Industrial tribology: tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication
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2011
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| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783527320578 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Industrial tribology |b tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication |c Theo Mang ; Kirsten Bobzin, and Thorsten Bartels |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 644 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Bartels, Thorsten |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-862_location | 2000 |
|---|---|
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| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 414623 |
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| adam_text |
IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XVII ABBREVIATIONS XIX
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE TERM TRIBOLOG ' 1
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF TRIBOLOGY 2
1.3 HISTORY OF TRIBOLOGY 2
1.3.1 THE LNDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 5 1.3.2 BENVEEN 1850 AND 1945 5
1.3.3 FROM 1950 TO THE PRESENT DAY 6
REFERENCES 7
2 THE TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM 9
2.1 TRIBOLOGICAL SURFACES 12
2.2 WETTING OF SOLID SURFACES 17
2.3 TRIBO CONTACT SURFACES 19
2.4 TRIBOLOGICAL LOADING 21
REFERENCES 23
3 FRICTION 25
3.1 KINETIC AND STATIC FRICTION 25
3.2 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 26
3.3 STICK-SLIP 26
3.4 SLIDING AND ROLLING FRICTION 27
3.5 FRICTION REGIMES: FRICTION AND LUBRICATION CONDITIONS 28 3.5.1 SOLID
FRICTION (DRY FRICTION) 28 3.5.2 BOUNDARY FRICTION 29
3.5.3 FLUID FILM FRICTION 30
3.5.4 MIXED FRICTION 30
3.5.5 STRIBECK CURVE 31
3.6 HYDRODYNAMIC AND ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 32
LNDUSTRIAL TRIBOLOGY: TRIBOS)'STEMS. FRKTION, WEAR AND SURFACE
ENGINEERING, LUBRICATION THEO MANG, KIRSTEN BOBZIN, AND THORSTEN BARTELS
COPYRIGHT 2011 W1LEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM ISBN:
978-3-527-32057-8
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1002408083
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
VI
CONTENTS
3.6.1
3.6.2 3.6.3
4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 4.3
5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2
5.1.2.1 5.1.2.2 5.1.2.3 5.1.2.4 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.2
5.2.3 5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.4
5.4.1 5.4.2
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (EHL) REGIME 32 THERMOELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION (TEHL) 35 PLASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 36 REFERENCES 36
WEAR 37 WEAR MECHANISMS 38 ADHESION 38 TRIBOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 40
ABRASION 41
SURFACE FATIGUE 42 TYPES OF WEAR 44 WEAR PARAMETERS 44 REFERENCES 47
TRIBOLOGICAL MATERIALS 49 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 52
INFLUENCING THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES 52 INFLUENCING THE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR
AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES
DIFFUSION 56 RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 57 CREEP AND
STRESS RELAXATION 57 HIGH TEMPERATURE STRENGTH 59 METALLIC MATERIALS 60
LIGHTWEIGHT METALS 61 ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS 61
MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 65 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS 68 COPPER
AND COPPER ALLOYS 70 IRON AND IRON ALLOYS 71
CAST IRON 74 STEEL 75 HARD ALLOYS 80 SUPER-ALLOYS 83
REFRACTORY METALS 87 INTERMETALLICS 88 NON-METALLIC INORGANIC MATERIALS
91 STRUCTURE OF HARD MATERIALS 91 ENGINEERING CERAMICS 93 OXIDE CERAMICS
94 NON-OXIDE CERAMICS 94
SILICATE CERAMICS 95 ORGANIC MATERIALS 95 THERMOPLASTS 98 DUROPLASTS 99
56
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
5.4.3 ELASTOMERS 99
5.5 COMPOSITE MATERIALS 100
5.5.1 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (PMC) 103 5.5.2 CERAMIC MATRIX
COMPOSITES (CMCS) 103 5.5.3 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCS) 104 5.5.3.1
MMCS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTIONS 104 5.5.3.2 MMCS FOR MAXIMUM WEAR
RESISTANCE 106
REFERENCES 209
6 SURFACE ENGINEERING 113
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE ENGINEERING 115 6.1.1 METHODICAL APPROACH
FOR COATING DEVELOPMENT 136 6.1.2 BONDING MECHANISMS 117 6.1.2.1
MECHANICAL CLAMPING 119 6.1.2.2 DIFFUSION 119
6.1.2.3 PSEUDO-DIFFUSION 120 6.1.2.4 ADHESION 120 6.1.2.5 CHEMICAL
BONDING 120
6.2 PROCESSES OF SURFACE ENGINEERING 120 6.2.1 CONVERTING PROCESSES 122
6.2.1.1 ANODIZING 124 6.2.1.2 PHOSPHATIZING 129
6.2.1.3 CHROMATIZING 133 6.2.1.4 COMPARISON OF CHROMATIZING AND
PHOSPHATIZING 136 6.2.1.5 BURNISHING 137 6.2.2 PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
(PVD) 138 6.2.2.1 GENERATION OF A GASEOUS PHASE OR PLASMA 139
6.2.2.2 PARTICLE TRANSPORT 142 6.2.2.3 CONDENSATION, LAYER GROWTH 144
6.2.2.4 PVD PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 146 6.2.2.5 PVD TOOL COATING 352 6.2.2.6
PVD COMPONENT COATING 253
6.2.3 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD) 355 6.2.3.1 THERMODYNAMICS OF THE
CHEMICAL REACTION 158 6.2.3.2 REACTION CHEMISTRY 260
6.2.3.3 COATING DEPOSITION KINETICS 262 6.2.3.4 CVD PROCESSES 265
6.2.3.5 CVD TOOL COATING 170 6.2.3.6 CVD COMPONENT COATING 172
6.2.4 SOL-GEL DEPOSITION 373 6.2.4.1 THE SOL AS STARTING MATERIAL 275
6.2.4.2 THE SOL-GEL TRANSITION 275
6.2.4.3 WET-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS SYSTEMS 275 6.2.4.4 COARINGS WITH THE
SOL-GEL PROCESS 277 6.2.4.5 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS FOR SOL-GEL
COATINGS 279
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
6.2.5 ELECTROCHEMICAL METAL DEPOSITION 180
6.2.5.1 THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 182 6.2.5.2 KINETIC
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 188 6.2.5.3 ELECTROPLATING 191 6.2.5.4
CHEMICAL DEPOSITION 194 6.2.5.5 COATING SYSTEMS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL
METAL DEPOSITION 297 6.2.6 THERMAL SPRAYING 203
6.2.6.1 PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL SPRAYING PROCESSES 204 6.2.6.2 FORMATION OF
COATINGS WITH THERMAL SPRAYING 206 6.2.6.3 BONDING OF THERMAL SPRAYING
COATINGS 208 6.2.6.4 THERMAL SPRAYING PROCESSES 210 6.2.6.5 COATING
MATERIALS AND EXAMPLES OF THERMAL SPRAYING APPLICATIONS 223 6.2.7
DEPOSITION WEIDING 225
6.2.7.1 MATERIAL COMPOSITES PRODUCED BY DEPOSITION WEIDING 227 6.2.7.2
DEPOSITION WEIDING PROCESSES 227 6.2.7.3 COATING MATERIALS AND EXAMPLES
OF APPLICATIONS FOR DEPOSITION WEIDING 232
6.2.8 BRAZING 234
6.2.8.1 PRINCIPLES OF BRAZING 235 6.2.8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF BRAZING
PROCESSES AND FILLER METALS 238 6.2.8.3 DEPOSITION BRAZING OF HARD
MATERIAL-FILLER METAL COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 242
6.2.8.4 APPLICATION OF ARMORING BY BRAZING 247 6.2.9 THERMO-CHEMICAL
DIFFUSION TREATMENT 251 6.2.9.1 PRINCIPLES OF DIFFUSION 253 6.2.9.2
CARBURIZING 257 6.2.9.3 NITRIDING 260
6.2.9.4 NITRO-CARBURIZING 267 6.2.9.5 BORIDING 269
6.2.9.6 CHROMIZING 271 REFERENCES 274
7 LUBRICANTS 282
7.1 LUBRICANTS AND THEIR MARKET 282
7.2 MINERAL BASE OILS 284
7.2.1 BASE OILS: A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 285 7.2.2 CHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL BASE OILS 285 7.2.2.1 CARBON DISTRIBUTION
286 7.2.2.2 HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION 286 7.2.2.3 POLYCYDIC AROMATICS IN
BASE OILS 286 7.2.3 REFINING 288
7.2.3.1 DISTILLATION 288 7.2.3.2 DE-ASPHALTING 289 7.2.3.3 TRADITIONAL
REFINING PROCESSES 290 7.2.4 BASE OIL MANUFACTURING BY HYDROGENATION AND
HYDROCRACKING 293
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
7.2.4.1 LUBE HYDROCRACKING 294
7.2.4.2 CATALYTIC DEWAXING 295 7.2.4.3 WAX ISOMERIZATION 296 7.2.4.4
HYBRID LUBE OIL PROCESSING 296 7.2.4.5 THE ALL-HYDROGEN ROUTE 296
7.2.4.6 GAS-TO-LIQUIDS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY 297 7.2.4.7 BREAKDOWN OF
THE BASE OIL MARKET 298 7.2.5 BOILING AND EVAPORATION BEHAVIOR OF BASE
OILS 298 7.2.6 OTHER PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BASE OILS 300
7.2.6.1 THERMAL VOLUME-EXPANSION COEFFICIENT 300 7.2.6.2 COMPRESSIBILITY
301 7.2.6.3 GAS SOLUBILITY 302 7.2.7 BASE OIL CATEGORIES AND EVALUATION
OF VARIOUS PETROLEUM BASE OILS 302 7.3 SYNTHETIC BASE OILS 303
7.3.1 POLYALPHAOLEFINS 304 7.3.2 POLYBUTENES 305
7.3.3 ALKYLATED AROMATICS 305 7.3.4 SYNTHETIC ESTERS 306
7.3.4.1 ESTERS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 306 7.3.4.2 DICARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS
306 7.3.4.3 POLYOL ESTERS 307
7.3.4.4 OTHER CARBOXYLIC ESTERS 307 7.3.4.5 DIMERIC ACID ESTERS 307
7.3.4.6 COMPLEX ESTERS 308 7.3.4.7 PHOSPHATE ESTERS 308
7.3.5 POLYALKYLENE GLYCOLS 308 7.3.6 PERFLUORINATED POLYETHERS 310 7.3.7
POLYSILOXANES (SILICONE OILS) 320 7.4 RHEOLOGY OF LUBRICANTS 322
7.4.1 VISCOSITY 311
7.4.2 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY ( V -T BEHAVIOR) 323 7.4.2.1
VISCOSITY INDEX 314 7.4.3 VISCOSITY-PRESSURE DEPENDENCY 315 7 AA THE
EFFECT OF SHEAR RATE ON VISCOSITY 3 3 7
7.4.5 SPECIAL RHEOLOGICAL EFFECTS 327 7.4.5.1 GREASES 328
7.4.6 VISCOSITY GRADES 318
7.4.6.1 ISO VISCOSITY GRADES 319 7.4.6.2 ENGINE OILS 319 7.4.6.3
AUTOMOTIVE GEAR OILS 329 7.4.6.4 LNDUSTRIAL GEAR OILS 329
7.4.6.5 BASE OILS 329
7.5 ADDITIVES 320
7.5.1 ANTIOXIDANTS 321
7.5.1.1 PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS 322
IMAGE 6
X CONTENTS
7.5.1.2 AROMATIC AMINES 322 7.5.1.3 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR AND
PHOSPHORUS 322 7.5.1.4 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS 322
7.5.1.5 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS 323 7.5.1.6 SYNERGISTIC MIXTURES 323
7.5.1.7 TESTING THE OXIDATION STABILITY 323 7.5.2 VISCOSITY MODIFIERS
323 7.5.3 POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS 324 7.5.4 DETERGENTS AND DISPERSANTS
326 7.5.4.1 PHENATES 327
7.5.4.2 SALICYLATES 327 7.5.4.3 THIOPHOSPHONATES 327 7.5.4.4 SULFONATES
327 7.5.4.5 ASHLESS DISPERSANTS 328
7.5.5 ANTIFOAM AGENTS 328
7.5.5.1 SILICON DEFOAMERS 329 7.5.5.2 SILICONE-FREE DEFOAMERS 329 7.5.6
DEMULSIFIERS AND EMULSIFIERS 329 7.5.6.1 DEMULSIFIERS 329
7.5.6.2 EMULSIFIERS 329 7.5.7 ANTIWEAR (AW) AND EXTREME PRESSURE (EP)
ADDITIVES 330 7.5.7.1 PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS 330 7.5.7.2 COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS 332 7.5.7.3 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR
AND NITROGEN 332 7.5.7.4 SULFUR COMPOUNDS 332
7.5.7.5 CHLORINE COMPOUNDS 332 7.5.7.6 SOLID LUBRICATING COMPOUNDS 333
7.5.8 FRICTION MODIFIERS (FMS) 333 7.5.9 CORROSION INHIBITORS 333
7.5.9.1 ANTIRUST ADDITIVES (FERROUS METALS) 334
7.5.9.2 METAL PASSIVATORS (NONFERROUS METALS) 335 7.6 LUBRICANTS FOR
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 335 7.6.1 FUNCTION OF ENGINE OILS IN
FOUR-STROKE ENGINES 336
7.6.2 VISCOSITY GRADES 337 7.6.3 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 337 7.6.4
FORMULATION OF ENGINE OILS 337 7.6.5 ENGINE OIL TESTING 338
7.6.6 PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS 339 7.6.7 ENGINE OIL FOR COMMERCIAL
VEHICLES 339 7.6.8 CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATION 339 7.6.8.1 MIL
SPECIFICATIONS 339 7.6.8.2 API AND ILSAC CLASSIFICATIONS 340 7.6.8.3
ACEA SPECIFICATIONS 340 7.6.9 FUTURE TRENDS (SEE ALSO SECTION 8.5.8) 343
7.6.10 FUEL EFFICIENCY 343
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
7.6.11 LOW EMISSION 346
7.6.12 TWO-STROKE OILS 347 7.6.13 TRACTOR OILS 349 7.6.14 MARINE DIESEL
ENGINE OILS 349 7.6.14.1 LOW-SPEED CROSSHEAD ENGINES 349
7.6.14.2 MEDIUM-SPEED ENGINES 350 7.6.14.3 LUBRICANTS 350 7.6.15 OTHER
COMBUSTION ENGINES 352 7.7 GEAR LUBRICATION OILS 352
7.7.1 REQUIREMENTS OF GEAR LUBRICATION OILS 352 7.7.2 TRIBOLOGY OF GEARS
354 7.7.2.1 TOOTHED WHEELS 354 7.7.2.2 LOAD AND SPEED CONDITIONS DURING
TOOTH ENGAGEMENT 354 7.7.2.3 STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
TOOTH ENGAGEMENT 354 7.7.2.4 LUBRICATION FILM GENERATION WITHIN TOOTH
CONTACT 355 7.7.2.5 LUBRICATION CONDITIONS 356 7.7.3 GEAR LUBRICATION
OILS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES 357 7.7.4 DRIVELINE LUBRICANTS FOR COMMERCIAL
VEHICLES 358 7.7.5 DRIVELINE LUBRICANTS FOR PASSENGER CARS 359
7.7.6 LUBRICANTS FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS AND CVTS 360 7.7.7
MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLUIDS IN VEHICLE GEARS 360 7.7.8 GEAR LUBRICANTS FOR
LNDUSTRIAL GEARS 361 7.7.8.1 LNDUSTRIAL GEAR OIL SPECIFICATIONS 362
7.7.8.2 IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF LUBRICANTS FOR LNDUSTRIAL GEARS
VISCOSITY-TEMPRATURE CHARACTERISRICS 363 7.7.8.3 OPEN GEAR DRIVES 365
7.7.8.4 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LNDUSTRIAL GEAR OILS 365 7.8
HYDRAULIC OILS 367
7.8.1 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 368 7.8.2 COMPOSITION OF HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS (BASE FLUIDS, ADDITIVES) 368 7.8.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC
FLUID 368
7.8.4 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 369 7.8.5 CLASSIFICATION
OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 370 7.8.6 FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 371 7.8.7
BIODEGRADABLE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 382
7.8.8 FOOD-GRADE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 382 7.8.9 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS FOR
AIRCRAFT 383 7.8.10 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF HYDRAULIC OILS 384
7.8.11 CONTAMINANTS, OIL CLEANLINESS CATEGORIES, AND FILTRATION 384
7.8.12 MACHINE TOOL LUBRICATION: FLUID FAMILY 384 7.8.12.1
OILINSTEADOFEMULSION 387 7.8.12.2 FLUID FAMILIES AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL
FLUIDS FOR MACHINE TOOLS 389
7.8.12.3 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: "UNIFLUID" 392 7.8.13 COMPOSITION OF
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 392 7.9 TURBINE OILS 392
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
7.9.1 DEMAND ON TURBINE OILS 392
7.9.2 FORMULATION OF TURBINE OILS 392 7.9.3 REQUIREMENTS AND
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE OILS 393 7.10 COMPRESSOR OILS 393 7.10.1 AIR
COMPRESSOR OILS 393
7.10.1.1 LUBRICATION OF RECIPROCATING PISTON COMPRESSORS 400 7.10.1.2
LUBRICATION OF ROTARY PISTON COMPRESSORS 400 7.10.1.3 LUBRICATION OF
SCREW COMPRESSORS 401 7.10.1.4 LUBRICATION OF ROOTS COMPRESSORS 402
7.10.1.5 LUBRICATION OF TURBO COMPRESSORS 402 7.10.2 LUBRICATION OF
COMPRESSORS FOR OXYGEN AND HYDROCARBONS 402
7.10.2.1 OXYGEN 402 7.10.2.2 HYDROCARBONS 402 7.10.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF
COMPRESSOR OILS 402 7.10.4 LUBRICANTS FOR REFRIGERATING COMPRESSORS
(REFRIGERATION OILS) 403 7.10.4.1 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF REFRIGERATION
OIL 403
7.10.4.2 REFRIGERATION OILS FOR CO 2 403 7.10.4.3 MIXTURE VISCOSITY IN
RELATIONSHIP TO TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND REFRIGERANT CONCENTRATION 407
7.10.4.4 MISCIBILITY GAP AND SOLUBILITY THRESHOLD 408
7.10.4.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE CYCLE 409 7AL METAL-WORKING FLUIDS
420 7.11.1 CHIP-FORMING OPERATIONS 410 7.11.1.1 ACTION OF MACHINING 420
7.WA.2 FRICTION AND WEAR ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR THE USE OF CUTTING
FLUIDS 420
7.11.1.3 WATER-MISCIBLE CUTTING FLUIDS 420 7.11.1.4 NEAT CUTTING FLUIDS
422 7.11.1.5 MACHINING WITH GEOMETRICALLY DEFINED CUTTING EDGES 422
7.11.1.6 MACHINING WITH GEOMETRICALLY NON-DEFINED CUTTING EDGES 412
7.11.1.7 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINING OPERATIONS 411 7.11.1.8
METAL-WORKING FLUIDS CIRCULATION SYSTEMS 411 7.11.1.9 MONITORING AND
MAINTENANCE OF NEAT AND WATER-MISCIBLE CUTTING FLUIDS 412
7.11.1.10 SPLITTING AND DISPOSAL OF CUTTING FLUIDS 422 7.11.1.11
COOLANTCOSTS 412 7.11.1.12 NEW TRENDS IN COOLANT TECHNOLOGY 412 7.11.2
FORMING LUBRICANTS 412 7.11.2.1 SHEET METAL-WORKING LUBRICANTS 412
7.11.2.2 SHEET METAL-FORMING IN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING 412 7.11.2.3
LUBRICANTS FOR WIRE, TUBE, AND PROFILE DRAWING 422 7.11.2.4 HYDROFORMING
413
7.11.2.5 LUBRICANTS FOR ROLLING 413 7.11.2.6 SOLID METAL-FORMING
LUBRICANTS (SOLID-FORMING, FORGING, AND EXTRUSION) 413
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
7.12 LUBRICATING GREASES 423
7.12.1 DEFINITION 413
7.12.2 CLASSIFKATION 414 7.12.3 THICKENERS 415 7.12.3.1 SOAPS 415
7.12.3.2 COMPLEX SOAPS 416 7.12.3.3 OTHER THICKENERS 428 7.12.4 BASE
OILS 418
7.12.5 ADDITIVES 429 7.12.6 MANUFACTURE OF GREASES 419 7.12.6.1 METAL
SOAP-BASED GREASES 419 7.12.7 APPLICATIONS OF GREASES 420 7.12.7.1
ROLLING BEARINGS 422 7A2J.2 CARS, TRUCKS, AND CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES 421
7.12.7.3 STEEL MILLS 423 7A2.7A MINING 424 7.12.7.5 RAILROADS AND
RAILWAYS 424 7.12.7.6 GEARS 424 7.12.7.7 OTHER APPLICATIONS 425 7.12.7.8
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES 425 7.13 SOLID LUBRICATION 425
7.13.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID LUBRICANTS 426 7.13.1.1 STRUCTURAL
LUBRICANTS 426 7.13.1.2 MECHANICAL LUBRICANTS 426 7.13.2 PRODUCTS
CONTAINING SOLID LUBRICANTS 428 7.13.2.1 POWDERS 428
7.13.2.2 SOLID LUBRICANTS IN CARRYING MEDIA 429 7.13.2.3 DISPERSIONS AND
SUSPENSIONS 429 7.13.2.4 GREASES AND GREASE PASTES 430 7.13.2.5 PASTES
430
7.13.2.6 DRY-FILM LUBRICANTS 431 7.13.3 LNDUSTRIAL USES OF PRODUCTS
CONTAINING SOLID LUBRICANTS 432 7.13.3.1 SCREW LUBRICATION 432
7.13.3.2 ROLLER-BEARING LUBRICATION, AND SLIDE GUIDEWAYS 433 7.13.3.3
CHAIN LUBRICATION 433 7.13.3.4 PLASTIC AND ELASTOMER LUBRICATION 434
7AA- LABORATORY METHODS FOR TESTING LUBRICANTS 434
7.15 LUBRICANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 435 7.15.1 TERMINOLOGY AND FOCUS OF
DEVELOPMENT 435 7.15.2 TESTS TO EVALUATE BIOTIC POTENTIAL 445 7.15.2.1
BIODEGRADATION 445
7.15.2.2 ECOTOXICITY 445 7.15.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 447 7.15.3.1
REACH (REGISTRATION, EVALUATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF CHEMICALS) 447
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
7.15.3.2 THE GHS (GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM) OF CLASSIFICATION
AND LABELING 447
7.15.4 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY LUBRICANTS - DRIVING FORCES 448 7.15.5
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPATIBLE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 452
7.15.5.1 THE GERMAN REGULATION VDMA 24 568 452 7.15.5.2 ISO REGULATION
15 380 451 7.15.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SEAL 451 7.15.6.1 GLOBAL ECO-LABELING
NETWORK 451 7.15.6.2 EUROPEAN ECO-LABEL 457
7.15.6.3 THE GERMAN "BLUE ANGEL" 457 7.15.6.4 NORDIC COUNTRIES (NORWAY,
SWEDEN, FINLAND, ICELAND): THE WHITE SWAN 458 7.15.6.5 THE CANADIAN
"ENVIRONMENTAL CHOICE" (MAPLE LEAF) 458 7.15.6.6 OTHER ECO-LABELS 459
7.15.7 BIODEGRADABLE BASE OILS FOR LUBRICANTS 460
7.15.8 ADDITIVES 462
7.16 DISPOSAL OF USED LUBRICANTS 462 7.16.1 POSSIBLE USES OF WASTE OIL
462 7.16.2 LEGISLATIVE INFLUENCES ON WASTE OIL COLLECTION AND
RECONDITIONING 462 7.16.3 RE-REFINING 463
7.16.3.1 SULFURIC ACID REFINING 464 7.16.3.2 PROPANE EXTRACTION PROCESS
(IFP, SNAMPROGETTI) 464 7.16.3.3 MOHAWK TECHNOLOGY (CEP-MOHAWK) 465
7.16.3.4 THE KTI PROCESS 465
7.16.3.5 PROP PROCESS 465 7.16.3.6 SAFETY KLEEN PROCESS 466 7.16.3.7 DEA
TECHNOLOGY 466 7.16.3.8 OTHER RE-REFINING TECHNOLOGIES 466
REFERENCES 466
8 MECHANICAL-DYNAMIC TRIBOLOGY AND TESTING METHODS 479 8.1 INTRODUCTION
479
8.2 TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM CATEGORIES WITHIN MECHANICAL-DYNAMIC TESTS 482
8.3 SIMPLE TRIBOLOGICAL MECHANICAL-DYNAMIC TEST MACHINES AND TEST
METHODS 482 8.3.1 FOUR-BALL APPARARUS 482
8.3.2 BRUGGER APPARARUS AND REICHERT'S FRICTION-WEAR BALANCE 484 8.3.3
FALEX TEST MACHINES 486 8.3.3.1 FALEX BLOCK-ON-RING TEST MACHINE 486
8.3.3.2 FALEX PIN AND VEE BLOCK TEST MACHINE. 487 8.3.3.3 FALEX
HIGH-PERFORMANCE MULTISPECIMEN TEST MACHINE 487 8.3.3.4 FALEX TAPPING
TORQUE TEST MACHINE 487 8.3.4 TIMKEN TEST MACHINE 489
8.3.5 HIGH-FREQUENCY RECIPROCATING TEST MACHINES 490 8.3.5.1
HIGH-FREQUENCY RECIPROCATING RIG (HFRR) 490
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XV
8.3.5.2 HIGH-FREQUENCY, LINEAR-OSCILLATION TEST MACHINE (SRV) 491
8.3.6 MINI TRACTION MACHINE (MTM) 492 8.3.7 LOW-VELOCITY FRICTION
APPARARUS (LVFA): THE TRIBOMETER 494 8.3.8 DIESEL INJECTOR APPARATUS 494
8.3.9 FURTHER STANDARDIZED AND NON-STANDARDIZED TEST MACHINES
AND TEST METHODS 495 8.4 TRIBOLOGY OF THE GEARBOX, TRANSMISSION, AND
TRANSFER CASE 495 8.4.1 VARIETY OF GEAR AND TRANSMISSION TYPES 495 8.4.2
GEARS AND ROLLER BEARINGS 497
8.4.2.1 GEARS 497
8.4.2.2 ROLLER BEARINGS 499 8.4.3 GEAR AND ROLLER BEARING
TRIBO-PERFORMANCE TEST RIGS 499 8.4.3.1 OLDER TEST RIGS USED FOR GEAR
AND AXLE APPLICATION 499 8.4.3.2 FZG GEAR-TEST RIG 501 8.4.3.3 THE
MICRO-PITTING RIG (MPR) 503 8.4.3.4 THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE BEARING TESTER
(HTBT) 504 8.4.3.5 THE ROLLER BEARING TEST APPARATUS (FE8) 505
8.4.3.6 THE ROLLER BEARING TEST APPARATUS (FE9) 506 8.4.4 TYPES OF TOOTH
FLANK AND ROLLER BEARING DAMAGE 508 8.4.4.1 WEAR AND WEAR PERFORMANCE
TESTS 508
8.4.4.2 SCUFFING/SCORING AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 510 8.4.4.3 SURFACE
FATIGUE/MICRO-PITTING AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 523 8.4.4.4 SUB-SURFACE
FATIGUE/PITTING AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 525
8.4.4.5 TOOTH FRACTURE 518 8.4.5 GEAR EFFICIENCY AND FUEL ECONOMY 528
8.4.6 TRANSMISSION TRENDS WITH REGARD TO TRIBOLOGY AND OIL AGING 529
8.4.7 SYNCHRONIZER APPLICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 522 8.4.7.1 AREA
OF APPLICATION 522 8.4.7.2 FUNCTION AND TRIBOLOGY OF THE SYNCHRONIZER
522 8.4.7.3 STANDARDIZED TEST RIGS AND TEST METHODS 526 8.4.8 WET CLUTCH
APPLICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 529 8.4.8.1 AREA OF APPLICATION 529
8.4.8.2 FUNCTION AND TRIBOLOGY OF THE FRICTION DISKS 530 8.4.8.3
STANDARDIZED TEST RIGS AND TEST METHODS 531 8.4.9 VARIATOR APPLICATIONS
AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 535
8.4.9.1 AREA OF APPLICATION 535 8.4.9.2 FUNCTION AND TRIBOLOGY OF CHAIN,
PUSH BELT, AND FLUID 538 8.4.9.3 STANDARDIZED TEST RIGS AND TEST METHODS
539
8.5 TRIBOLOGY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 541 8.5.1 VARIETY OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 541 8.5.2 AREA OF APPLICATION AND OPERATION
OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES 542
8.5.3 TRIBOLOGY OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 544 8.5.4
AREA OF APPLICATION AND OPERATION OF FOUR-STROKE ENGINES 546 8.5.5
TRIBOLOGY OF FOUR-STROKE ENGINES AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 548 8.5.5.1
PISTON 550
IMAGE 12
XVI CONTENTS
8.5.5.2 PISTON PIN TO PISTON CONTACT 552
8.5.5.3 PISTON SKIRT TO CYLINDER BLOCK 552 8.5.5.4 PISTON RINGS TO
CYLINDER BLOCK 553 8.5.5.5 CRANKSHAFT AND CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS 555
8.5.5.6 CAMSHAFT TO CAM FOLLOWER, VALVES, VALVE MECHANISMS,
AND VALVE TRAIN 557 8.5.5.7 GEAR TRAINS: TIMING GEAR CHAIN AND TIMING
BELT 559 8.5.5.8 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM 560 8.5.5.9 OIL PUMP 561 8.5.5.10
OIL FILTER 563 8.5.5.11 SINGLE- AND DUAL-MASS FLYWHEEL SYSTEMS 563
8.5.5.12 AUXILIARY ASSEMBLIES 565
8.5.5.13 ENGINE TESTING 565 8.5.6 ROTARY ENGINES 565 8.5.6.1 APPLICATION
AND OPERATION OF ROTARY ENGINES 565 8.5.6.2 TRIBOLOGY OF ROTARY ENGINES
570 8.5.7 GAS TURBINES: HIGH-POWER ENGINES 572
8.5.7.1 AREA OF APPLICATION AND OPERATION OF GAS TURBINES 572 8.5.7.2
TRIBOLOGY OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES 575 8.5.8 FUTURE TRENDS 577 8.5.8.1
FUEL ECONOMY 577
8.5.8.2 EXTENDED DRAIN AND BIOFUEL COMPATIBILITY 578 8.5.8.3 EMISSIONS
579 8.5.8.4 WEIGHT REDUCTION 580
8.6 TRIBOLOGY OF HYDRAULIC PUMP AND CIRCUIT DESIGN 580 8.6.1 HYDRAULIC
FUNDAMENTALS 580 8.6.2 AREA OF HYDRAULIC APPLICATION AND OPERATION 582
8.6.3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND LOOP CIRCUITS 582 8.6.4 TRIBOLOGY
OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS AND PERFORMANCE TESTS 584 8.6.4.1 GEAR PUMPS 585
8.6.4.2 VANE PUMPS 587 8.6.4.3 PISTON PUMPS 589 8.6.4.4 HYBRID PUMPS 592
8.6.5 TRIBOLOGY OF VALVES 593 8.6.6 TRIBOLOGY OF SEALS, GASKETS, AND
ELASTOMERS 594 8.6.7 FUEL EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS 597 8.6.7A
TRENDS AND KEY FACTORS 597 8.6.7.2 THE ROLE OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS FOR
ENERGY EFFICIENCY 597 8.6.7.3 HYDRAULIC PUMP EFFICIENCY TEST RIGS AND
TEST METHODS 598 8.6.7.4 TEST RESULTS OF PUMP EFFICIENCY TESTS AND FIELD
TEST VERIFICATION 602 8.7 INTERPRETATION AND PRECISION OF TRIBOLOGICAL
MECHANICAL-DYNAMIC
TESTING 622 REFERENCES 622
INDEX 623 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mang, Theo 1938- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)106920987 (DE-588)140759026 |
| author_facet | Mang, Theo 1938- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mang, Theo 1938- |
| author_variant | t m tm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036863141 |
| classification_rvk | ZL 3700 ZL 3750 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)690907144 (DE-599)DNB1002408083 |
| dewey-full | 621.89 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.89 |
| dewey-search | 621.89 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.89 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036863141 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-05T08:40:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527320578 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020778863 |
| oclc_num | 690907144 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-92 DE-1051 DE-29T DE-573 DE-83 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-92 DE-1051 DE-29T DE-573 DE-83 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-703 |
| physical | XXVII, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Mang, Theo 1938- Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060847-5 |
| title | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication |
| title_auth | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication |
| title_exact_search | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication |
| title_full | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication Theo Mang ; Kirsten Bobzin, and Thorsten Bartels |
| title_fullStr | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication Theo Mang ; Kirsten Bobzin, and Thorsten Bartels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Industrial tribology tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication Theo Mang ; Kirsten Bobzin, and Thorsten Bartels |
| title_short | Industrial tribology |
| title_sort | industrial tribology tribosystems friction wear and surface engineering lubrication |
| title_sub | tribosystems, friction, wear and surface engineering, lubrication |
| topic | Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tribologie |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3474317&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020778863&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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2000 ZL 3750 M277 |
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