indicates the presence of a highly speciali¬
sed craftsman: two casting pits that we connect with a unique bell-making shop. The local products
were apparently intended for one of the nearby churches (the Church of St. Benedict, St. Peter s
Church and the Church of St. Clement). These finds suggest that we may never have a clear-cut
answer to the question posed in the heading of this chapter.
Transformation into a residential quarter
The discovery of Romanesque stone architecture (two houses and one palace) clearly represents
the greatest surprise of the entire archaeological excavations on Republic Square. If the occurrence
of a great number of representative houses with a non-stone construction (half-timbered and timbe¬
red) filled in our existing impression of the form settlement in this part of the city took in the 12th
century, the discovery of stone Romanesque structures was a distinct turning point in the view of the
size and concept of residential construction in Romanesque Prague as a whole. Previous ideas did
not include the occurrence of stone settlement buildings beyond the line of today s
Revoluční
Street,
a street that copies to this day the course of the Old Town walls in Prague. It had more or less been
automatically assumed that the walls built starting in the 1230s had enclosed the most urbanistically
developed part of Prague s right bank and that only minor settlement tied to individual churches
remained outside of these walls. The fragmentary and frequently ambiguous nature of earlier stone
structures discovered, for example, near St. Peter s Church in the
Poříčí
settlement, gave credence to
such a theory. However, the situation uncovered on the grounds of the former George of
Poděbrady
Barracks clearly showed that at the very least St. Peter s Quarter was an integral part of Romanes¬
que stone Prague at the turn of the
1
3th century. And while this settlement area did not yet possess
all of the formal features of a medieval city (walls, a clear legal statute, etc.), the existence of a certain
urbanistic
concept cannot be denied. Besides important roads connecting exit routes from the city
with market and administrative centres of the entire agglomeration, an important role was played
here by the actual parcelling of land on which the individual houses were built. The change in the
orientation of the local development arriving simultaneously with the ascent of divergent constructi¬
on technologies is proof of some type of „program concept for this new development. While literary
sources reveal nothing about these changes, we can form a certain idea about the transformation on
the basis of the unearthed archaeological situation.
All three buildings were probably built during the second half of the 12th century as part of a uni¬
form
urbanistic
plan for the settlement between the Church of St. Benedict and St. Peter s Church
in
Poříčí.
The parameters of the buildings suggest that they must have been the central structures
of individual homesteads, the clear overall structure of which remain unknown to this day. Although
all of the buildings employed the period technique of block masonry, each was a distinct original.
The first building, a palace structure with a
25
χ
8
m
floor plan and for which hardly few parallels in
Romanesque Prague can be found, even had a lavatory pit. With respect to dimensions and layout,
the second building represented the „standard type of Romanesque Prague house. The third
building, on the other hand, was a heretofore unknown type that combined a stone entrance hallway
with the wooden construction of the house itself. The overall appearance and the utilised construc¬
tion details remain an unsolved question. One possibility is the use of half-timbered walls combined
with a slotted or timbered technique.
The character of the buildings in this second settlement horizon and their preserved inventory
of objects suggest that we must see the main change in the strengthening of the residential character
of the local „quarter at the expense of
artisanal
activities. However, we don t know which social
group to assign to this settlement. One possibility, naturally, is foreign merchants that had settled
in Prague. This group had sufficient capital and the necessary ambition to distinguish itself from
domestic society. And while this theory is supported by written accounts of the existence of colonies
of foreign (German and even Roman) merchants in the city at the time, we cannot entirely rule out
the presence of nobles or, rather, court and Church dignitaries in stone houses and palaces of this
kind.
Archaeology and a new view of „St. Peter s Quarter
With respect to the earliest phase of local settlement, the results of the archaeological excavations
at the barracks on Republic Square are highly surprising and definitely raise many more questions
than they answer. We are not able yet to definitively determine the affiliation of the excavated Ro¬
manesque buildings to existing churches. The closest of these is the Church of St. Benedict, but
the identical placement of entrances to the stone residential buildings is oriented toward St. Peter s
Church. However, according to the results of relatively extensive archaeological excavations, the
development around the church has the substantially less opulent character of smaller wooden or
half-timbered houses. But unlike locations in close vicinity to the built town walls, this local „more
modest settlement survived the radical changes of the mid-13th century to see the return of urban
organisation under the reign of Charles IV. The change of view on the existence of demarcated
„church settlements is undoubtedly one of the most important contributions of Prague medieval
archaeology in recent years. While it was earlier believed that the settlements around these churches
formed isolated communities, the latest research clearly supports a hypothesis of a continuous band
of settlement. High quality residential development apparently continued completely unabated from
the site of the future Old Town to the east, perhaps as far as the
Bubny ford.
The placement of this
part of the Prague right bank agglomeration beneath the castle all the way beyond the future Jewish
Quarter is also an interesting fact. Logically, the dates of individual parts of the agglomeration should
be later as the area beneath the castle was gradually settled and expanded toward the east. However,
this dating cannot be unambiguously accepted on the basis of existing finds. Nothing remains but
to continue to clarify and thoroughly evaluate the enormous amount of data from archaeological
excavations in this part of the city.
Clearly the most significant aspect of the development of the local medieval settlement that
must be emphasized is the strict delimitation of Prague s Old Town with walls in the 1230s. The
importance of this construction was highly evident from the very evaluation of written sources.
The building of the Old Town fortifications had a marked effect on existing structures and the
appearance of the earlier development. On the southwest edge of the emerging city the independent
settlement of St. Martin was divided into two parts: one part was incorporated into the fortified
area, the second remained outside of the walls. Today we know that a similar process occurred in
the area of our excavations around the Church of St. Benedict (this church therefore also deserves
the appellation „in the Wall that was officially given to the Church of St. Martin). The area in the
substantially broad zone along the walls, especially in its foreground, was radically evacuated, and
only settlements in more remote parts from the borders of the city survived outside the wall. At this
same time we see a number of order communities move from unprotected areas to the new safety
of the fortified city. In addition to the Teutonic Knights, who moved to the Church of St. Benedict,
a more obvious example involved the Dominicans. This order arrived in
1226
at the existing Roma¬
nesque Church of St. Clement, only to move a few years later to a church consecrated to the same
saint that was apparently already standing at the Old Town base of Judith Bridge, i.e. a site protected
by the fortifications. Orders that came later in the 1230 s headed straight for the better protected
territory of Prague s nascent Old Town (the Knights Templar to the Church of St. Lawrence, the
Franciscans to the Church of St. James).
Archaeological excavations related to the construction of the Palladium complex clearly docu¬
ment the importance of this rescue project. The construction of the fortifications spelled the demise
of extraordinary stone buildings, including a palace that is one of the most imposing monuments
of its kind known in the capital city. The excavation and presentation of these defunct buildings
documents the development of this phase of settlement of the area beneath the castle in Prague and
its transformation into a medieval city.
The construction of the town walls and the origin of the square
The construction of the walls around Prague s Old Town starting in the 1230s represents one
of the most considerable watersheds in the history of the settlement of the studied site. The territory
of the local residential agglomeration that had been uniform up to that point was divided by the line
of the walls, and the development inside and beyond the town moat began to take divergent paths.
While the lots that ended up inside the emerging city organism as the result of the royal decision ex¬
perienced rapid development, the majority of houses outside of the walls were faced with demolition
and the departure of their inhabitants. On our study area alone at least three imposing Romanesque
houses were intentionally demolished; nearly all of the construction materials were taken to new
building sites. Shortly thereafter all of the holes in the terrain were filled and the land was levelled
with gravel that was brought to the site. We directly connect these massive movements of materials
to the building of the fortifications. Along with St. Agnes s Convent the Old Town walls essentially
represent the first larger-scale Gothic construction in Prague, as well as the grandest investment
project of the entire
1
3th century. It is hardly surprising that such extensive construction activity was
also reflected in the surrounding archaeological terrains and situations. This concerns more than just
a large amount of gravel from a dug moat, which was used to fill the unlevel ground of the future
square. The torso of a large limekiln
(6
χ
6
m)
uncovered in the area of the square directly in front
of the main barracks building is a remarkable find. The burnt bricks of the heating channels and the
glassy internal walls testify to the intensive use of this production unit. The short distance from the
edge of the moat, the imposing dimensions and the short period of operation enable us to date the
kiln s existence to the same time the adjacent section of the towns walls were being built.
Low settlement intensity marked on the studied area by the virtual absence of any type of building
contrasts sharply with the relatively large number of ceramic finds that can be dated to this transi¬
tional period. This apparent discrepancy could possibly be explained by a hypothesis that posits the
creation of a lively public open space in front of the St. Benedict Gate soon after the completion
of the fortifications. A layer of ballast around one metre deep deposited before the end of the 13th
century is favourable evidence of this theory, as is the continuity of the existence of undeveloped lots
lasting until the course of the 14th century. While we still do not know how large of an area of the
St. Benedict Gate foregrounds was finished with the ballast mentioned above, one thing is neverthe¬
less certain: the vast triangular area at the crossroads of historic routes was also respected by the archi¬
tects of Charles IV while surveying the basic network of roads in this part of the nascent NewTown.
The area of approximately
5 000 irr,
equal to a third of nearby
Senovážné
Square, apparently gained
the function at that time of a natural, albeit unofficial, public open space on the border of the two
Prague towns. Nevertheless, the testimony of archaeological terrains on further historical develo¬
pment is already quite limited. Thin layers of ballast and waste continue to alternate on a regular
basis around the turn of the 14th century (a more detailed chronology is unavailable). The identical
succession of these layers is found on nearly the entire studied area of today s square. Only local de¬
pressions underwent a more colourful development (filled at certain times with water); these served
as „dumps for waste brought directly from
artisanal
workshops operating inside the fortifications
or transferred from the moat when it was cleaned. Terrain that can be unambiguously dated to the
first half of the 14th century (if we are even able to date it using ceramic finds) is missing on most
of the area of the square. Perhaps they were removed during the modern resurfacing of the square
during the 20th century, or maybe they never even existed as the result of changes in the way waste
was handled and the assumed resurfacing of the entire area in the 14th century. By this time the full
swing of urban life had returned to our studied area after a century-long pause.
Change arrives with the „Pater Patriae
The town planning measures of Charles IV (King of the Romans, King of Bohemia and Holy
Roman Emperor after
1356)
in
1348
had a significant effect on the later development of our entire
studied location. After a pause of more than a century, urban settlement returned to a site whose
development had been forcibly interrupted earlier by the construction of the Old Town walls. The
new coherent plan ingeniously connected this section of the city to existing infrastructure; con¬
struction made use of the latest urban planning principles and technological procedures. Charles
wished to turn Prague into a dignified imperial residence and the earlier residential units (Old Town
and the left bank Lesser Town) were not sufficient for the emperor s grandiose plans. An expanded
Prague was to be the „third Rome in his universalistic concept (after ancient Rome and Byzantine
Constantinople) and the permanent seat of the Luxembourg dynasty in the centre of the Bohemian
Crown lands. The project that was born (covering an area of
2.5
km2) brought the phenomenon of
the big city with all of the attendant conveniences and problems to the Czech basin for the very first
time. Unfortunately, the names of the chief architect and his staff
—
a team of experts who had to
resolve numerous details for the entire investment project
-
remain unknown to us. Problems that
had to be solved included settling legal matters with the current owners of the property (the medieval
state was ruled by law!), surveying the network of streets and the future blocks of houses, as well as
the organisation of the various construction works. When we consider that all of these preparations
had to be made in the short span of two years and then compare this with the bureaucratic hurdles
public building projects face today, we can only tip our hats to these Gothic organisers. The rough
features of city construction were practically completed by
1355;
another wave of development fol¬
lowed before the end of the 14th century, but enough room remained in the territory for additional
building to continue up to the
1
9th century. This fact was even apparent at our excavation site. While
the construction of the hospital on the corner of the future Republic Square and the building of the
burgher development in
Truhlářská
Street occurred in the first years of the existence of New Town,
the lots on today s
Na poříčí
Street weren t developed until the 1380 s. These lots became coveted
property when King Wenceslas IV moved his residence to nearby King s Court (the site of today s
Municipal House).
Two distinct phenomena of the emerging city are reflected in the archaeological terrain belonging
to the „Golden Age of medieval Prague. In addition to the excavated grounds of the city hospital for
the poor, there were also remarkable documents of
artisanal
production preserved in the rear sections
of several townhouses.
The medieval hospital for the poor with the small Church of the Virgin Mary was founded in the
mid-14th century on the corner of today
s
Republic Square and
Na poříčí
Street, approximately at the
site of todays Capuchin church. The hospital was in operation for more than two hundred years. As
part of the medieval metropolis that Prague was during the reign of Charles IV, the hospital was an
important charitable institution that stood at the forefront of public service projects at the time. Also
interesting is the fact that the founding of the hospital was not directly sponsored by the king or even
one of the Church institutions at the time, as one would logically assume. The private initiative came
from wealthy burgher and courtier Jan Velflovic, son of
Jakub. Jan
Velflovic was the administrator
of the
Kutná Hora
mines and a financial advisor to the king. The hospital enjoyed its heyday at the
beginning of the
1
5th century, but soon became one of the first targets of the Hussite revolution. The
precise location of the hospital could never be pinpointed solely on the basis of written sources. It
wasn t until these written sources were compared with the results of archaeological excavations that a
reconstruction of the entire medieval grounds could be placed on a more solid foundation.
Evidence of local pottery activity represents the second essential phenomenon of this specific
period.
Beginning in the second half of the 14th century with the development of this part of the
New Town, pottery production lasting until the Early Modern period is archaeologically documen¬
ted directly in the studied area. Town records contain a great deal of evidence of the names of specific
potters living in today s
Truhlářská
Street, which is referred to as
platea lutificulorum
(Potter Street)
in written sources. Excavations captured production grounds with pottery kilns and dumps of pot¬
sherds from unsuccessful pieces. The size of these dumps is unrivalled in Bohemia, and they offer
a unique view of pottery workshops in the studied period. Late medieval potters on the excavated
lots specialized mainly in light unglazed and glazed goods, and also produced tiles.
Houses turn into palaces
Although the process described in the heading of this chapter did not culminate until the end
of the
1
б1 1
century, the first signs of this trend appear much earlier-at the turn of the 15th century.
The development of the studied lots took on a new dynamic particularly in connection with the
move of King Wenceslas IV from Prague Castle to a newly built residence
-
the King s Court. This
urban castle grew on the boundary of Old Town and New Town, at the site of today s Municipal
House. With the shift in Prague s centre of power the value of the undeveloped lots in
Slaměná
Street (today s
Na poříčí
Street) shot up. Town records indicate that this property became the subject
of lucrative real estate speculation. It s hardly surprising. With the demand of courtiers and service
personnel for living space near the king, the entire area in question became an upscale address . The
value of the local land was not even seriously threatened by the Hussite revolution. And while the
hospital on the corner of the square literally experienced an existential crisis after being sacked by the
Hussites, the surrounding lots held by private owners enjoyed a period of intense prosperity. Houses
were often consolidated and opulently rebuilt, and the area began to be dominated by wealthy tra¬
ders and merchants at the expense of „common craftsmen. In addition to a unique group of cellars
(some of which were even bi-level) preserved beneath the Early Modern period riding school, our
interest was captured primarily by two other discoveries: the malt house for one of the local breweries
and clear evidence of the presence of alchemists on the studied site.
From the secular to the sacred, and back
Another fundamental change in the development of the studied area was produced by compli¬
cated circumstances in the first half of the
17*
century. The founding of the Capuchin monastery
with spacious gardens not only had a distinct impact on the appearance of the development of the
sizable block of houses between
Truhlářská
and
Na poříčí
streets; the grounds of the former Gothic
hospital also underwent significant changes in this period. The majority of older buildings were
demolished after
1630
and replaced by the new buildings of the Capuchin monastery to the north
of monastery s Church of St. Joseph. Unlike the monastery itself, the church has survived to this
day. The Capuchins themselves determined local development for more than a century and a half,
up till the time Emperor Joseph II abolished and confiscated the monastery and soldiers came on in
place of monks.
We should remember that it was in fact the Capuchins who managed to consolidate the very one
and a half hectare parcel in the centre of Prague that is virtually covered by the Palladium shopping
centre today. This „Capuchin heritage has not only produced profit for modern day investors and
developers; it also had a significant impact on the quality and amount of preserved archaeological
terrain. While the shortage of space and repeated construction activity often damaged earlier terrain
on „standard (relatively narrow) city parcels/lots, the large local grounds enabled the owner to leave
large areas untouched. Unimaginable elsewhere, this „luxury in handling space has contributed
greatly to the preservation of practically undisturbed archaeological situations to this day.
Once it became clear in the first half of the
1
9th century that the former monastery buildings
could no longer serve the needs of the military, a decision was made to build entirely new barracks.
Ironically, the monastery thus met the same fate the Capuchins imposed on the older local resi¬
dential development over two hundred years earlier. The monastery buildings were demolished in
1857,
and the green spaces of the „paradise garden were covered with rubble the same way the large
monastery gardens had been twenty years earlier. In this way all of the earlier archaeological
situa-
tions
were preserved by the „modern construction horizon. Individual glimpses into the life of the
Capuchins in the 17th and
18*
centuries were first uncovered as we began excavations of the former
barracks interiors. However, these „images , at least at the beginning, were not as vivid and com¬
plete as we had originally wished. Prior to the commencement of work we had placed great hope in
the possibility of a detailed study of the everyday life and business affairs of the monastery. The first
clearing of the covered areas showed that our expectations had been overly optimistic. Unfortuna¬
tely, the demolition of buildings in the
1
9th century proved to be remarkably thorough
-
the above
ground part of the monastery was removed with virtually no remnants. Besides the actual floor plan
of the monastery, „only the underground parts of the monastery buildings remained to be studied.
The largest and best preserved parts of the entire monastery were the vast three-chambered cellar
located below the original monastery refectory. The space preserved up to the start of the barrel vault
was virtually a textbook example of the intentionally simple but ingenious architecture of the Order
of Friars Minor Capuchin.
A surprising discovery was a small Early Modern period cemetery on easternmost edge of the for¬
mer barracks grounds
-
the site of the large former monastery gardens. The studied site of the ceme¬
tery had an area of approximately
60
m2 and was situated along the lot wall separating it from an ad¬
jacent townhouse. The cemetery was composed of two different levels of graves differing not only in
the way the buried individuals were laid, but above all by the various orientations of the grave holes.
Excavations captured a total of
18
skeletal graves. The bones contained in the graves were in various
stages of preservation and belonged exclusively to males between the ages of
20
and
50
years. On the
basis of the gathered information it is possible to say that the cemetery was most likely used for the
needs of the monastery community. The cemetery may have been used for both monastic brothers
and individuals that did not belong to the order community. In any case, the excavated cemetery can
be understood as being „auxiliary in its own way. During the entire existence of the monastery the
official order cemetery was a crypt beneath the presbytery of the Church of St. Joseph.
Two centuries in the hands of the military
In one of the previous chapters we stated, with a touch of exaggeration, that virtually the entire
course of Czech history is reflected in the story of the lots studied on Republic Square. However, this
same claim can be applied almost literally to the history of the actual barracks. The period represen¬
ting the final phase of our story wasn t exactly short; after all, the military s stay at the site was but
a single year away from reaching exactly two centuries. A number of different armies spent time in
the barracks during this period, despite the fact that the majority of these troops were for the most
part Czechs for the entire time. The first army was Austrian, later Austro-Hungarian. These were
followed by First Republic Czechoslovak troops, a short stay by the
Wehrmacht
and then the Cze¬
choslovak People
s
Army. The Czech Army took over in
1993.
The story of the Joseph Barracks (later the George of
Poděbrady
Barracks) actually began under
the reign of Joseph II who, as part of his enlightened reconstruction of society from above, abolis¬
hed the local Capuchin monastery. At the beginning the authorities did not know what to do with
such a large area in the centre of the city. A maternity hospital and a mental home were considered,
but in the end Joseph s beloved military won out. But the emperor did not live to see this plan im¬
plemented: the first soldiers didn t replace the monks until
1794.
By then the Austrian empire was
already ruled by the reformer s nephew, the conservative youngster Francis II (later the first Austrian
Emperor Francis I), and the monarchy had just gone to war with revolutionary France.
From an archaeological perspective, the latest period in our book is a certain exception. While in
the earlier horizons we were able to study all of the terrains and situations created by human activity,
the latest barracks horizon of the 19th and 20th century was removed by construction equipment
after the detailed sampling of control sections. In short, even during advance excavations it is neither
possible nor meaningful to investigate absolutely everything. More detailed attention was devoted
during terrain work „only to recessed structures, particularly those that served both the Capuchin
community and its military successors. It is therefore no surprise that the circumstances described
had a distinct impact on the form of the final chapter of our story. In place of archaeological ter¬
rain and situations the story was written this time mainly by the testimony of archive sources and
the above ground parts of the existing barracks building.
THE TESTIMONY OF SOURCES
Modern archaeological excavation involves more than just digging in the ground to find attrac¬
tive new objects
fot
museum display cases, as the general public so often assumes. To the contrary:
an increasingly greater emphasis is being placed on the broadest context in which the relevant mo¬
numents (movable and immovable) occurred, served and ended up buried beneath the surface of the
ground as something discardable or as a superfluous piece of „junk . Only a detailed investigation
of these very contexts turns a dead auction catalogue item into an object capable of recounting the story
of people who, despite having left this world long ago, remain connected with us by a firm spiritual,
cultural and blood bond. It is exactly these stories that justify historical research and infuse it with
deeper importance for society as a whole. But if archaeological research is to be meaningful today,
it must be pursued in close cooperation with numerous specialized fields, including the humanities,
the natural sciences and technical branches. This chapter provides some insight into the methods
of individual scientific disciplines, as well as the colourful mosaic of testimony from various types
of material finds that all terrain excavations produce.
From the very beginning the natural environment has played an important role in the life of man;
the results of geological studies, the occurrence of mineral deposits and evidence of the transport of
these materials can therefore contribute to an understanding of our ancestors choices in deciding
where to settle in a specific period. The cooperation between the two related fields of archaeology
and geology has developed at a fast pace in recent years. This cooperation has provided, for example,
answers to questions concerning building materials in individual phases of local settlement and an
analysis of fragments of nonferrous metals documenting specialized
artisanal
production at the site.
Above all, the key task of the geologist was the continual tracking of the bedrock; in the end, this
enabled the reconstruction of the appearance of the local landscape at the time of the first settlers.
Environmental analyses (studying plant and animal remains, including microscopic particles)
document man s coexistence with his environment, his influence on it and changes in the way of life
of the entire community. The study of plant seeds and fruits, the bones of animals and, to a certain
extent, plant pollen, gives us a relatively detailed image of the diet of people at the time and their
approximate social standing. The species structure and age composition of zoological remains are
especially useful in showing whether a studied cesspit was filled by the family of an affluent bur¬
gher (a predominance of young animals) or a town person with a lower standing (a predominance
of older pieces). Imported products
ornature are
also a good indication of the social standing of town
lot owners. For example, waste layers at the Early Modern period Capuchin monastery on Republic
Square featured the remains of fast day dishes (the shells of salt and freshwater clams, snails, the rem¬
nants offish, including species from the sea, frogs and turtles). Plant remains are a good indicator
of hygiene conditions on town lots; weeds growing near human residences respond, for example, to
the way household waste is handled.
On the other hand, the study of archive sources allows us to attach names and the fates
of builders and owners to anonymous walls and objects. In this way discovered artefacts gain a hallmark
of authenticity and events played out on the local site centuries ago are given a proper vitality. Indivi¬
dual categories of retrieved objects
-
from the most common ceramics and fragile glass to coins and
precious works of art
-
all have much to say. They sketch in the changes occurring in human society,
providing colourful additions to the image of the past created by „official chronicles .
As such, the individual scientific disciplines with their specific methods supply the small stones
that make up the colourful historical mosaic of the studied site. They play an irreplaceable role in the
process of piecing together the hidden story of the distant past.
A CHALLENGE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The previous chapters offered a fleeting glance at the historical stoty of Republic Square while
also providing a short introduction to the methods of the large-scale archaeological excavations con¬
ducted in the town heritage zone. But the work of archaeologists by no means ends with the salvage
of a great number of objects and the acquisition of an enormous quantity of terrain data. The in¬
formation that has been obtained, be it tangible or intangible, must be processed in the proper way.
Using all of the methods described above (see the chapter The Testimony of Sources) and a critical
scrutiny of the terrain documentation, the project team can begin to compose the vivid mosaic of the
historical development of the relevant site. It s not until this phase of the research that the unarranged
sequences of data and discovered artefacts will gradually form the actual story of this part of the city
and the people who lived here. We would therefore like to explain what steps had to be taken before
The Story of Republic Square was constructed. We are already aware of which sources contributed
their testimony to the creation of this striking picture of the past, and we have also introduced some
of the methods used to determine this testimony; however, we still have not taken a look at the actual
procedure for processing the entire research. The following lines therefore emphasize the key role
of the processing phase in the framework of each archaeological project.
From the view of the majority of disinterested observers, the research ends with the departure
of the archaeologists from the excavation site and the arrival of construction equipment. But those
who have at least taken, a quick look into the methods of archaeological work sense that the great ma¬
jority of work in fact lies ahead. While the „terrain factory
—
the worksite with hundreds of diggers,
recorders and technicians
—
may have disappeared along with numerous organisational and technical
problems, the sophisticated work of many experts and their specialized work teams is just beginning.
This phase is no longer so exciting and interesting for the media, but the enormous amounts of data
and material collected at the site are converted to a form that allows the information to be shared
with both the professional community and the general public. This task is of critical importance
and the results it ptoduces are justification of the relatively high costs of the project as a whole. At
the same time, the fulfilment of this task is a testament to the commitment and hard work of all the
terrain workers.
Not only the number of workers but also the organization of work itself changes radically once
the fieldwork phase of excavation is completed. In the previous phase the majority of operations
concentrated on a single place at a given moment; work is now conducted by various teams almost si¬
multaneously at different facilities. In addition to laboratories working with movable finds, there are
also groups of experienced technicians, assistants, geodesists, preservers, draftsmen and PC specialists
who, under the supervision of individual archaeologists, evaluate the collected data (especially drawn
and photogrammetric maps, digital photographs, written records, etc.). These workers gradually
produce a „virtual image (model) of the archaeological site, which is now lost forever. However, the
spatial reconstruction of the historical appearance of the studied site is based on more than the actual
analysis of maps; computer processing offers additional possibilities. For example, the connection
of spatial maps with databases of movable finds enables quick orientation in the frequency of a spe¬
cific monitored phenomenon (e.g. the distribution of coins, particular objects,
artisanal
products,
raw materials, etc.). And yet, not even the very best technology can replace the decision-making
of the actual team of experts charged with assessing the testimonial capacity of individual sources and
arranging this testimony in the form of a comprehensible story of the life of our ancestors.
The final chapters of this book offer a fact that many readers might find surprising
-
the historical
story presented does not end with the final evaluation of results from the project. The incorporation
of the uncovered historical heritage and its individual „silent witnesses into the modern shopping
centre brings each visitor to this new facility face to face with the broader contexts that have shaped
our contemporary life. Shoppers come into close visual contact with the remains of opulent Roma¬
nesque houses from the 12th century. Could we possibly wish for a clearer demonstration of the fact
that today s appearance of this part of the city is the result of nearly a millennium of architectural
development? The incorporation of these remarkable artefacts in a modern facility also speaks to the
importance our contemporary culture ascribes to these treasures. The implementation of the entire
project represents the clear intersection of the professional archaeological excavations and the eve¬
ryday reality of our society. Consequently, it serves as a memento and challenge for future building
projects in the Prague heritage zone and beyond.
Translation by David J. Gaul
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036876787 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)706081807 (DE-599)BVBBV036876787 |
| edition | 1. vyd. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Náměstí Republiky (Praha, Česko) / dějiny / 12.-20. stol czenas Náměstí Republiky (Prague, Czech Republic) / history / 12th-20th centuries / czenas czenas Tschechische Republik Platz der Republik Prag (DE-588)7729680-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Náměstí Republiky (Praha, Česko) / dějiny / 12.-20. stol Náměstí Republiky (Prague, Czech Republic) / history / 12th-20th centuries / czenas Tschechische Republik Platz der Republik Prag |
| id | DE-604.BV036876787 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:49:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788025444948 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020792265 |
| oclc_num | 706081807 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 225 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Archaia |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století Petr Juřina ... 1. vyd. Praha Archaia 2009 225 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Archaeological excavations of the century Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Náměstí / Česko czenas Náměstí / dějiny czenas Městská historická centra / Česko czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / history czenas Historical town centres / Czech Republic czenas Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Náměstí Republiky (Praha, Česko) / dějiny / 12.-20. stol czenas Náměstí Republiky (Prague, Czech Republic) / history / 12th-20th centuries / czenas czenas Tschechische Republik Platz der Republik Prag (DE-588)7729680-1 gnd rswk-swf Platz der Republik Prag (DE-588)7729680-1 g Geschichte z DE-604 Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Juřina, Petr Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020792265&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020792265&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Náměstí / Česko czenas Náměstí / dějiny czenas Městská historická centra / Česko czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / history czenas Historical town centres / Czech Republic czenas Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)7729680-1 |
| title | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století |
| title_auth | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století |
| title_exact_search | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století |
| title_full | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století Petr Juřina ... |
| title_fullStr | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století Petr Juřina ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Náměstí Republiky výzkum století Petr Juřina ... |
| title_short | Náměstí Republiky |
| title_sort | namesti republiky vyzkum stoleti |
| title_sub | výzkum století |
| topic | Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Náměstí / Česko czenas Náměstí / dějiny czenas Městská historická centra / Česko czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / Czech Republic czenas Plazas / history czenas Historical town centres / Czech Republic czenas Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archeologické výzkumy / Česko Archeologické nálezy / Česko Náměstí / Česko Náměstí / dějiny Městská historická centra / Česko Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic Antiquities / Czech Republic Plazas / Czech Republic Plazas / history Historical town centres / Czech Republic Funde Ausgrabung Náměstí Republiky (Praha, Česko) / dějiny / 12.-20. stol Náměstí Republiky (Prague, Czech Republic) / history / 12th-20th centuries / czenas Tschechische Republik Platz der Republik Prag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020792265&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020792265&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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