Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam
IBFD Publ.
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | EC and international tax law series
5 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 938 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789087220563 9087220561 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law |c ed. by Guglielmo Maisto |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam |b IBFD Publ. |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 938 S. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a EC and international tax law series |v 5 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Corporations, Foreign / Taxation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Income tax / Foreign income | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International business enterprises / Taxation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Corporations / Taxation / European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Taxation / Law and legislation / European Union countries | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Europees recht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Bedrijfsvestiging |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Internationaal belastingrecht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Europarecht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Steuer | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Maisto, Guglielmo |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143576322408448 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER
TAX TREATIES AND EC LAW
EDITED BY
PROF. GUGLIELMO MAISTO
VOL.5
EC AND INTERNATIONAL TAX LAW SERIES
IMAGE 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
FOREWORD VII
PART ONE
COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES 3 PETER BEHRENS
1.1. THE FUNCTION OF CONNECTING FACTORS 3
1.2. CATEGORIES OF CONNECTING FACTORS 5
1.2.1. INDETERMINATE CONNECTING FACTORS 5
1.2.2. DETERMINATE CONNECTING FACTORS 7
1.2.2.1. FACTORS RELYING ON THE CREATION OF THE COMPANY AS A LEGAL
PERSON 7
1.2.2.2. FACTORS RELYING ON THE INTERNAL GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AND
DECISION-MAKING 8
1.2.2.3. FACTORS RELYING ON THE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF A COMPANY 10
1.3. THE LEGISLATIVE OR JURISPRUDENTIAL USE OF CONNECTING FACTORS 11
1.3.1. DETERMINATION OF THE PROPER LAW OF COMPANIES (PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW) 11
1.3.1.1. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 11
1.3.1.1.1. GROUPING OF CONNECTING FACTORS 11 1.3.1.1.2. RELEVANT
DISTINCTIONS 13
1.3.1.2. AUTONOMOUS CONFLICT RULES 13
1.3.1.2.1. INTERNAL CONFLICTS WITHIN THEEC/EEA 13
1.3.1.2.2. EXTERNAL CONFLICTS OUTSIDE THEEC/EEA 15
DIVERGENCE OF LEGAL SEAT AND REAL SEAT (LEGAL CONSEQUENCES) 19 PROOF
OF CONNECTING FACTORS 20 CONNECTING FACTORS AS APPLIED TO
GROUPS OF COMPANIES 21
PSEUDO-FOREIGN COMPANIES 22
1.3.1.3. TREATY RULES 23
1.3.1
1.3.1 1.3.1
1.3.1
.2.3.
.2.4. .2.5.
.2.6.
TREATY RULES
IMAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.3.2. DETERMINATION OF THE PROPER LAWS OUTSIDE COMPANY LAWS 24
1.3.2.1. JUDICIAL JURISDICTION 24
1.3.2.2. INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS 25
1.3.2.3. CORPORATE TAXATION 26
1.3.3. CONCLUSION 27
CHAPTER 2: CONFLICT OF LAW RULES ON COMPANIES IN THE EU 29 SUSANNE KALSS
2.1. INCORPORATION DOCTRINE AND SEAT DOCTRINE 29
2.2. EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 30
2.2.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECJ S CASE LAW TO DATE 30
2.2.2. CARTESIO 37
2.3. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES POST CENTROS, UBERSEERING AND INSPIRE ART 38
2.3.1. COMPANY LAW 38
2.3.1.1. DOES THE LOCATION OF THE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AFFECT THE
APPLICABLE COMPANY LAW? 38
2.3.1.2. SCOPE OF THE LEX SOCIETATIS 40
2.3.2. LAW FIELDS CLOSELY RELATED TO COMPANY LAW 41
2.3.2.1. CONTRACTS 41
2.3.2.2. CORPORATE INSOLVENCY 43
2.3.2.3. NON-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 46
2.3.2.4. TAKEOVER BIDS 47
2.4. DOMICILE OF SUPRANATIONAL COMPANIES 49
2.4.1. SOCIETAS EUROPAEA 49
2.4.2. SOCIETAS EUROPAEA PRIVATA 50
2.5. CORPORATE MOBILITY IN EUROPE 51
2.5.1. MEANING OF CORPORATE MOBILITY 51
2.5.2. STATUS QUO OF EUROPEAN REGULATION 53
2.5.2.1. HISTORY 53
2.5.2.2. NO FURTHER EU LEGISLATION ON TRANSFER OF REGISTERED OFFICE TO
COME IN THE NEAR FUTURE 53
2.5.2.3. SOCIETAS EUROPAEA 55
2.5.2.4. DIRECTIVE ON CROSS-BORDER MERGERS 56 2.5.2.5. DRAFT REGULATION
ON SOCIETAS EUROPAEA PRIVATA 57
2.6. CONCLUSION 58
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART TWO
COMPANY RESIDENCE AND EC (NON-TAX) LAW
CHAPTER 3: EC LAW AND RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES 61
JAN WOUTERS AND PHILIP DE MAN
3.1. INTRODUCTION 61
3.2. THE SYSTEM OF ARTICLE 48 EC 61
3.2.1. NOTION OF ESTABLISHMENT 62
3.2.2. FREEDOM TO PROVIDE SERVICES 64
3.2.3. FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL 65
3.2.4. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 66
3.3. RESIDENCE AS CORPORATE SEAT : CONNECTING FACTOR FOR EC ENTITLEMENT
68
3.3.1. MEANING 68
3.3.2. ANALOGY WITH NATIONALITY 73
3.3.3. RELATIONSHIP TO PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 75
3.4. RESIDENCE RESTRICTIONS 78
3.4.1. RESIDENCE AS DISCRIMINATION 79
3.4.1.1. GENERAL 79
3.4.1.2. OVERT AND COVERT DISCRIMINATION 80
3.4.1.3. APPLICATION IN TAX CASES 82
3.4.2. RESIDENCE AS NON-DISCRIMINATORY RESTRICTION 85 3.4.2.1. MEASURES
WITH DISCOURAGING EFFECT 85 3.4.2.2. RESTRICTIVE MEASURES IMPOSED BY
STATE OF ORIGIN 87
3.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 90
PART THREE
TAX RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC TAX LAWS
CHAPTER 4: CORPORATE TAX RESIDENCE IN CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS 95 LUC DE
BROE
4.1. INTRODUCTION 95
4.2. CRITERIA APPLIED TO DETERMINE CORPORATE TAX RESIDENCE IN THE
DOMESTIC LAWS OF CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS 95
4.2.1. GENERAL RULES 95
4.2.2. DEEMED RESIDENCE RULES 97
IMAGE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.3.2.5. CRITERIA OF ATTACHMENT 233
7.3.2.6. LEGAL ENTITIES COVERED 234
7.3.2.7. TIE-BREAKER FOR LEGAL ENTITIES 235
7.3.3. OECD1963-2008 238
7.3.3.1. THE SECOND SENTENCE 238
7.3.3.2. TREATY SHOPPING 240
7.4. INTERPRETATION 243
7.4.1. TREATY BENEFITS FOR THIRD-COUNTRY RESIDENTS 244 7.4.1.1.
COMMERZBANK 244
7.4.1.2. CROWN FOREST INDUSTRIES 246
7.4.1.3. SHOULD PES GET TREATY BENEFITS IN THE SOURCE COUNTRY? 248
7.4.2. COMPANY RESIDENCE, TREATY SHOPPING AND WORLDWIDE TAXATION 251
7.4.2.1. DUAL RESIDENTS 252
7.4.2.2. CONDUIT COMPANIES 254
7.4.2.3. POLICY PURPOSES OF COMPANY RESIDENCE TEST AND WORLDWIDE
TAXATION 259
7.4.2.4. GIVING SUBSTANCE TO THE COMPANY RESIDENCE TEST 263
7.5. CONCLUSIONS 270
CHAPTER 8: THE EXPRESSION BY REASON OF HIS DOMICILE, RESIDENCE, PLACE
OF MANAGEMENT... AS APPLIED TO COMPANIES 273 MARCEL WIDRIG
8.1. INTRODUCTION 273
8.2. ROLE OF DOMESTIC LAW IN CONNECTION WITH CONNECTING FACTORS 274
8.2.1. DEFINING RESIDENCE 274
8.2.2. RELEVANCE OF THE CRITERION DOMICILE 275
8.2.3. RELEVANCE OF THE CRITERION PLACE OF MANAGEMENT 276 8.2.3.1.
DIFFERENCE IN SCOPE TO ARTICLE 4(3) OECD MC 278
8.2.3.2. DIFFERENCE IN SCOPE TO ARTICLE 5(2)(A) OECD MC 279
8.2.4. MEANING OF OTHER CRITERIA OF SIMILAR NATURE 280 8.3. APPROACH
TAKEN IN THE US MODEL TAX TREATY 282
8.3.1. RESIDENCE RULE IN ARTICLE 4( I) US MC 282
8.3.2. PLACE OF MANAGEMENT ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 5 US MC 284 8.4.
COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC DEEMED RESIDENCE RULES 284 8.5. CONCLUSION 286
XIV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9: THE MEANING OF PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 287 JACQUES
SASSEVILLE
9.1. INTRODUCTION 287
9.2. THE MEXICO AND LONDON MODELS 288
9.3. THE OEEC: A DIFFERENT APPROACH BUT THE SAME PROBLEM 288 9.4. THE
1963 DRAFT, THE 1977 MODEL AND THE 1992 UPDATE 292 9.5. THE 2000 UPDATE
293
9.6. THE 2008 UPDATE 294
9.7. DIFFERENT VIEWS AS TO THE MEANING OF PLACE OF EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT 297
9.8. THE AMERICAN CONCEPT OF PRIMARY PLACE OF MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
300
CHAPTER 10: ARTICLE 4(3) OF THE OECD MODEL CONVENTION: AN INCONVENIENT
TRUTH 303
STEFVAN WEEGHEL
10.1. INTRODUCTION 303
10.2. ARTICLE 4(3) MC: AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH 303
PART SIX
COUNTRY REPORTS
CHAPTER 11: AUSTRALIA 311
MICHAEL DIRKIS
11.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 311
11.1.1. CONFLICT OF LAWS RULE 311
11.1.2. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE RULES 313
11.1.2.1. POWERS OF THE DIRECTORS OF A COMPANY 313 11.1.2.2.
INDEPENDENCE OF DIRECTORS FROM SHAREHOLDERS 314
11.1.2.3. WHETHER PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY
MAY BE CONSIDERED DIRECTORS THEREOF, EVEN ABSENT A FORMAL APPOINTMENT TO
SUCH OFFICE 315
11.1.2.4. ALLOCATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE BETWEEN MANAGING DIRECTORS
AND SUPERVISORY DIRECTORS 316
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
11.1.2.5. ALLOCATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE BETWEEN SHAREHOLDERS AND
DIRECTORS 316 11.1.2.6. THE RIGHTS (IF ANY) OF A PARENT COMPANY TO
INTERFERE WITH THE DECISIONS TAKEN
BY DIRECTORS OF A SUBSIDIARY 316
11.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER AUSTRALIAN TAX LAW 317 11.2.1.
OVERVIEW 317
11.2.2. INCORPORATION TEST 318
11.2.3. CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL TEST 319
11.2.3.1. TWO-OR ONE-TIER TEST 319
11.2.3.2. THE FIRST ELEMENT: CARRIES ON BUSINESS TEST 320 11.2.3.3.
THE SECOND ELEMENT: CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 320
11.2.4. VOTING POWER CONTROL TEST 324
11.2.4.1. OVERVIEW 324
11.2.4.2. THE FIRST ELEMENT: CARRIES ON BUSINESS IN AUSTRALIA 325
11.2.4.2.1. DEFINING A BUSINESS 325
11.2.4.2.2. IS THERE A BUSINESS IN EXISTENCE BEING CARRIED ON? 326
11.2.4.2.3. IS THE BUSINESS IN AUSTRALIA? 327 11.2.4.3. THE SECOND
ELEMENT: VOTING POWER CONTROLLED BY SHAREHOLDERS WHO ARE RESIDENTS OF
AUSTRALIA 327
11.2.4.3.1. VOTING POWER 328
11.2.4.3.2. CONTROL 328
11.2.4.3.3. RESIDENT IN AUSTRALIA 329
11.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 329
11.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN
AUSTRALIA S TAX TREATY PRACTICE 329 11.3.1.1. OVERVIEW 329
11.3.1.2. CONSISTENCY WITH ART. 4( 1) OECD MODEL CONVENTION 332
11.3.2. THE TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR COMPANIES RESIDENCE IN
AUSTRALIA S TAX TREATY PRACTICE 332 11.3.3. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY
TIE-BREAKER RULE ON THE COMPANY S RESIDENT STATUS UNDER BOTH DOMESTIC
CORPORATE (INCOME) TAX LAW AND OTHER TAX TREATIES 335 11.3.3.1. OVERVIEW
335
11.3.3.2. DUAL RESIDENT INVESTMENT COMPANY TEST 336
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
11.3.3.3. PRESCRIBED DUAL RESIDENT TEST 336
11.3.3.4. REFORM OF DUAL RESIDENT RULES 337
11.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 338
CHAPTER 12: AUSTRIA 339
KARIN SIMADER
12.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 339
12.1.1. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES 339
12.1.1.1. CONNECTING CRITERIA 339
12.1.1.2. IMPLICATIONS OF THE REAL SEAT THEORY AND ITS COMPATIBILITY
WITH COMMUNITY LAW 341 12.1.1.3. GENERAL AUSTRIAN TREATY PRACTICE 346
12.1.2. COMPANY LAW RULES ON GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES 347
12.1.2.1. PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY 347
12.1.2.2. PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY 349
12.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 350
12.2.1. CONNECTING CRITERIA 350
12.2.2. INTERACTION BETWEEN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CORPORATE TAX
LAW 354
12.2.3. CORPORATE TAX LIABILITY OF FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 356 12.3.
RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 358
12.3.1. RELEVANT CRITERIA FOR DETERMINATION OF RESIDENCE 358 12.3.1.1.
THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 359
12.3.1.2. CONNECTING CRITERIA 361
12.3.1.3. ARTICLE 4 PARAGRAPH 1 SECOND SENTENCE 365 12.3.2. TIE-BREAKER
PROVISIONS 367
12.3.3. EFFECTS OF A TIE-BREAKER RULE 370
12.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 372
12.4.1. GENERAL REMARKS 372
12.4.2. PARTICULAR PROVISIONS OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 373
CHAPTER 13: BELGIUM 375
NIELS BAMMENS
13.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 375
13.1.1. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES 375
13.1.2. COMPANY LAW RULES ON GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES 380
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
13.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 382 13.2.1.
CONNECTING FACTORS IN CORPORATE INCOME TAX LAW 382 13.2.2. CASE LAW ON
THE DETERMINATION OF THE COMPANY S RESIDENCE 387
13.2.3. OTHER ENTITIES 390
13.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 390
13.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING THE RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN
TAX TREATY POLICY 390
13.3.1.1. MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 391 13.3.1.1.1. TAX
TREATY PRACTICE 391
13.3.1.1.2. INTERPRETATION 393
13.3.1.2. CONNECTING CRITERIA RELEVANT TO ESTABLISH THE RESIDENT STATUS
394
13.3.1.2.1. TAX TREATY PRACTICE 394
13.3.1.2.2. INTERPRETATION 395
13.3.1.3. COMPANIES LIABLE TO TAX IN A STATE IN RESPECT ONLY OF INCOME
FROM SOURCES LOCATED THEREIN 396
13.3.2. THE TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR COMPANIES RESIDENCE 397
13.3.2.1. TAX TREATY PRACTICE 397
13.3.2.1.1. INTERPRETATION 399
13.3.3. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON THE COMPANY S
RESIDENT STATUS UNDER BOTH DOMESTIC CORPORATE INCOME TAX LAW AND OTHER
TAX TREATIES 401 13.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW
PROVISIONS WITH TAX TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 405
CHAPTER 14: CANADA 407
KIM BROOKS
14.1. RESIDENCE OF CORPORATIONS IN CANADA 407
14.2. AN INTRODUCTION TO CANADIAN CORPORATE LAW 408
14.2.1. FORMING A CANADIAN CORPORATION 408
14.2.2. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 410
14.2.2.1. POWERS AND PRIVILEGES 410
14.2.2.2. SHAREHOLDERS 411
14.2.2.3. DIRECTORS 411
14.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER CANADIAN TAX LAW 411 14.3.1. TAX
CONSEQUENCES RESULTING FROM CANADIAN CORPORATE RESIDENCE 412
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
14.3.2. CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL TEST AND THE PERCEIVED NEED FOR A
STATUTORY TEST 413
14.3.3. THE STATUTORY PLACE OF INCORPORATION TEST 415 14.3.4. CONTINUED
ROLE FOR CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 417 14.3.5. CONTINUANCES 422
14.3.6. TAX RESIDENCE OF OTHER ENTITIES 422
14.4. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER CANADA S TAX TREATIES 424 14.4.1.
ARTICLE 4(1) IN CANADA S TAX TREATIES 425
14.4.1.1. LIABLE TO TAX 425
14.4.1.2. CONNECTING CRITERIA FOR RESIDENCE 434 14.4.1.3. LIABLE TO TAX
IN A STATE IN RESPECT ONLY OF INCOME FROM SOURCES LOCATED THEREIN 435
14.4.2. ARTICLE 4(3) IN CANADA S TAX TREATIES 436
14.5. COMPATIBILITY OF CANADA S DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH
TAX TREATIES 438
14.5.1. CONCLUSION: CONTINUED AVOIDANCE CONCERNS 439
CHAPTER 15: FRANCE 441
NICOLAS DE BOYNES
15.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 441
15.1.1. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES 441
15.1.2. COMPANY LAW RULES ON GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES 443 15.2. RESIDENCE
OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 446 15.2.1. RESIDENCE AND
SOURCE 446
15.2.1.1. CONSEQUENCES OF A STRICT TERRITORIALITY PRINCIPLE 447
15.2.1.2. THE FRENCH APPROACH TO TERRITORIALITY 448 15.2.2. DEFINITION
OF THE SEAT 450
15.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 452
15.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN FRENCH
TAX TREATY PRACTICE 452 15.3.1.1. MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO
TAX 453 15.3.1.2. COMPANIES LIABLE TO TAX BY REASON OF THEIR
RESIDENCE 454
15.3.2. TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR COMPANIES RESIDENCE IN FRENCH TAX
TREATY PRACTICE 456
15.3.3. EFFECTS OF TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON COMPANY S RESIDENT
STATUS 458
15.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 458
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16: GERMANY 461
JOACHIM ENGLISCH
16.1. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS OF COMPANY LAW 461
16.1.1. RULES ON GOVERNANCE OF CORPORATIONS IN COMPANY LAW 461
16.1.1.1. AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT (PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY) 462
16.1.1.2. GESELLSCHAFT MIT BEGRENZTER HAFTUNG (PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY)
463
16.1.1.3. KONZERN (CORPORATE GROUP) 464
16.1.2. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES IN INTERNATIONAL COMPANY LAW 467 16.1.2.1.
THE (R)EVOLUTION OF GERMAN INTERNATIONAL COMPANY LAW 467
16.1.2.1.1. UNILATERAL RULES 467
16.1.2.1.2. BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 473
16.1.2.2. THE CONCEPT OF ACTUAL CENTRE OF ADMINISTRATION AS CONNECTING
FACTOR 475
16.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC CORPORATE TAX LAW 479
16.2.1. THE COMPANY AS A TAXABLE PERSON 479
16.2.1.1. CORPORATION TAX 479
16.2.1.2. LOCAL BUSINESS TAX 482
16.2.2. TAX EFFECTS OF RESIDENCE AND NON-RESIDENCE 483 16.2.2.1.
CORPORATION TAX 483
16.2.2.2. LOCAL BUSINESS TAX 484
16.2.3. CRITERIA APPLIED TO DETERMINE THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE 485
16.2.3.1. SEAT 485
16.2.3.2. PLACE OF MANAGEMENT 486
16.2.3.2.1. SUBSTANTIVE DIMENSION: PERFORMANCE OF CHIEF BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT 487
16.2.3.2.2. PERSONAL DIMENSION: ATTRIBUTION TO THE ACTUAL MANAGER (S)
489
16.2.3.2.3. FUNCTIONAL DIMENSION: LOCALIZING THE CENTRE OF MANAGEMENT
492
16.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 495
16.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE 495
16.3.1.1. LIABILITY TO TAX 496
16.3.1.2. CONNECTING CRITERIA RELEVANT TO ESTABLISH RESIDENT STATUS 498
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16.3.1.2.1. RELATIONSHIP TO THE CORRESPONDING CRITERIA IN DOMESTIC TAX
LAW 498
16.3.1.2.2. PLACE OF MANAGEMENT AS STANDARD CRITERION 499
16.3.1.2.3. SEAT V PLACE OF INCORPORATION AS ALTERNATIVE CRITERION 500
16.3.1.2.4. CONCURRENCE OF TREATY AND DOMESTIC CRITERIA 501
16.3.1.3. CRITERIA EXPRESSLY EXCLUDING RESIDENT STATUS 503
16.3.2. TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS 505
16.3.3. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON THE COMPANY S
RESIDENT STATUS 515
16.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC CORPORATION TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 515
CHAPTER 17: ITALY 519
MARIO TENORE
17.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 519
17.1.1. ITALIAN COMPANY LAW: A BRIEF OVERVIEW 528
17.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 530 17.2.1.
REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTIONS 540
17.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 544
17.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH
COMMUNITY LAW 547
CHAPTER 18: NETHERLANDS 551
REINOUT DE BOER
18.1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 551
18.2. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE (INTERNATIONAL) LAW 552
18.2.1. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES 552
18.2.2. GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES (NV AND BV) 556 18.3. RESIDENCE OF
COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 560
18.3.1. INTRODUCTION 560
18.3.2. THE ALL-FACTS-AND-CIRCUMSTANCES TEST (ART. 4( I) GSTA) 561
18.3.2.1. GENERAL 561
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18.3.2.2. PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IS GENERALLY DECISIVE 562
18.3.2.3. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY IS DEEMED TO BE PERFORMED BY
ITS (EXECUTIVE) BOARD 563
18.3.2.4. RELATION OF THE ALL-FACTS-AND-CIRCUMSTANCES TEST WITH CONFLICT
OF LAW RULES UNDER PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 572
18.3.2.5. DISTINCTION BETWEEN PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND PLACE
OF MANAGEMENT 572 18.3.3. INCORPORATION FICTION 574
18.3.4. MINIMUM SUBSTANCE REQUIREMENTS IN ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES 576
18.4. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 578
18.4.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN THE TAX TREATY PRACTICE OF THE NETHERLANDS
578
18.4.1.1. THE MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 582
18.4.1.1.1. EXEMPTIONS IN RESPECT OF INCOME 583
18.4.1.1.2. EXEMPT COMPANIES/ENTITIES 584 18.4.1.1.3. COMPANIES/ENTITIES
RESIDENT FOR DOMESTIC TAX PURPOSES THAT ARE ONLY PARTIALLY LIABLE TO TAX
586
18.4.1.1.4. COMPANIES/ENTITIES RESIDENT FOR DOMESTIC TAX PURPOSES THAT
ARE NOT LIABLE TO TAX AT ALL 587
18.4.1.2. THE CONNECTING CRITERIA RELEVANT TO ESTABLISH THE RESIDENT
STATUS 589
18.4.1.3. COMPANIES LIABLE TO TAX IN A STATE IN RESPECT ONLY OF INCOME
FROM SOURCES LOCATED THEREIN 591
18.4.2. TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS IN TAX TREATY PRACTICE IN THE NETHERLANDS
591
18.4.2.1. PROVISIONS IN TAX TREATIES 591
18.4.2.2. INTERPRETATION OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN TIE-BREAKER
PROVISIONS 595
18.4.3. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON THE COMPANY S
RESIDENT STATUS UNDER BOTH DOMESTIC TAX LAW AND OTHER TAX TREATIES 595
18.4.3.1. DOMESTIC TAX LAW 595
IMAGE 14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
18.4.3.2. TAX TREATIES (TRIANGULAR CASES) 597
18.4.3.2.1. BNB 2001/295 597
18.4.3.2.2. BNB 1992/379 600
18.4.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND EC LAW IN RESPECT OF RESIDENCE 600
CHAPTER 19: SOUTH AFRICA 603
JOHANN HATTINGH
19.1. INTRODUCTION 603
19.1.1. THE LEGAL CONCEPTION OF RESIDENCE 603
19.1.2. THE LEGAL CONCEPTION OF A COMPANY 604
19.1.3. CHAPTER OVERVIEW 606
19.2. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 607
19.2.1. CONFLICT OR CHOICE OF LAWS 607
19.2.1.1. RESIDENCE AS A JURISDICTIONAL CONNECTING FACTOR 612
19.2.1.1.1. SOUTH AFRICAN INCORPORATED COMPANIES 615
19.2.1.1.2. FOREIGN INCORPORATED COMPANIES 625
19.2.1.1.3. PROPERTY AS CONNECTING FACTOR: MOVABLE INCORPOREAL THINGS
AND RESIDENCE -BASED FICTIONS 635
19.2.1.2. CONNECTING CRITERIA LOCATED IN TWO OR MORE STATES IN RESPECT
OF THE SAME DISPUTE 637 19.2.1.2.1. CONNECTING CRITERIA TRANSFERRED FROM
OR TO SOUTH AFRICA 640
19.2.2. CONCLUDING REMARKS CONCERNING JURISDICTIONAL LAW 641 19.2.3.
INVESTMENT PROTECTION TREATIES 643
19.3. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES 644
19.3.1. THE GENERAL MEETING OF A COMPANY AS FAR AS MANAGEMENT IS
CONCERNED 647
19.3.2. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY 649
19.3.2.1. WHO IS A DIRECTOR? 649
19.3.2.2. DIFFERENT CLASSES OF DIRECTORS 653
19.3.2.3. ACTING COLLECTIVELY 654
19.3.2.3.1. ACTING COLLECTIVELY ONLY AT BOARD MEETINGS? 654
IMAGE 15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
19.3.2.4. DIRECTORS ACTING AS MANAGERS 658
19.3.3. THE MANAGING DIRECTOR 662
19.3.4. THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 664
19.3.5. THE INFLUENCE OF DIRECTORS FIDUCIARY DUTIES ON THE MANAGEMENT
OF A COMPANY 665
19.3.6. THE EFFECT OF LIQUIDATION ON THE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY OF
DIRECTORS 667
19.3.7. OTHER FUNCTIONARIES OF A COMPANY 667
19.3.7.1. EMPLOYEES 667
19.3.7.2. SECRETARY 668
19.3.7.3. MANAGERS OF A COMPANY 668
19.3.8. SOLE SHAREHOLDER ALSO DIRECTOR 673
19.3.9. DOMINANT SHAREHOLDER OR DIRECTORS 673
19.4. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC INCOME TAX LAW 679 19.4.1.
STATUTORY RESIDENCE DEFINITION 679
19.4.1.1. COMPANIES 679
19.4.1.2. ENTITIES OTHER THAN COMPANIES AND NATURAL PERSONS 680
19.4.2. THE PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT CRITERION UNDER SOUTH AFRICA S
DOMESTIC INCOME TAX LAW 681
19.4.2.1. INTERPRETIVE APPROACH 681
19.4.2.2. THE APPROACH OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE 685
19.4.2.3. QUESTIONABLE ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION NOTE 6 IN THE LIGHT OF
SOUTH AFRICAN LAW 689 19.4.3. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY AS
OPPOSED TO MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY 693
19.4.4. PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 694
19.4.5. GUIDANCE FROM RELATED TAX CASE LAW 695
19.4.5.1. ROBINSON V. COT: THE CONTEXTUAL SCENE OF TAX RESIDENCE 696
19.4.5.2. RHODESIA RAILWAYS V. COT: DUAL CORPORATE TAX RESIDENCE AND TAX
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 698 19.4.5.3. ESTATE KOOTCHER V. CIR: A RETURN TO
THE ANALOGUE OF HUMAN RESIDENCE 702
19.4.5.4. A COMPANY V. CWAND ITC 1054: THE ROLE OF DOMINANT SHAREHOLDERS
703 19.4.5.5. SOUTH AFRICAN COMMENTATORS VIEWS ON THE MEANING OF PLACE
OF EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT 707
19.4.5.6. GUIDANCE FROM FOREIGN TAX CASE LAW 711
XXIV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
19.5. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 714
19.5.1. THE MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 714 19.5.2. THE
CONNECTING CRITERIA TO ESTABLISH RESIDENT STATUS 716 19.5.3. COMPANIES
LIABLE TO TAX ONLY IN RESPECT OF INCOME FROM SOURCES WITHIN SOUTH AFRICA
719
19.5.4. PLACE OF MANAGEMENT FOR PURPOSES OF ART. 5(2) OF THE OECD
MODEL 720
19.5.5. TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR COMPANIES UNDER SOUTH AFRICA S TAX
TREATY NETWORK 721
19.5.6. DOES THE MEANING OF PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT DIFFER UNDER
SOUTH AFRICAN TAX TREATY LAW AS OPPOSED TO DOMESTIC TAX LAW? 725
19.5.7. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL SOURCES ON THE MEANING OF PLACE OF
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 726
19.5.7.1. HISTORICAL TAX TREATY DEVELOPMENT 726 19.5.7.2. COMMON TAX
TREATY MEANING? 730
19.5.7.3. GUIDANCE FROM THE COMMENTARY ON THE OECD MODEL BEFORE THE 2008
AMENDMENTS 731
19.5.7.4. GUIDANCE FROM THE COMMENTARY ON THE OECD MODEL AFTER THE 2008
AMENDMENTS 733
19.5.7.5. FOREIGN CASE LAW OF THE TAX TREATY MEANING OF PLACE OF
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 737 19.5.7.5.1. WENSLEYDALE S CASE: THE PLACE
WHERE THE SHOTS ARE CALLED 737
19.5.7.5.2. WOODV.HOLDEN 738
19.5.7.5.3. THE INDOFOOD CASE 740
19.5.7.5.4. THE SMALLWOOD CASE 742
19.5.8. THE SOUTH AFRICAN EFFECT OF A TIE-BREAKER FOR A DUAL TAX
RESIDENT COMPANY 750
19.5.9. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX TREATY LAW AND DOMESTIC TAX LAW 752
19.5.10. SOUTH AFRICA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 752
CHAPTER 20: SPAIN 753
LUIS A. MARTINEZ GINER
20.1. SPANISH COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 753 20.1.1.
NATIONALITY OF SPANISH COMPANIES 753
20.1.2. SPECIAL RULE FOR PSEUDO FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 755
IMAGE 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
20.1.3. INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF COMPANY HEADQUARTERS 756
20.1.4. SPANISH COMPANIES IN THE RECIPROCAL INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND
PROTECTION TREATIES 758
20.2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF COMPANIES IN SPAIN 758
20.3. RESIDENCE OF LEGAL PERSONS IN SPANISH CORPORATE TAX LEGISLATION
764
20.3.1. RESIDENCE AS A CRITERION DEFINING TAXABLE PERSONS FOR COMPANY
TAX PURPOSES 764
20.3.2. CRITERIA DETERMINING THE RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES 765 20.3.2.1.
INCORPORATION OF A COMPANY UNDER SPANISH LAW 766
20.3.2.2. LOCATION OF THE REGISTERED OFFICE OF THE COMPANY 767
20.3.2.3. PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 769
20.3.3. PRESUMPTION OF TAX RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN SPAIN 775
20.4. TAX TREATIES AND THE RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES 778
20.4.1. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES FOR TAX TREATY PURPOSES ACCORDING TO
SPANISH TREATY PRACTICE 778
20.4.1.1. SCOPE OF TAX LIABILITY: WORLDWIDE TAX LIABILITY 778
20.4.1.2. CRITERIA DETERMINING RESIDENCE IN TAX TREATIES SIGNED BY SPAIN
780
20.4.1.3. EXCLUSION OF PERSONS WITH TERRITORIAL TAX LIABILITY 784
20.4.2. TIE-BREAKER RULES AND DUAL RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN SPANISH
TREATIES 786
20.4.3. EFFECTS OF THE TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON A COMPANY S
RESIDENT STATUS 790
20.5. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW WITH TAX TREATIES AND
COMMUNITY LAW 792
CHAPTER 21: SWITZERLAND 795
JEAN-FREDERIC MARAIA
21.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 795
21.1.1. CONFLICT OF LAW RULES 795
21.1.2. COMPANY LAW RULES ON GOVERNANCE OF COMPANIES 796 21.1.2.1.
CORPORATIONS 796
21.1.2.1.1. IN GENERAL 796
21.1.2.1.2. SHAREHOLDERS MEETING 797 21.1.2.1.3. BOARD OF DIRECTORS 797
IMAGE 18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
21.1.2.1.4. RELATION BETWEEN SHAREHOLDERS AND DIRECTORS 798
21.1.2.1.5. NEW RULES IMPROVING THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 799
21.1.2.2. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY 799
21.1.2.3. COMMENT 800
21.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 801 21.2.1.
FEDERALISM SYSTEM 801
21.2.2. SCOPE 801
21.2.3. TAX RESIDENCE 802
21.2.3.1. CRITERIA 802
21.2.3.2. RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO CRITERIA (CONFLICT) 802 21.2.3.3.
REGISTERED OFFICE IN SWITZERLAND 803 21.2.3.4. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN
SWITZERLAND 804 21.2.3.4.1. INTRODUCTION OF THE EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT CRITERION AND FIRST DEFINITION 804
21.2.3.4.2. INTERPRETATION OF THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN THE
INTERCANTONAL CONTEXT 805
21.2.3.2.3. APPLICATION OF THE JURISPRUDENCE RELATED TO INTERCANTONAL
DOUBLE TAXATION TO INTERNATIONAL
SITUATIONS 806
21.2.3.4.4. IMPORTANCE OF THE CRITERIA DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC
CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 807
21.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 808
21.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING THE RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER
SWISS TAX TREATIES 808
21.3.2. MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 810 21.3.3. COMPANIES
LIABLE TO TAX IN A STATE IN RESPECT ONLY OF INCOME FROM SOURCES LOCATED
THEREIN 811
21.3.4. TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR COMPANIES RESIDENCE 812 21.3.4.1.
OECD MODEL AND TREATIES CONCLUDED BY SWITZERLAND 812
21.3.4.2. CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN THE TREATIES 812
21.3.5. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON COMPANY S RESIDENT
STATUS 815
21.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES 815
IMAGE 19
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 22: UNITED KINGDOM 817
CHRISTIANA HJI PANAYI
22.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 817
22.1.1. DOMICILE, RESIDENCE AND OTHER CONNECTING FACTORS FOR COMPANIES
817
22.1.1.1. DOMICILE OF COMPANIES 817
22.1.1.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES 818
22.1.1.3. OTHER CONNECTING FACTORS UNDER NON-TAX INSTRUMENTS 819
22.1.2. RULES ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 820
22.1.2.1. THE POWERS OF DIRECTORS 820
22.1.2.2. DELEGATION OF THE POWERS OF DIRECTORS 821 22.1.2.3. DE FACTO
AND SHADOW DIRECTORS 822
22.1.2.4. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS 823
22.1.2.5. GROUP COMPANIES AND THE PIERCING OF THE CORPORATE VEIL 824
22.2. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 825 22.2.1.
INTRODUCTION 825
22.2.2. THE COMMON LAW TEST: CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 826
22.2.2.1. THE OLD CASES: DE BEERS CONSOLIDATED AND UNIT CONSTRUCTION 827
22.2.2.2. STATEMENT OF PRACTICE 1/90 830
22.2.2.3. RECENT CASES: WOOD V. HOLDEN AND NEWS DATACOM 832
22.2.2.4. THE PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 835 22.2.3. THE STATUTORY
TEST: THE INCORPORATION RULE 836 22.2.4. RESIDENCE OF OTHER
NON-CORPORATE ENTITIES 837 22.3. RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES UNDER TAX
TREATIES 839
22.3.1. COMPANY RESIDENCE CRITERIA UNDER UK DTCS 839 22.3.2. THE
TIE-BREAKER RULE 841
22.3.2.1. THE TIE-BREAKER RULE UNDER THE OECD MODEL 841 22.3.2.2. THE
TIE-BREAKER RULE IN UK DTCS: THE PLACE OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 844
22.3.2.3. EFFECTS OF THE TIE-BREAKER RULE 848
22.3.3. CORPORATE IMMIGRATION 849
22.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX TREATIES AND
COMMUNITY LAW 850
22.4.1. COMPATIBILITY WITH TAX TREATIES 850
22.4.2. COMPATIBILITY WITH COMMUNITY LAW (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY) 851
IMAGE 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 23: UNITED STATES 855
YARIV BRAUNER
23.1. COMPANIES AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 855
23.1.1. PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 855 23.1.2.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 860 23.2. RESIDENCE OF
COMPANIES UNDER DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW 865 23.3. THE RESIDENCE OF
COMPANIES UNDER TAX TREATIES 875
23.3.1. CRITERIA APPLIED IN DETERMINING THE RESIDENCE OF COMPANIES IN
THE STATE S TAX TREATY PRACTICE 875 23.3.1.1. THE MEANING OF THE
EXPRESSION LIABLE TO TAX 876 23.3.1.2. THE CONNECTING CRITERIA
RELEVANT TO
ESTABLISH THE RESIDENT STATUS 877
23.3.1.3. COMPANIES LIABLE TO TAX IN A STATE IN RESPECT ONLY OF INCOME
FROM SOURCES LOCATED THEREIN 881 23.3.2. THE TIE-BREAKER PROVISIONS FOR
COMPANIES RESIDENCE IN THE STATE S TAX TREATY PRACTICE 882
23.3.2.1. THE TIE-BREAKER RULES 882
23.3.3. EFFECTS OF A TAX TREATY TIE-BREAKER RULE ON THE COMPANY S
RESIDENT STATUS UNDER BOTH DOMESTIC CORPORATE (INCOME) TAX LAW AND OTHER
TAX TREATIES 883
23.3.4. DENIAL OF TREATY BENEFITS FOR CERTAIN PAYMENTS THROUGH HYBRID
ENTITIES 884
23.3.5. CONDUIT FINANCING REGULATIONS 884
23.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DOMESTIC COMPANY TAX LAW PROVISIONS WITH TAX
TREATIES AND COMMUNITY LAW 885
23.4.1. COMPATIBILITY OF THE DOMESTIC TAX PROVISIONS WITH TAX TREATIES
885
23.4.2. COMPATIBILITY OF THE DOMESTIC TAX PROVISIONS WITH COMMUNITY LAW
885
PART SEVEN
ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 24: ROUND TABLE: THE ISSUES, CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMING-UP 889
AUGUST O FANTOZZI, JEAN PIERRE LE GALL. KEES VAN RAAD. YARIV BRAUNER.
ANGELO NIKOLAKAKIS
24. 1 . IS IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID CONFLICTS OF COMPANIES TAX RESIDENCES?
889 24.1.1. DOMESTIC PROVISIONS 890
24.1.2. WHAT ABOUT TREATY PROVISIONS? 892
IMAGE 21
TABLE OF CONTENTS
24.2. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATION AND EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION
OF ART. 4.1 OECD MODEL IN DUAL RESIDENCE CASES 895
24.3. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 900
24.4. THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING INCORPORATED: THE DIMINISHING
RELEVANCE OF CORPORATE RESIDENCE 903 24.4.1. THE TAXATION OF
CORPORATIONS 903
24.4.2. CORPORATE TAXATION IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE 905 24.4.3.
CONCLUSIONS 923
24.5. SUMMING-UP AND CONCLUSIONS 928
CONTRIBUTORS 935
XXX
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| series | EC and international tax law series |
| series2 | EC and international tax law series |
| spelling | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law ed. by Guglielmo Maisto Amsterdam IBFD Publ. 2009 XXX, 938 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier EC and international tax law series 5 Corporations, Foreign / Taxation Income tax / Foreign income International business enterprises / Taxation Corporations / Taxation / European Union countries Taxation / Law and legislation / European Union countries Europees recht gtt Bedrijfsvestiging gtt Internationaal belastingrecht gtt Europarecht Multinationales Unternehmen Recht Steuer Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Maisto, Guglielmo Sonstige oth International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation Sonstige (DE-588)2016252-2 oth EC and international tax law series 5 (DE-604)BV023256131 5 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020787008&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law EC and international tax law series Corporations, Foreign / Taxation Income tax / Foreign income International business enterprises / Taxation Corporations / Taxation / European Union countries Taxation / Law and legislation / European Union countries Europees recht gtt Bedrijfsvestiging gtt Internationaal belastingrecht gtt Europarecht Multinationales Unternehmen Recht Steuer |
| title | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law |
| title_auth | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law |
| title_exact_search | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law |
| title_full | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law ed. by Guglielmo Maisto |
| title_fullStr | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law ed. by Guglielmo Maisto |
| title_full_unstemmed | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law ed. by Guglielmo Maisto |
| title_short | Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law |
| title_sort | residence of companies under tax treaties and ec law |
| topic | Corporations, Foreign / Taxation Income tax / Foreign income International business enterprises / Taxation Corporations / Taxation / European Union countries Taxation / Law and legislation / European Union countries Europees recht gtt Bedrijfsvestiging gtt Internationaal belastingrecht gtt Europarecht Multinationales Unternehmen Recht Steuer |
| topic_facet | Corporations, Foreign / Taxation Income tax / Foreign income International business enterprises / Taxation Corporations / Taxation / European Union countries Taxation / Law and legislation / European Union countries Europees recht Bedrijfsvestiging Internationaal belastingrecht Europarecht Multinationales Unternehmen Recht Steuer Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020787008&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023256131 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maistoguglielmo residenceofcompaniesundertaxtreatiesandeclaw AT internationalbureauoffiscaldocumentation residenceofcompaniesundertaxtreatiesandeclaw |