Ewolucja terroryzmu: sprawcy - metody - finanse
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Instytut Zachodni
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Prace Instytutu Zachodniego
86 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The evolution of terrorism |
| Beschreibung: | 297 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788361736240 |
Internformat
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| 490 | 1 | |a Prace Instytutu Zachodniego |v 86 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The evolution of terrorism | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Terrorismus |0 (DE-588)4059534-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Uwagi wstępne
.................................................................................7
1.
Problemy z terroryzmem
.......................................................7
2.
Typologia terroryzmu
..........................................................16
3.
Literatura przedmiotu
.........................................................21
4.
Cel i zakres pracy
.................................................................28
Rozdział I Terroryzm lokalny
....................................................31
1.
Historyczne początki
...........................................................32
2.
Terroryzm lokalny w
XIX
wieku
........................................34
3.
Terroryzm w walkach antykolonialnych
..........................40
4.
Zachodni separatyści
...........................................................47
5.
Świecki terroryzm palestyński
...........................................58
6.
Inne świeckie ugrupowania lokalne
..................................62
7.
Terroryzm lokalny w krajach islamskich
..........................66
8.
Religijny terroryzm żydowski
............................................76
9.
Ugrupowania chrześcijańskie w USA
................................78
Rozdział
II
Terroryzm ideologiczny i religijny
......................81
1.
Terroryzm anarchistyczny
..................................................81
2.
Terroryzm ideologiczny drugiej połowy
XX
wieku
....... 91
3.
Terroryzm islamski przełomu
XX
i
XXI
wieku
..............117
Rozdział III Terroryści
...............................................................149
1.
Zmiany w obrazie terrorystów
.........................................151
2.
Psychologiczne mechanizmy terroryzmu
.......................165
3.
Osobowość terrorysty
.........................................................174
Rozdział
IV
Język terroryzmu
..................................................185
1.
Publikacje terrorystyczne
..................................................186
2.
Metody terrorystyczne
.......................................................192
3.
Terroryzm a środki masowego przekazu
........................216
Rozdział
V
Sieci terroryzmu
....................................................227
Wnioski
..........................................................................................259
Bibliografia
....................................................................................285
Summary
........................................................................................293
Summary
The Evolution of Terrorism
Perpetrators
-
Methods
-
Finances
Terrorism is an immensely complex phenomenon surrounded by
countless misunderstandings, errors and stereotypes. Because of its
ambiguous and changeable nature it is vague in itself and so evades
serious scientific analysis, especially when attempts are made to define
its regularities and grasp its general governing principles.
The present study is based on a differentiation of terrorism accord¬
ing to its envisaged goals. This criterion enables to distinguish between
local groups that aim at resolving specific problems, mostly of a
national/ethnic character, and international or even global groups that
pursue preset ideological and religious goals, but above all act toward
abolishing and then replacing the existing distribution of forces.
Both types of terrorism are analyzed, each in its own rights, as they
are to a certain extent mutually independent phenomena. The research
hypothesis underlying this study can be spelled out as the assumption
that when analyzed separately, both largely lose the irrational charac¬
ter commonly attributed to them. Still, they do remain astonishing, this
being precisely the specificity of their strategy, but at the same time
become in some sense comprehensible.
Of the two above-mentioned types of terrorism the ideological one
is undoubtedly more irrational. Each of its prior variants developed
from the desire to affect a radical change in the world, each called into
question the existing political systems and universally accepted sys¬
tems of values. Its evolution is dominated by transformations within
the ideological stratum, although a clearly noticeable fluent passage of
one variant into another can be traced.
293
This peculiar succession of ideology inherited from predecessors
also resulted in a continuity of methods used by terrorists belonging to
particular ideological groups. Each subsequent variety of the phenom¬
enon derives in some way from the activities of its predecessors, albeit
introducing its own modes of operation. And thus anarchists who
resorted to the idea of tyrant assassination used individual attacks,
generally aimed at heads of states. This method was adopted by the
twentieth century leftist radicals, but being unable to assassinate well-
protected state leaders, they started to direct violence against less prom¬
inent figures, people who fulfill functions of secondary importance
in the state. However, when such attacks did not trigger the desired
response, they reinforced the impact, implementing kidnappings
instead of assassinations. Terrorists of the extreme right, on the other
hand, focused on extended attacks, a method rejected by the extreme
leftists. They would direct violence against completely random people
holding no connection whatsoever to the cause for which the terrorists
were fighting. This method, in turn, was taken over by religious funda¬
mentalists with the precise goal of killing completely innocent people.
In fact, the innocence of victims was deemed the essence of new ter¬
rorism. This change that consists in total separation of victims and the
addresses of the attacks has resulted in quite a drastic transformation
of terrorism, its metamorphosis from a method of struggle against a
stronger adversary into a macabre communication strategy.
Terrorism is indirectly shaped by the mass media concern with
viewing figures, whereby they hunt for sensation and atypical events
that would draw the greatest possible number of viewers, listeners and
readers. However, such an approach makes the media vulnerable to
becoming inadvertent accomplices of the terrorists, not only because it
is via the media that the world s public opinion learns about terrorist
attacks, but also because by striving for access to the media, the terror¬
ists must seek ever new ways of shocking people and attracting their
attention.
The evolution of terrorism is as a rule perceived through its inter¬
nal changes. Numerous analyses of the phenomenon emphasize its
continually ongoing transformations which are a serious hindrance in
understanding and fighting it. Indeed, each terrorist campaign is dif¬
ferent, no attack is an exact copy of a previous one. This changeabil¬
ity is the most recognizable element with the strongest impact on the
294
observers imagination. At the same time, however, terrorism in the
last one hundred and fifty years has unquestionably changed far less
than other strategies of conducting combat, if we set aside the sphere
of ideology and choice of targets of attacks. As a matter of fact, terror¬
ists resort to a stable set of methods
-
bomb attacks, abductions, assas¬
sinations
-
merely trying to somewhat vary them in order to draw the
attention of public opinion. A modernization of terrorism can thus
be said to lie mainly in devising new strategies but also in escalating
brutality and more and more often in breaking taboos. In the case of
the latest wave of terrorism, modernness is paradoxically manifested
in employing increasingly primitive means such as swords or axes,
used for beheading the victims. The same tendency is visible in a more
direct contact of the assassins with their victims than that typical of
the
1970s,
which results for instance from resorting to suicide attacks.
It should be underscored that these tendencies are entirely opposite to
those observed in classical battlefields where the so-called intelligent
weapons enable to increase distance and maintain anonymity of the
victims.
However, this state of affairs can change. Since the beginning of
this century there have been threats concerning the deployment of
nuclear weapons. The vision of a nuclear war is shared not only by
Islamic groups but is also present in the plans of other religious ter¬
rorist groups. Experts, who previously downplayed the possibility of
using weapons of mass destruction by terrorists, admit today that such
threats must be seriously considered.
The study puts into question discussions brought up in the litera¬
ture of the subject concerning terrorist personality. The author shows
that there is no unique model or psychophysical type of a terrorist. Each
terrorist perpetrator is different. Ascribing certain specific features to
them such as aggressiveness or brutality does not make much sense, as
it does not serve a description of reality, but rather a demonization and
equally oversimplification of the whole phenomenon.
The major cause of terrorism does not lie in some special char¬
acteristic features of the perpetrators but should be attributed to the
rapid change of consciousness they cause on the part of young people
-
what is interesting, particularly the well-educated ones
-
a state of
temporary paranoia. People suffering from this affliction lose the abil¬
ity to rationally assess reality. They yield to
utopia,
see only radical
295
Solutions
of actual or delusive problems that suddenly in their eyes,
expand completely out of proportion. The result is a range of written
and spoken utterances by terrorists presenting their black-and-white
image of the world.
So far attempts to explain unequivocally what factors and with
what intensity can lead to a surge of terrorism have proven unsuc¬
cessful. Nevertheless, we can trace the activity of terrorists, both in the
sphere of politics and logistics. And on both levels we are astounded by
their rationality, even a peculiar sort of pragmatism. Unquestionably,
contrary to popular views, terrorist activity is not a domain of lunatics,
who inflict fear and destruction. It is thoroughly planned out step by
step and targeted to achieve clearly specified goals. Until the emergence
of religious terrorism the overriding purpose was to obtain maximum
publicity for minimum effort and minimum losses. The grounding
of violence not in ideology but in religion largely deprived the latter
premise of its validity. On the other hand, however, transformation of
the terrorist action from an act of political desperation into a ritual act
provided religious terrorists with a legitimization that their ideological
predecessors could only dream of.
The initial approval of fundamentalist circles for extended attacks,
suicide attacks included, convinced many terrorists that they had suc¬
cessfully managed to free themselves from endeavors to win social
support and could therefore take even highly drastic actions with
impunity. However, the attacks of September
11
showed that this was
an utterly false belief. The dramatic nature of those attacks paired with
a very high number of victims, triggered a violent reaction also among
the followers of Islam. Consequently, religious terrorism ceased to be
perceived as some kind of sanctified action but began to be seen as
brute barbarism and adventurism, even in fundamentalist circles which
constituted its potential social basis.
Such a critical judgment of terrorism is further enhanced by changes
in methods of its financing. Initially, this was a rather insignificant
sphere. The 19th century terrorists did not need large funds, being for
the most part self-dependent in this respect and relying predominantly
on their own means. They used to buy materials that they would later
by themselves assemble into bombs or incendiaries. Funds donated by
sponsors made up for a negligible margin of their financial resources.
Terrorism was a political activity par excellence, a strife conducted by
296
radical
enthusiasts. The process of a specifically conceived depravation
of terrorism, its transformation into a political-financial activity began
during the Cold War and was launched by the Soviet Union with the
participation of many other states.
Attempts to use terrorism in the struggle between the East and the
West transformed it for at least three decades into some kind of „substi¬
tute war waged by the two superpowers and their allies. Ideological
confrontation between the two superpowers and their strife for influ¬
ence, carried out among others by means of terrorists, markedly altered
the character of terrorism, leading for instance to manipulations within
its ideological sphere or to the emergence of task groups acting by paid
orders. The then constructed network of financial and logistic links
encouraged the deployment of terrorism and contributed to regarding
it as a panacea for any type of problems. At the same time, the logic of a
bipolar Cold War world made this strategy prove increasingly effective
-
at least in an economic sense.
Religious terrorists, especially Islamic groups, have perfected the
mechanisms that were in use in those times. By transforming terrorist
groups into companies, or to be more exact into huge concerns that
make investments on various levels, they have managed to gain inde¬
pendence from state sponsors. This in turn led to the privatization of
terrorism, an efficiently functioning political underground becoming
its crucial element. The illegal character of those investments simul¬
taneously becomes a basis for spinning a contemporary terrorist net¬
work, linking groups that operate in different regions.
What is noteworthy is the fact that most of the methods of financ¬
ing had been developed and first used by national-ethnic groups. They
were the ones who first availed themselves of state support and the
first to use criminal methods. Initially, those were ransom and exortion,
but eventually also other illegal ways of procuring funds. It is from
those groups that such methods were adopted by originally ideological
and then religious groups who used them for their own purposes, per¬
fecting them and expanding to an extent unattainable for small groups.
They also were the ones that gave terrorism its contemporary character
making it one of the most dangerous political phenomena.
Translated by:
Małgorzata Wiertlewska
-----
-Ч
Eoyopircrie
1
Staatsbibliothek j
München J
297
|
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| spelling | Tomczak, Maria 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)133961443 aut Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse Maria Tomczak Poznań Instytut Zachodni 2010 297 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prace Instytutu Zachodniego 86 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The evolution of terrorism Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Prace Instytutu Zachodniego 86 (DE-604)BV000007429 86 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020790519&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020790519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tomczak, Maria 1954- Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse Prace Instytutu Zachodniego Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059534-1 |
| title | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse |
| title_auth | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse |
| title_exact_search | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse |
| title_full | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse Maria Tomczak |
| title_fullStr | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse Maria Tomczak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy - metody - finanse Maria Tomczak |
| title_short | Ewolucja terroryzmu |
| title_sort | ewolucja terroryzmu sprawcy metody finanse |
| title_sub | sprawcy - metody - finanse |
| topic | Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Terrorismus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020790519&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020790519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007429 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomczakmaria ewolucjaterroryzmusprawcymetodyfinanse |