Hormones, brain and behavior: 5 Chapters 86 - 108
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier, Acad. Press
2009
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI S., S. 2709 - 3627 graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780123743862 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hormones, brain and behavior |n 5 |p Chapters 86 - 108 |c ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
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| adam_text | HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR SECOND EDITION VOLUME FIVE CHAPTERS 86-108
EDITED BY DONALD W. PFAFF THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
ARTHUR P. ARNOLD DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ANNE M. ETGEN DOMINICK
P. PURPURA DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF
MEDICINE, BRONX, NEW YORK SUSAN E. FAHRBACH DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, WAKE
FOREST UNIVERSITY, WINSTON-SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA ROBERT T. RUBIN
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND BIOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AMSTERDAM * BOSTON *
HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS * SAN DIEGO * SAN
FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO ACADEMIC ELSEVTER ACADEMIC PRESS
IS AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER PRESS CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME CONTENTS OF
VOLUME FIVE CHAPTER 86 NEUROSTEROIDS - FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO CLINICAL
PERSPECTIVES CAFRYE 86.1 INTRODUCTION 86.1.1 SEX DIFFERENCES IN
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 86.1.2 ORGANIZING EFFECTS OF SEX STEROID
HORMONES 86.1.3 ACTIVATING EFFECTS OF SEX STEROID HORMONES 86.1.4
EMERGING QUESTIONS ABOUT ACTIVATING EFFECTS OF SEX STEROID HORMONES
86.1.4.1 CLASSIC ENDOCRINE SOURCES OR AUTOCRINE, INTRACRINE, AND
PARACRINE EFFECTS? 86.1.4.2 IS IT THE HORMONE, ITS PRECURSOR, OR
ADDITIVE EFFECTS? 86.1.4.3 THRESHOLD OR DOSE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS? 86.1.4.4
HORMONES CAN INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR AND BEHAVIOR CAN ALTER HORMONES 86.1.4.5
CLASSIC NUCLEAR ACTIONS OR RAPID SIGNALING? 86.1.4.6 THE BRAIN AS AN
ENDOCRINE ORGAN 86.2 NEUROSTEROIDOGENESIS 86.2.1 THE DISCOVERY OF
BIOSYNTHESIS 86.2.2 PERIPHERAL-TYPE BENZODIAZEPINE- RECEPTOR RECOGNITION
SITE 86.2.3 METABOLIC PATHWAYS 86.2.4 METABOLIC ENZYMES 86.2.5 PATTERNS
IN SECRETION 86.3 ACTIONS OF NEUROSTEROIDS 86.3.1 NONCLASSICAL ACTIONS
OF NEUROSTEROIDS 86.3.2 ACTIONS OF NEUROSTEROIDS THROUGH GABAA RECEPTORS
86.3.3 OTHER TARGETS FOR NEUROSTEROIDS 2711 2712 2712 2712 2712 2712
2713 2713 2713 2715 2715 2715 2715 86.4 FUNCTION OF NEUROSTEROIDS -
BASIC RESEARCH 2716 86.4.1 BEHAVIORS ARE INFLUENCED BY NEUROSTEROIDS
2716 NEUROSTEROIDS AND HOMEOSTASIS 2716 NEUROSTEROIDS ARE INFLUENCED BY
EXPERIENCE AND BEHAVIOR 2717 NEUROSTEROIDS AND PARASYMPATHETIC TONE 2717
NEUROSTEROIDS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE RODENTS 2717 ACTIONS OF
NEUROSTEROIDS IN THE MIDBRAIN MEDIATE FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF RODENTS
2718 NEUROSTEROIDS AND AGGRESSION, TERRITORIALITY 2718 NEUROSTEROIDS AND
MATERNAL BEHAVIOR 2719 NEUROSTEROIDS AND APPROACH 2719 BEHAVIOR-INDUCED
BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACTIONS AT TARGET SITES IN THE MIDBRAIN VTA 2719
NEUROSTEROIDS AND MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2720 86.4.12 NEUROSTEROIDS AND
NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION 2720 86.4.13 NEUROSTEROIDS AND AGE-RELATED
CHANGES IN SEXUAL FUNCTION 2721 86.4.14 NEUROSTEROIDS * IMPLICATIONS
2721 86.5 NEUROSTEROIDS CLINICAL RELEVANCE 2721 86.5.1 NEUROSTEROIDS AND
NEURONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 2721 86.5.2 NEUROSTEROIDS AND GESTATION
2722 86.5.3 NEUROSTEROIDS AND PRETERM BIRTH 2722 86.5.4 NEUROSTEROIDS
AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2724 86.5.5 NEUROSTEROIDS AND DRUG ABUSE
2725 86.5.5.1 NEUROSTEROIDS AND ALCOHOL 2725 86.5.5.2 NEUROSTEROIDS AND
COCAINE 2725 86.5.6 NEUROSTEROIDS AND DEPRESSION 2726 86.5.6.1
NEUROSTEROIDS AND DEPRESSION * 2726 2709 2710 2710 2711 2711 2711 2711
2711 2711 86.4.2 86.4.3 86.4.4 86.4.5 86.4.6 86.4.7 86.4.8 86.4.9
86.4.10 86.4.11 XIII XIV CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 86.5.7 86.5.8 86.5.9
86.5.10 86.5.11 86.5.12 86.5.6.2 NEUROSTEROIDS AND DEPRESSION *
TREATMENT 86.5.6.3 NEUROSTEROIDS AND DEPRESSION * ANIMAL MODELS
NEUROSTEROIDS AND ANXIETY NEUROSTEROIDS AND MOOD DYSREGULATION
NEUROSTEROIDS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA NEUROSTEROIDS, AGING, MENOPAUSE, AND
HORMONE THERAPY NEUROSTEROIDS AND NEURODEGENERATION 86.5.11.1
NEUROSTEROIDS AND SEIZURE DISORDER 86.5.11.2 NEUROSTEROIDS AND AD
86.5.11.3 NEUROSTEROIDS AND NIEMANN* PICK TYPE C NEUROSTEROIDS,
APOPTOSIS, AND NEUROGENESIS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FURTHER READINE 2726
2727 2727 2728 2729 2729 2731 2731 2733 2733 2734 2735 2735 2745 CHAPTER
87 SEX DIFFERENCES IN CNS NEUROTRANSMITTER INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR M E
RHODES, TJ CREEL, AND A N NORD 87.1 INTRODUCTION 87.1.1 SEXUAL
DIMORPHISM OF THE MAMMALIAN CNS 87.1.2 SEXUAL DIERGISM * PHYSIOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES 87.2 ACETYLCHOLINE 87.2.1 CHOLINERGIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM 87.2.2 SEXUAL DIERGISM IN CHOLINE, CHOLINE TRANSPORT, AND
ACETYLCHOLINE 87.2.3 SEXUAL DIERGISM IN CHOLINERGIC ENZYMES 87.2.4
SEXUAL DIERGISM IN CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ACTIVITY 87.2.5 INFLUENCE OF
GONADAL STEROIDS ON CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS 87.2.6 CHOLINERGIC SEXUAL
DIERGISM IN RELATION TO LEARNING, MEMORY, AND OTHER BEHAVIORS 87.2.7
ACETYLCHOLINE AND THE HPA AXIS 87.2.7.1 SEXUAL DIERGISM IN BASAL HPA-
AXIS ACTIVITY 87.2.7.2 INFLUENCE OF GONADAL STEROIDS ON HPA-AXIS
ACTIVITY SI .2.13 SEXUAL DIERGISM OF HPA-AXIS RESPONSES TO STIMULATION
21M 812.1 A SEXUAL DIERGISM OF HPA-AXIS RESPONSES TO CHOLINERGIC
STIMULATION AND ANTAGONISM 2759 87.3 DOPAMINE 2762 87.3.1 DOPAMINERGIC
AGE-RELATED SEX DIFFERENCES 2762 87.3.2 SEXUAL DIERGISM, GONADAL
HORMONES, AND DOPAMINE 2762 87.4 GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID 2763 87.4.1 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN GABAERGIC SYSTEMS 2763 87.4.2 INFLUENCE OF GONADAL
STEROIDS ON GABAERGIC SEX DIFFERENCES 2764 87.4.3 SEXUAL DIERGISM IN
GABAERGIC SYSTEMS 2765 87.5 NOREPINEPHRINE 2766 87.5.1 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
AND DIERGISM OF NORADRENERGIC SYSTEMS 2766 87.6 SEROTONIN 2768 87.6.1
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND DIERGISM OF SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS 2768 87.7
VASOPRESSIN 2769 87.7.1 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF AVP 2769 87.7.2 SEXUAL
DIERGISM OF AVP 2770 87.7.3 INFLUENCE OF GONADAL STEROIDS ON AVP
SECRETION 2771 2748 7751 L. 1 J I 2751 2752 2752 2752 2753 2754 2755
2756 2756 2757 2757 2757 DIERGISM 87.8.1 BEHAVIORAL RELEVANCE OF SEXUAL
DIERGISM 87.8.2 SEXUAL DIERGISM IN RELATIONSHIP TO DISEASE 87.8.3
THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF SEXUAL DIERGISM 87.9 CONCLUSION REFERENCES
CHAPTER 88 DISORDERS IN MALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: MOLECULAR GENETICS,
GENDER IDENTITY, AND COGNITION Y-S ZHU AND J LMPERATO-MCGINLEY 88.1
INTRODUCTION 88.2 EMBRYOLOGY OF MALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND
DEVELOPMENT 88.2.1 FORMATION OF THE BIPOTENTIAL GONAD 88.2.2 TESTICULAR
DIFFERENTIATION 88.2.3 OVARIAN DIFFERENTIATION 88.2.4 DUCTAL
DIFFERENTIATION 88.2.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA 2772
2773 2774 2774 2775 2776 2787 2788 2788 2788 2789 2789 2789 2789
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 8.3 THE GENETIC AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 2789 88.3.1 88.3.2 88.3.3 88.3.4 88.3.5 THE
GENETIC CONTROL OF TESTICULAR DIFFERENTIATION TESTICULAR FUNCTION
88.3.2.1 TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION 88.3.2.2 ANTI-MIILLENAN HORMONE ENZYMES
AND GENES INVOLVED IN TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS 88.3.3.1 STAR PROTEIN
88.3.3.2 CHOLESTEROL 20,22-DESMOLASE 88.3.3.3 3/I-HYDROXYSTEROID
DEHYDROGENASES 88.3.3.4 LLA-HYDROXYLASE/11,20- DESMOLASE 88.3.3.5
LLFI-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 88.3.3.6 P450 OXIDOREDUCTASE ANDROGENS
AND TARGET-ORGAN RESPONSIVENESS 88.3.4.1 THE ENZYME SA-REDUCTASE-2
88.3.4.2 THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR SUMMARY 88.4 DISORDERS OF MALE SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION DUE TO DEFECTS IN ANDROGEN PRODUCTION OR ACTION 88.4.1
88.4.2 88.4.3 17PHSD3 DEFICIENCY 88.4.1.1 THE CLINICAL SYNDROME OF
11/1HSD3 DEFICIENCY 88.4.1.2 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 11/1HSD3
DEFICIENCY 88.4.1.3 THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF 11/SHSD3 DEFICIENCY
5A-REDUCTASE-2 DEFICIENCY 88.4.2.1 THE CLINICAL SYNDROME OF5U.RD2
DEFICIENCY 88.4.2.2 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 5 88.4.2.3 MOLECULAR
GENETICS OFSARD2 DEFICIENCY ANDROGEN [NSENSITIVITY SYNDROME 88.4.3.1 THE
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME 88.4.3.2 THE BIOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME 88.4.3.3 MOLECULAR
GENETICS OF ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME 2790 2791 2791 2791 2791
2792 2792 2792 2793 2794 2794 2796 2796 2797 2800 2800 2800 2800 2801
2802 2802 2802 2804 2805 2806 2806 2806 2806 I.5 GENDER IDENTITY
DEVELOPMENT 88.5.1 SOCIAL THEORY IN GENDER DEVELOPMENT 88.5.2
HORMONE-INFLUENCE THEORY GENDER DEVELOPMENT 88.5.3 GENETIC FACTORS ON
GENDER DEVELOPMENT 2808 2808 2808 2809 88.6 GENDER IDENTITY IN SPECIFIC
INHERITED DISORDERS AFFECTING ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS AND ANDROGEN ACTIONS
88.6.1 GENDER IDENTITY IN SUBJECTS WITH 5ARD2 DEFICIENCY 88.6.2 GENDER
IDENTITY IN SUBJECTS WITH 17BHSD3 DEFICIENCY SEX DIFFERENCES IN
COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND LATERALITY 88.7.1 COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN
ANDROGEN- INSENSITIVE SUBJECTS 88.7.2 OTHER STUDIES OF COGNITIVE
FUNCTION IN HYPOGONADAL MALES CONCLUSION 88.7 88.8 REFERENCES CHAPTER 89
SEX DIFFERENCES AND INTRASEXUAL VARIATION IN COMPETITIVE CONFRONTATION
AND RISK TAKING: AN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE M WILSON, M
DALY, AND N POUND 89.1 INTRODUCTION 89.2 AN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE 89.2.1 DECISION-MAKING ADAPTATIONS 89.2.2. ADAPTATION VERSUS
PATHOLOGY 89.2.3 SEXUAL SELECTION AND COMPETITION 89.2.4 HOMICIDE AS AN
ASSAY OF COMPETITIVE CONFRONTATION AND RISK TAKING 89.2.5 THE SEX
DIFFERENCE IN HUMAN INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION AND VIOLENCE 89.2.6
DEMOGRAPHY OF MASCULINE COMPETITIVE AND RISK-TAKING INCLINATIONS 89.2.7
DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE 89.2.8 INEQUITY AND LETHAL COMPETITIVE VIOLENCE
89.2.9 MAKING SENSE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 89.2.10 TESTOSTERONE AND
THE MODULATION OF CONFRONTATIONAL COMPETITIVE RISK TAKING 89.2.11
TESTOSTERONE AS A MEDIATOR OF MATING EFFORT 89.2.12 TESTOSTERONE S COSTS
AND HONEST SIGNALING 89.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 90 PAIN: SEX/GENDER DIFFERENCES A Z MURPHY, K J BERKLEY, AND A
HOLDCROFT 90.1 OVERVIEW 2809 2809 2812 2813 2815 2816 2817 2817 2825
2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2835 2837 2839 2841 2842 2844
2846 2847 2852 2853 2854 XVI CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 90.2 PAIN: A
SUMMARY 285 4 .90.2.1 WHAT IS PAIN? 2854 90.2.2 HOW IS PAIN CLASSIFIED?
2854 90.2.3 HOW IS PAIN MEASURED? 2855 90.2.4 WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS OF
PAIN? 2856 90.2.5 HOW IS PAIN MANAGED? 2856 90.3 SEX DIFFERENCES IN PAIN
2856 90.3.1 PAIN, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND SEX/GENDER 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8
90.9 DIFFERENCES 90.3.2 PAIN, NOCICEPTION, AND SEX/GENDER DIFFERENCES
90.3.3 PAIN THERAPIES AND SEX/GENDER DIFFERENCES PAIN MECHANISMS AND
SEX/GENDER DIFFERENCES 90.4.1 GENETICS 90.4.2 BODY PHYSIOLOGY AND
STRUCTURE 90.4.2.1 PHYSIOLOGY: GENERAL 90.4.2.2 PHYSIOLOGY:
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AS AN EXAMPLE 90.4.3 PELVIC ORGANS 90.4.4 BRAIN
FUNCTION THE INFLUENCE OF SEX STEROID HORMONES ON PAIN AND NOCICEPTION
90.5.1 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS: THE DESCENDING PAIN MODULATORY CIRCUIT
STRESS AND PAIN LIFE SPAN EVENTS, LIFESTYLE, AND SOCIOCULTURAL ROLES
90.7.1 FETUS, CHILDHOOD, AND PUBERTY 90.7.2 FERTILE ADULTHOOD 90.7.3
GONADAL AGING AND SENESCENCE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 90.8.1 THE DIAGNOSTIC
PROCESS 90.8.2 PHARMACEUTICAL THERAPIES 90.8.2.1 ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS
90.8.2.2 DRUG DEVELOPMENT 90.8.2.3 DRUG SELECTION 90.8.2.4 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN SHORT- AND LONGER-TERM EFFECTS OFOPIOIDS 90.8.2.5
PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS 90.8.2.5 SITUATIONAL MANIPULATIONS 90.8.2.6
ADVANTAGES OF VARYING AND COMBINING THERAPIES 90.8.3 HORMONES, PAIN AND
THE CLINIC: TWO EXAMPLES 90.8.3.1 DIABETES 90.8.3.2 CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE CONCLUSION REFERENCES FURTHER READING 2856 2857 2858 2858 2859
2859 2859 2859 2860 2861 2861 2862 2863 2863 2863 2864 2864 2865 2865
2865 2866 2866 2866 2866 2867 2867 2867 2868 2868 2868 2869 2869 2874
CHAPTER 91 STRESS AND ANXIETY DISORDERS 2875 E A YOUNG, S N GARFINKEL,
AND I LIBERZON 91.1 INTRODUCTION 2875 91.1.1 STRESS, FEAR, AND ANXIETY
2875 91.1.2 ANXIETY DISORDERS AND STRESSFUL EVENTS - IS THERE A
CONNECTION? THE ROLE OF LIFE EVENTS 2876 91.2 DESCRIPTION OF BASIC
STRESS AND ANXIETY SYSTEMS 2877 91.2.1 STRESS-RESPONSE SYSTEMS: STRESS
AND HPA-AXIS REGULATION 2877 91.2.1.1 LINKS BETWEEN HPA AXIS AND
NORADRENERGIC FUNCTION IN ANIMAL STUDIES 2877 91.2.2 ANXIETY AND FEAR -
NEURAL PATHWAYS 2878 91.2.3 THE HPA AXIS IN PANIC DISORDER AND OTHER
ANXIETY DISORDERS 2880 91.2.4 THE HPA AXIS IN PTSD 2880 91.4 THE
SYMPTHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANXIETY DISORDERS 2883 91.4.1 CENTRAL
NORADRENERGIC REGULATION IN ANXIETY DISORDERS 2883 91.4.2 OTHER
NORADRENERGIC MARKERS IN PANIC DISORDERS 2883 91.4.3 PERIPHERAL
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION IN PTSD 2884 91.5 MODELING
STRESS/ANXIETY INTERACTION IN ANIMALS 2885 91.5.1 MODELING FEAR VERSUS
MODELING ABNORMAL ANXIETY 2885 91.5.2 BEHAVIORAL TEST VERSUS MODELS OF
ANXIETY DISORDERS 2885 91.5.3 EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL EXPOSURE ON ENDOCRINE
AND BEHAVIORAL VARIABLES 2886 91.5.3.1 STRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS 2886
91.5.4 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL MODELS 2887 91.6 IMAGING THE FEAR AND ANXIETY
PATHWAYS 2887 91.6.1 STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING IN PTSD AND ANXIETY
DISORDERS * IS CORTISOL BAD FOR YOUR HIPPOCAMPUS? 2887 91.6.2 FUNCTIONAL
IMAGING OF STRESS/ANXIETY STATES 2888 91.6.2.1 IMAGING OF FEAR IN NORMAL
CONTROLS 2888 91.6.2.2 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN * ANXIETY DISORDERS
2889 91.6.2.3 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN PTSD 2890 REFERENCES 2892
FURTHER READING 2897 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XVII CHAPTER 92 THE
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS RT RUBIN AND BJ CARROLL 92.1
INTRODUCTION 92.1.1 92.1.2 92.1.3 92.1.4 92.1.5 92.1.6 CLASSIFICATION
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND DEPRESSIVE SUBTYPES GENETICS EPIDEMIOLOGY
NEUROCIRCUITRY OF DEPRESSION NEUROTRANSMITTER AND NEUROMODULATOR
FUNCTION 92.1.6.1 ACETYLCHOLINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE 92.1.6.2 SEROTONIN
92.1.6.3 DOPAMINE 92.1.6.4 OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE PEPTIDES 92.1.6.5
BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR 92.1.6.6 NEUROSTEROIDS AND NEUROACTIVE
STEROIDS 92.2 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY- ADRENOCORTICAL AXIS 92.2.1 92.2.2
92.2.3 92.2.4 92.2.5 92.2.6 92.2.7 92.2.8 92.2.9 SECRETION OF
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND CORTISOL IN DEPRESSION SECRETION OF
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE IN DEPRESSION R SECRETION OF ARGININE
VASOPRESSIN IN DEPRESSION PERTURBATION TESTS OF HPA-AXIS FUNCTION IN
DEPRESSION 92.2.4.1 DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST 92.2.4.2 CRH
STIMULATION TEST 92.2.4.3 ACTH STIMULATION TEST 92.2.4.4 SEROTONERGIC
STIMULATION PITUITARY AND ADRENAL VOLUMETRIC STUDIES IN DEPRESSION
92.2.5.1 PITUITARY GLAND 92.2.5.2 ADRENAL GLAND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR
FUNCTION IN DEPRESSION EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON THE HPA AXIS
CRH-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION CORTISOL
SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN THE
TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION 923 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS 92.3.1
92.3.2 92.3.3 92.3.4 BASAL THYROID FUNCTION IN DEPRESSION TRH
STIMULATION OF TSH IN DEPRESSION RELATIONSHIP TO THE HPA AXIS DIAGNOSTIC
AND PROGNOSTIC UTILITY OF THE TRH STIMULATION TEST 2899 2901 2901 2901
2902 2902 2902 2903 2903 2904 2904 2904 2905 2905 2905 2905 2907 2907
2908 2908 2909 2909 2909 2910 2910 2910 2910 2911 2911 2911 2912 2912
2912 2912 2913 92.3.5 ADJUVANT THERAPY WITH THYROID HORMONES 92.3.5.1
ACCELERATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT 92.3.5.2 AUGMENTATION OF
ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT 92.3.5.3 MODE OF ACTION OF THYROID HORMONE
AUGMENTATION 92.4 GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIN) 92.4.1 92.4.2 92.4.3
92.4.4 92.4.5 REGULATION OF GH SECRETION BASAL GH SECRETION IN
DEPRESSION MONOAMINES AND GH SECRETION IN DEPRESSION 92.4.3.1
NOREPINEPHRINE 92.4.3.2 DOPAMINE 92.4.3.3 SEROTONIN 92.4.3.4
ACETYLCHOLINE 92.4.3.5 GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND GH
SECRETION IN DEPRESSION PEPTIDE-STIMULATED GH SECRETION IN DEPRESSION
92.4.5.1 GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE 92.4.5.2
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE 92.4.5.3 THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
92.5 HYPOTHALAMIC -PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS 92.5.1 92.5.2 92.5.3 92.5.4
DEPRESSED MEN PREMENOPAUSAL DEPRESSED WOMEN PERI/POSTMENOPAUSAL
DEPRESSED WOMEN GONADAL STEROID PHARMACOTHERAPY 92.6 PROLACTIN 92.6.1
92.6.2 92.6.3 BASAL PROLACTIN SECRETION IN DEPRESSION PROLACTIN
RESPONSES TO SEROTONERGIC CHALLENGES IN DEPRESSION PROLACTIN SECRETION
FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION 92.7 MELATONIN 92.7.1 92.7.2 92.8
OTHER 92.8.1 92.8.2 92.8.3 92.8.4 92.8.5 92.8.6 MELATONIN AND SEASONAL
AFFECTIVE DISORDER RELATIONSHIP TO THE HPA AXIS NEUROENDOCRINE PEPTIDES
OPIOID PEPTIDES SUBSTANCE P ARGININE VASOPRESSIN NEUROTENSIN AND NPY
CHOLECYSTOKININ AND ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS LEPTIN 92.9 SUMMARY REFERENCES
FURTHER READING 2913 2913 2913 2913 2914 2914 2914 2914 2914 2915 2915
2915 2915 2915 2915 2915 2916 2916 2916 2916 2916 2916 2917 2917 2917
2917 2918 2918 2918 2918 2918 2918 2919 2919 2919 2919 2920 2920 2921
2926 XVIII CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME CHAPTER 93 ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND
BULIMIA NERVOSA 2927 G J PAZ-FILHO AND J LICINIO 93.1 OVERVIEW 2927 93.2
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 2928 93.2.1 ANOREXIA NERVOSA 2928 93.2.2 BULIMIA
NERVOSA 2930 93.3 HORMONAL FINDINGS 2930 93.3.1 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2930
93.3.2 THYROID GLAND 2931 93.3.3 ADRENAL GLAND 2932 93.3.4 GROWTH
HORMONE 2932 93.3.5 BONE METABOLISM 2932 93.3.6 LEPTIN 2932 93.3.7
GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS 2933 93.3.8 OTHER ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 2934 93.4
MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY 2935 93.4.1 FUNCTIONAL STUDIES 2935 93.4.2
GENETICS 2936 93.5 ENDOCRINE TREATMENT 2936 93.6 CONCLUSION 2937
REFERENCES 2937 CHAPTER 94 PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER 2945 B L
PARRY, S NOWAKOIVSKI, L F MARTINEZ, AND S L BERGA 94.1 INTRODUCTION 2946
94.2 DIAGR 94.2.1 94.2.2 94.2.3 94.2.4 94.3 ETIOLOGY 94.3.1 94.3.2 STIC
ISSUES CLINICAL PHENOMENOLOGY RELATIONSHIP TO DEPRESSION RISK FACTORS,
INHERITANCE AND RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MOOD DISORDERS 94.2.3.1 MOOD
DISORDERS 94.2.3.2 FAMILIAL FACTORS 94.2.3.3 OTHER REPRODUCTIVE-RELATED
MOOD DISORDERS 94.2.3.4 AGE CULTURAL ASPECTS Y BIOMEDICAL MODEL
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE 94.3.2.1 GONADAL
STEROIDS/GONADOTROPINS 94.3.2.2 NEUROVEGETATIVE SIGNS AND
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 94.3.2.3 NEUROENDOCRINE 94.3.2.4
NEUROTRANSMITTERS: SEROTONIN, NOREPINEPHRINE, AND GABA 94.3.2.5
H-ENDORPHIN 94.3.2.6 OTHER (PGS, CCK, ALPHA ASYMMETRY, BRAIN METABOLIC
CHANGES, ACUPUNCTURE, VITAMINS, ELECTROLYTES, AND CO2 INHALATION) 2946
2946 2948 2948 2948 2948 2949 2949 2949 2949 2949 2950 2950 2952 2952
2954 2957 2958 94.3.3 CHRONOBIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES 2958 94.3.4 SUMMARY
2960 94.3.5 EMERGENCE OF A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL 2960 94.4 TREATMENT
2961 94.4.1 THE FUTURE 2964 REFERENCES 2964 CHAPTER 95 DIABETES MELLITUS
AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION 2973 C M RYAN 95.1 INTRODUCTION 2974 95.2
CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF DIABETES MELLITUS 2974 95.2.1 TYPE 1 DIABETES 2974
95.2.2 TYPE 2 DIABETES 2975 95.3 NEUROCOGNITIVE PHENOTYPES 2975 95.3.1
ADULTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES 2976 95.3.1.1 COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS 2976
95.3.1.2 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 2977 95.3.1.3 CEREBROVASCULAR
OUTCOMES 2918 95.3.1.4 BRAIN STRUCTURE ANOMALIES 297 9 95.3.1.5
ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN METABOLITES 2980 95.3.2 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES 2980 95.3.2.1 COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS 2980
95.3.2.2 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 2982 95.3.2.3 CEREBROVASCULAR
OUTCOMES 2982 95.3.2.4 BRAIN STRUCTURE ANOMALIES 2983 95.3.2.5
ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN METABOLITES 2984 95.3.3 ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
2984 95.3.3.1 COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS 2984 95.3.3.2
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 2985 95.3.3.3 CEREBROVASCULAR OUTCOMES 2986
95.3.3.4 BRAIN STRUCTURE ANOMALIES 2987 95.3.3.5 ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN
METABOLITES 2988 95.3.4 DIABETES-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE PHENOTYPES:
ONE OR MANY? 2989 95.4 BIOMEDICAL RISK FACTORS 2989 95.4.1 HYPOGLYCEMIA
2990 95.4.1.1 CNS EFFECTS OF EXTENDED EPISODES OF PROFOUND HYPOGLYCEMIA
2990 9 5.4.1.2 DO SINGLE OR RECURRENT EPISODES OF LESS SEVERE
HYPOGLYCEMIA HAVE NEUROCOGNITIVE SEQUELAE? 299 0 95.4.2 CHRONIC
HYPERGLYCEMIA 2991 95.4.2.1 CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT MICROVASCULAR
COMPLICATIONS PREDICT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT 2991 95.4.2.2 RETINOPATHY
AS A SURROGATE MARKER OF CEREBRAL MICROANGIOPATHY 2992 95.4.2.3 CHRONIC
HYPERGLYCEMIA MAY INTERFERE WITH NORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 2992 CONTENTS
OF THIS VOLUME XIX 95.5 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2993 95.5.1
GLUCOSE TOXICITY 2993 95.5.2 HYPERGLYCEMIA, INSULIN DYSREGULATION, AND
BRAIN DYSFUNCTION 2993 95.6 DIABETES AND BRAIN DYSFUNCTION: SOME FINAL
THOUGHTS 2994 REFERENCES 2995 CHAPTER 96 DISEASES OF HYPOTHALAMIC ORIGIN
3005 J D CARMICBAEL AND G D BRAUNSTEIN 96.1 ANATOMY 3006 96.2
HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTIONS 3006 96.2.1 WATER METABOLISM 3007 96.2.2
TEMPERATURE REGULATION 3008 96.2.3 APPETITE CONTROL 3010 96.2.4
SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM CONTROL 3010 96.2.5 REGULATION OF
VISCERAL (AUTONOMIC) FUNCTION 3011 96.2.6 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION AND
BEHAVIOR 3011 96.2.7 MEMORY 3011 96.2.8 CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
FUNCTION 3011 96.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 3012 96.4
MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASE 96.4.1 96.4.2 96.4.3 96.4.4
96.4.5 96.4.6 DISORDERS OF WATER METABOLISM 96.4.1.1 CENTRAL DIABETES
INSIPIDUS 96.4.1.2 ADIPSIC OR ESSENTIAL HYPERNATREMIA 96.4.1.3 SYNDROME
OF INAPPROPRIATE SECRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE 96.4.1.4 CEREBRAL
SALT WASTING 96.4.1.5 RESET OSMOSTAT DYSTHERMIA 96.4.2.1 HYPERTHERMIA
96.4.2.2 HYPOTHERMIA 96.4.2.3 POIKILOTHERMIA DISORDERS OF CALORIC
BALANCE 96.4.3.1 HYPOTHALAMIC OBESITY 96.4.3.2 HYPOTHALAMIC CACHEXIA IN
ADULTS 96.4.3.3 DIENCEPHALW SYNDROME OF INFANCY 96.4.3.4 ANOREXIA
NERVOSA 96.4.3.5 DIENCEPHALIC GLYCOSURIA SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE CIRCADIAN
ABNORMALITIES BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES DIENCEPHALIC EPILEPSY 96.5
DISORDERED CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION 96.5.1 HYPERFUNCTION
SYNDROMES 96.5.1.1 PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY 96.5.1.2 ACROMEEAH 3013 3013 3013
3015 3016 3017 3017 3017 3017 3018 3019 3019 3019 3019 3019 3020 3021
3021 3021 3022 3022 3022 3022 3023 96.5.1.3 CUSHING S DISEASE 3024
96.5.1.4 HYPERPROLACTINEMIA 3024 96.5.2 HYPOFUNCTION SYNDROMES 3024
96.5.2.1 ACQUIRED HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 3024 96.5.2.2 CONGENITAL
GNRH DEFICIENCY (IDIOPATHIC HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM) 3025 96.5.2.3
GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY 3025 96.5.2.4 HYPOTHALAMIC BYPOADRENALISM 3026
96.5.2.5 HYPOTHALAMIC HYPOTHYROIDISM 3026 96.6 SPECIFIC HYPOTHALAMIC
DISORDERS 3027 96.6.1 PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME 3027 96.6.2 SEPTO-OPTIC
DYSPLASIA 3028 96.6.3 PSYCHOSOCIAL SHORT STATURE 3028 96.6.4
PSEUDOCYESIS 3030 96.7 NEOPLASMS INVOLVING THE HYPOTHALAMUS 3030 96.7.1
HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA 3030 96.7.2 GERM CELL TUMOR 3031 96.7.3 OPTIC
CHIASM AND HYPOTHALAMIC GLIOMA 3033 96.7.4 CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA 3033 96.7.5
SUPRASELLAR MENINGIOMA 3034 96.7.6 SUPRASELLAR ARACHNOID CYST 3034
96.7.7 COLLOID CYST OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE 3035 96.8 INFILTRATIVE
DISORDERS 3035 96.8.1 NEUROSARCOIDOSIS 3035 96.8.2 HISTIOCYTOSIS 3035
96.8.3 LEUKEMIA 3036 96.8.4 PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME 3036 96.9 CRANIAL
IRRADIATION 3036 96.10 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 3037 96.11 CRITICAL
ILLNESS 3038 REFERENCES 3038 CHAPTER 97 AGING AND ALZHEIMER S DISEASE
3049 S J LUPIEN, C LORD, S SINDI, C IV WILKINSON, AND A J FIOCCO 97.1
INTRODUCTION 3050 97.1.1 DIAGNOSIS OF AD 3050 97.1.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
AD 3051 97.1.3 CLINICAL FEATURES OF AD 3051 97.1.4 STAGES OF AD 3051
97.1.5 MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: BETWEEN NORM AND PATHOLOGY 3052 97.2
HORMONES, AGING, AND AD 3052 97.2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY ON HORMONES AND AD
3053 97.3 GONADAL HORMONES 3053 97.3.1 GONADAL HORMONES AND
NEUROPROTECTION 3053 97.3.1.1 ESTROGEN NEUROPROTECTION 3053 97.3.1.2
TESTOSTERONE NEUROPROTECTION 3054 97.3.2 GONADAL HORMONES AND RISK OF AD
3054 XX CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 97.3.3 97.3.4 97.3.2.1 ESTROGEN AND RISK
97.3.2.2 TESTOSTERONE AND RISK GONADOTROPINS GONADAL HORMONES:
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 97.3.4.1 ESTROGEN 97.3.4.2 TESTOSTERONE 97.4
ADRENAL HORMONES 97.4.1 97.4.2 97.4.3 97.5 INSULIN 97.5.1 97.5.2
97.5.3 GLUCOCORTICOIDS 97.4.1.1 GCS AND RISK OF AD 97.4.1.2 GCS:
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT DIHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE 97.4.2.1 DHEA AND RISK
OF AD 97.4.2.2 DIHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
CATECHOLAMINES 97.4.3.1 EPINEPHRINE 97.4.3.2 NOREPINEPHRINE INSULIN AND
COGNITION INSULIN AND DIABETES: RISK FOR AD INSULIN: PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT 97.5.3.1 NONPHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 97.5.3.2
PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 97.6 MELATONIN 97.6.1 97.6.2 97.6.3 97.7
GENES, 97.7.1 97.7.2 97.7.3 97.7.4 MELATONIN AND AGING MELATONIN
DEFICIENCY AND RISK OF AD MELATONIN: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT HORMONES,
AND AD GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR POLYMORPHISM APOLIPOPROTEIN E GENE AND
HORMONE MODULATION COMT GENE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENES 97.8 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES 3054 3056 3056 3056 3056 3057 3057 3058 3059 3059 3060 3060
3061 3061 3061 3062 3064 3064 3064 3065 3065 3066 3066 3066 3067 3067
3068 3068 3068 3068 3069 3069 3070 CHAPTER 98 COCAINE, HORMONES, AND
BEHAVIOR: CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL STUDIES 3081 N K MELLO ANDJ H
MENDELSON 98.1 INTRODUCTION 3082 98.2 COCAINE S EFFECTS ON ACTH AND
CORTISOL/CORTICOSTERONE 3083 98.2.1 BACKGROUND 3083 98.2.2 PRECLINICAL
STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON ACTH AND CORTISOL/ CORTICOSTERONE
IN RODENTS AND RHESUS MONKEYS 3084 98.2.2.1 BASAL PATTERNS OF ACTH AND
CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE IN RODENTS 3084 98.2.2.2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF COCAINE
ON ACTFI AND CORTICOSTERONE IN RODENTS 3084 98.2.2.3 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC
COCAINE ADMINISTRATION ON ACTH AND CORTICOSTERONE IN RODENTS 308 6
98.2.2.4 BASAL PATTERNS OF ACTH AND CORTISOL RELEASE IN RHESUS MONKEYS
3087 98.2.2.5 EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON ACTH AND CORTISOL RELEASE IN RHESUS
MONKEYS 3088 98.2.2.6 EFFECTS OF COCAINE AND CRH ON ACTH AND CORTISOL IN
GONADECTOMIZED RHESUS MONKEYS 3089 98.2.3 CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACUTE
EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON ACTH AND CORTISOL 3089 98.2.3.1 ACUTE EFFECTS OF
COCAINE ON BASAL LEVELS OF ACTH AND CORTISOL 3090 98.2.3.2 ACUTE EFFECTS
OF COCAINE ON PULSATILE RELEASE OF ACTH 3092 98.2.4 CLINICAL STUDIES OF
CHRONIC COCAINE EFFECTS ON ACTFI AND CORTISOL 3092 98.2.5 THE HPA AXIS
AND COCAINE S BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 3092 98.2.5.1 CLINICAL STUDIES 3092
98.2.5.2 PRECLINICAL STUDIES 3093 98.2.5.3 CRH ANTAGONISTS: DEVELOPMENT
AND BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS 3095 98.3 COCAINE S EFFECTS ON GONADOTROPINS
AND GONADAL STEROID HORMONES 3098 98.3.1 BACKGROUND 3098 98.3.1.1
CHANGES IN GONADOTROPIN AND GONADAL STEROID HORMONE LEVELS ACROSS THE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE 3098 98.3.1.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GONADOTROPINS AND
GONADAL STEROID HORMONES 3099 98.3.1.3 REGULATION OF GONADOTROPIN
PULSATILE RELEASE PATTERNS 3099 98.3.2 PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF THE ACUTE
EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON GONADAL STEROID HORMONES 3100 98.3.2.1 ACUTE
EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE IN RHESUS MONKEYS 3100
98.3.2.2 ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON GONADAL STEROID
HORMONES IN RODENTS 3102 98.3.3 PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF ACUTE COCAINE
EFFECTS.ON GONADOTROPIN HORMONES 3103 98.3.3.1 ACUTE EFFECTS OF COCAINE
ON LH IN MALE AND FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS 3103 98.3.3.2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF
COCAINE ON GONADOTROPIN HORMONES IN OVARIECTOMIZED RHESUS MONKEYS 3103
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XXI 98.3.4 CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACUTE COCAINE
98.3.5 EFFECTS ON GONADOTROPIN HORMONES 98.3.4.1 ACUTE EFFECTS OF
COCAINE ON LH IN MEN AND WOMEN CLINICAL STUDIES OF CHRONIC COCAINE
EFFECTS ON LH 98.3.5.1 IMPLICATIONS OF COCAINE S STIMULATION OFLH
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COCAINE, SEX, AND GONADAL STEROID HORMONES 98.4.1
98.4.2 98.4.3 98.4.4 98.4.5 BACKGROUND PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COCAINE, SEX, AND MENSTRUAL/ESTROUS CYCLE PHASE
98.4.2.1 COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND GONADAL STEROID HORMONES:
STUDIES IN RODENTS 98.4.2.2 COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND GONADAL
STEROID HORMONES: STUDIES IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 98.4.2.3 COCAINE
DISCRIMINATION AND GONADAL STEROID HORMONE DISCRIMINATION CLINICAL
STUDIES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COCAINE, SEX, AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE
98.4.3.1 SEX, MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE, AND COCAINE PHARMACOKINETICS
98.4.3.2 SEX, MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE, AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES 98.4.3.3
SEX, MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE, AND COCAINE S SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS ESTRADIOL
PROGESTERONE 3105 3105 3106 3106 3106 3106 3107 3107 3110 3111 3113 3113
3113 3114 3115 3115 98.5 EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
3116 98.5.1 BACKGROUND 3116 98.5.2 PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF
CHRONIC COCAINE ADMINISTRATION ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION 3118 98.5.2.1
CHRONIC COCAINE EFFECTS ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE M RHESUS MONKEYS 3118
98.5.2.2 CHRONIC COCAINE EFFECTS ON THE ESTROUS CYCLE 3124 98.5.2.3
CHRONIC COCAINE EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN MALE RATS 3125
98.5.2.4 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE ON OVARIAN FUNCTION IN
RABBITS 3125 98.6 CONCLUSIONS 3126 REFERENCES 3127 CHAPTER 99 ALCOHOL
ABUSE: ENDOCRINE CONCOMITANTS 3141 S GINSBURG, N K MELLO, AND J H
MENDELSON 99.1 INTRODUCTION 3142 99.2 ALCOHOL AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN 3143 99.2.1 OVERVIEW OF EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION 3143 99.2.1.1 ANOVULATION AND LUTEAL-PHASE
DYSFUNCTION IN ALCOHOLIC WOMEN 3143 99.2.1.2 ANOVULATION AND
LUTEAL-PHASE DEFECTS IN SOCIAL DRINKERS 3143 99.2.1.3 AMENORRHEA 3144
99.2.2 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HYPOTHALAMIC, PITUITARY, GONADAL, AND
ADRENAL HORMONES 3145 99.2.2.1 PROVOCATIVE TESTS OF HORMONAL FUNCTION
3145 99.2.2.2 FOLLICULAR PHASE 3146 99.2.2.3 AMENORRHEA AND GONADOTROPIN
SECRETORY ACTIVITY 3147 99.2.2.4 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON OVARIAN HORMONES
DURING THE FOLLICULAR PHASE 3148 99.2.2.5 LUTEALPHASE 3149 99.2.3
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR 3151 99.2.3.1 MECHANISMS OF ALCOHOL
EFFECTS ON THE PITUITARY*ADRENAL AXIS 3152 99.2.4 PROLACTIN 3152
99.2.4.1 HYPERPROLACTINEMIA AND ALCOHOL- RELATED AMENORRHEA 3153
99.2.4.2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON PROLACTIN 3153 99.2.4.3
LUTEAL-PHASE DYSFUNCTION AND PROLACTIN ABNORMALITIES: POSSIBLE
MECHANISMS 3154 99.3 ALCOHOL EFFECTS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN 3154 99.3.1
ALCOHOL EFFECTS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN NOT ON HRT 31 54 99.3.1.1 ACUTE
ALCOHOL EFFECTS ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC*PITUITARY* GONADAL OR ADRENAL AXIS
3154 99.3.1.2 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EFFECTS ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC*PITUITARY-
GONADAL OR ADRENAL AXIS 3155 99.3.2 ALCOHOL EFFECTS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL
WOMEN OI} ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY 3156 99.3.2.1 ACUTE ALCOHOL
EFFECTS: GONADOTROPIN AND OVARIAN STEROID HORMONES 3156 99.3.2.2 CHRONIC
ALCOHOL EFFECTS: ESTROGEN AND BREAST CANCER 3156 XXII CONTENTS OF THIS
VOLUME 99.4 IMPLICATIONS OF STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON PITUITARY
AND GONADAL HORMONES 3157 99.5 IMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED CHANGES
IN MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES FOR PREGNANCY AND FETAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT 3157 99.5.1 OVARIAN STEROID HORMONES AND TERATOGENESIS 3158
99.5.2 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL FACTORS IN TERATOGENESIS 3159
99.5.3 ALCOHOL USE AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTION 3160 99.5.4 ALCOHOL AND
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 3161 99.5.5 ALCOHOL ABUSE AND
TERATOGENESIS: THE FAS 3161 99.5.5.1 ANIMAL MODELS OF FAS 3161 99.5.5.2
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF FAS 3162 99.5.6 POLYDRUG ABUSE 3163 99.6 EFFECTS
OF ALCOHOL ON HORMONE FUNCTION IN MEN 3163 99.6.1 TESTOSTERONE 3163
99.6.2 GONADAL STEROIDS AND PROVOCATIVE TESTING 3164 99.6.2.1
LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE/FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
HORMONE/LUTEINIZING HORMONE 3164 99.6.2.2 CRH/ ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
HORMONE I CORTISOL 3165 99.6.2.3 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE 3165
99.6.2.4 PROLACTIN 3166 99.6.3 THYROID HORMONES 3166 99.6.4 MECHANISMS
OF ALCOHOL-RELATED HORMONAL CHANGES IN MEN 3166 99.7 CONCLUSIONS 3166
REFERENCES 3166 FURTHER READING 3175 CHAPTER 100 ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
INTERACTING WITH BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR: LABORATORY AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF
HEROIN AND OTHER SHORT-ACTING OPIATES VERSUS METHADONE AND OTHER
LONG-ACTING OPIOIDS 3177 M .7 KREEK, L BORG, Y ZHOU, AND I KRAVETS 100.1
LABORATORY RESEARCH UPDATE AND OVERVIEW 3177 100.1.1
HYPOTHALAMIC*PITUITARY*ADRENAL AXIS 3177 100.1.2 STEADY-STATE METHADONE
BY OSMOTIC PUMPS DECREASES COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN ANIMAL MODELS
3178 100.1.3 INVOLVEMENT OF U-OPIOID RECEPTOR, OREXIN, AND
PREPRODYNORPHIN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS IN ANIMAL
MODELS OF OPIOID DEPENDENCE 3179 100.1.4 INVOLVEMENT OF ARGININE
VASOPRESSIN AND VLB RECEPTOR IN DRUG WITHDRAWAL AND HEROIN SEEKING
PRECIPITATED BY STRESS AND BY HEROIN 3179 100.2 CLINICAL RESEARCH UPDATE
AND OVERVIEW 3180 100.2.1 CLINICAL STUDIES OF PHARMACOKINETICS OF HEROIN
AND MORPHINE AS CONTRASTED WITH METHADONE 3184 100.2.2 CLINICAL STUDIES
OF HPA AXIS 3185 100.2.3 TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR DOPAMINERGIC/ PROLACTIN
SYSTEM INTERACTIONS 3194 100.2.4 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS
3196 100.2.5 GROWTH HORMONE AND OPIOID ADDICTION 3196 100.2.6 THYROID
FUNCTION AND OPIOID ADDICTION 3196 100.2.7 (I-OPIOID RECEPTOR BINDING IN
HEALTHY NORMAL AND METHADONE- MAINTAINED VOLUNTEERS 3196 100.2.8 HUMAN
MOLECULAR GENETICS OF HEROIN ADDICTION OF THE ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEMS
AND POLYMORPHISMS OF GENES 3198 REFERENCES 3200 CHAPTER 101 GENETIC
DEFECTS OF FEMALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 3207 A B DESSENS, M B C M
COOLS, A RICHTER-UNRUH L HJLOOIJENGA, JA GROOTEGOED, AND S LS DROP 101.1
INTRODUCTION 3208 101.2 OVARIAN AND FEMALE DEVELOPMENT 3209 101.2.1
PRIMARY SEX DETERMINATION: SEX CHROMOSOMES DICTATE GONADAL SEX 3209
101.2.2 OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT: ORCHESTRATED BY OVARY-DETERMINING GENES?
3210 101.2.3 SECONDARY SEX DETERMINATION: GONADAL HORMONES AND THE
SEXUAL PHENOTYPE 3212 101.2.4 SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN: GENES
VERSUS HORMONES 3213 101.3 SEX CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
AND FEMALE DEVELOPMENT 3213 101.3.1 INCIDENCE AND ORIGIN OF 45,X/46,XY
MOSAICISM 3213 101.3.2 PHENOTYPIC SPECTRUM OF 45,X/46,XY MOSAICISM 3214
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XXIII 101.3.3 GONADAL HISTOLOGY, TUMOR RISK, AND
FERTILITY 3214 101.3.4 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 3216 101.4 DISORDERS OF
ANDROGEN EXCESS 3217 101.4.1 FETAL ORIGIN 3217 101.4.1.1 21 -HYDROXYLASE
DEFICIENCY 3217 101.4.1.2 11-BETA HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY 3217 101.4.1.3
STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN MUTATIONS 3217 101.4.1.4 /
1-ALPHA -HYDROXYLASE AND 21- HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY 3219 101.4.1.5
CYPLLAL/17,20-LYASE DEFICIENCY 3219 101.4.1.6 GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE
3219 101.4.2 FETOPLACENTAL ORIGIN 3221 101.4.2.1 AROMATASE DEFICIENCY
3221 101.4.3 MATERNAL ORIGIN 3221 101.4.3.1 LUTEOMA OF PREGNANCY 3221
101.5 MIILLERIAN AGENESIS/HYPOPLASIA SYNDROMES 3222 101.6 EFFECTS OF
GONADAL STEROIDS ON BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 3223 101.6.1 ROLE OF PRE- AND
POSTNATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE 3223 101.6.2 EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON
SEXUALITY 3223 101.6.2.1 GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR 3223 101.6.2.2 SEXUAL
ORIENTATION AND SEXUAL FUNCTIONING 322 4 101.6.2.3 GENDER IDENTITY 3225
101.6.3 ROLES OF ANDROGENS ON ACTIVITY 3226 101.6.4 ROLES OF ANDROGENS
ON AGGRESSION 3226 101.6.5 ROLE OF ANDROGENS ON COGNITIVE CAPACITIES
3226 101.6.6 ROLE OF PRENATALLY ELEVATED AMOUNTS OF ESTROGENS ON
BEHAVIOR 3227 101.6.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 3227 REFERENCES 3228 CHAPTER
102 DISORDERS OF SALT AND FLUID BALANCE: DIABETES INSIPIDUS, CEREBRAL
SALT-WASTING SYNDROME, AND SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURESIS 3235 T
LENHARD, M BETTENDORF, AND S SCHWAB 102.1 PHYSIOLOGY OF SALT AND FLUID
BALANCE 3236 102.1.1 SALT AND FLUID BALANCE IN THE KIDNEY: NORMAL
CONDITIONS 3237 102.1.1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE NEPHRON 1231 102.1.1.2
MECHANISMS OF URINE CONCENTRATION 3237 102.1.2 REGULATION OF FLUID AND
SALT BALANCE 3241 102.1.3 SYMPTOMS OF DISTURBED SALT AND WATER BALANCE
3243 102.1.3.1 HYPONATREMIA 3243 102.1.3.2 EXCESSIVE RENAL LOSS OF WATER
3244 102.2 DIABETES INSIPIDUS 3245 102.2.1 NEPHROGENIC DIABETES
INSIPIDUS 3245 102.2.1.1 AQUAPORIN-ASSOCIATED NEPHROGENIC DIABETES
INSIPIDUS 3245 102.2.1.2 AVP V 2 RECEPTOR DEFECTS: X-LINKED NEPHROGENIC
DIABETES INSIPIDUS 3246 102.2.1.3 OTHER FORMS OF HEREDITARY NEPHROGENIC
DIABETES INSIPIDUS 3247 102.2.1.4 NONGENETIC CAUSES OF NEPHROGENIC
DIABETES INSIPIDUS 3247 102.2.2 CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS 3247
102.2.2.1 DESTRUCTION OF AVP-PRODUCING NEURONS 3247 102.2.2.2 AUTOIMMUNE
PATHOLOGY 3248 102.2.2.3 FAMILIAL NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS
3248 102.2.2.4 PRIMARYPOLYDIPSIA 3248 102.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC MANAGEMENT OF
POLYDIPSIA AND POLYURIA 3249 102.2.4 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIABETES
INSIPIDUS 3250 102.3 DYSREGULATION OF SALT AND FLUID BALANCE IN BRAIN
DISEASE 3251 102.3.1 CEREBRAL SALT-WASTING SYNDROME 3251 102.3.1.1
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OFCSWS 3252 102.3.1.2 ETIOLOGY OF CSWS 3253
102.3.1.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF CSWS 3255 102.3.2 SYNDROME OF
INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURESIS 3257 102.3.2.1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SIAD 3257
102.3.2.2 CONDITIONS FAVORING SIAD 325 8 102.3.3 CLINICAL
DIFFERENTIATION AND TREATMENT OF HYPONATREMIA 3259 102.3.3.1 DIAGNOSIS
OF CSWS AND SIAD 3259 102.3.3.2 THERAPY OF HYPONATREMIA IN CSWS AND SIAD
3260 REFERENCES 3263 FURTHER READING 3265 CHAPTER 103 HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 3267 Y
MIYASAKI, M B GOETZ, AND T F NEWTON 103.1 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
NATURAL HISTORY 3268 103.1.1 CLINICALLY LATENT PERIOD 3268 103.1.2 CD4 +
CELF COUNT VERSUS CLINICAL COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTION 3268 103.2
PRIMARY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS RELATED TO HIV INFECTION PER SE 3269
103.2.1 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES DURING ACUTE HIV SEROCONVERSION
REACTIONS 3269 XXIV CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 103.2.2 NEUROCOGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT ASSOCIATED WITH HIV INFECTION 103.2.2.1 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS OF HAD 103.2.2.2 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC
CONSIDERATIONS 103.3 SECONDARY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PROCESSES RELATED TO HIV
INFECTION 103.3.1 ADVERSE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS
USED IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS 103.4 SPECIFIC
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS 103.4.1 ADRENOCORTICAL DYSFUNCTION 10
3.4.1.1 ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON S DISEASE) 103.4.1.2 ADRENAL
EXCESS AND CUSHING S SYNDROME 103.4.1.3 COMMON IATROGENIC CAUSES OF
ADRENAL DISEASE IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.1.4 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND EXCESS IN HIV-INFECTED
PATIENTS 103.4.1.5 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
103.4.2 GONADAL DYSFUNCTION 103.4.2.1 HYPOGONADISM 103.4.2.2 COMMON
IATROGENIC CAUSES OF HYPOGONADISM IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.2.3
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOGONADISM IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
103.4.2.4 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 103.4.3
THYROID HORMONE ABNORMALITIES 103.4.3.1 HIV-RELATED HYPOTHYROIDISM
103.4.3.2 HIV-RELATED HYPERTHYROIDISM 103.4.3.3 COMMON IATROGENIC CAUSES
OF THYROID DISEASE IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.3.4 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.3.5
DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 103.4.4 MORPHOLOGIC
AND METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.4.1
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC IMPACT OFLD IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 103.4.4.2
DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES FURTHER
READING 3269 3270 3270 3270 3271 3271 3271 3271 3272 3273 3273 3273 3274
3274 3274 3275 3275 3276 3276 3277 3277 3277 3277 3277 3278 3279 3279
3285 CHAPTER 104 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY B E MASEL AND R TEMPLE 104.1
INCIDENCE 104.2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALMUS
104.3 PREVALENCE STUDIES 104.3.1 ACUTE TBI 104.3.2 CHRONIC TBI 104.4
PEDIATRIC TBI 104.5 IMAGING FOLLOWING TBI 104.6 PITUITARY HORMONES
104.6.1 PROLACTIN 104.6.2 THYROID HORMONE 104.6.3 THYROID HORMONE AND
COGNITION 104.6.4 STEROIDS 104.6.5 GONADOTROPINS 104.6.6 GROWTH HORMONE
104.6.7 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 104.6.8 TREATMENT OF GHD 104.6.9
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF GHD 104.6.10 METABOLIC EFFECTS OF GH REPLACEMENT
104.6.11 COGNITIVE IMPACT OF POST-TRAUMATIC GHD 104.6.12 COGNITIVE
IMPACT OF GH REPLACEMENT 104.7 POSTERIOR PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING
TBI 104.7.1 ARGININE VASOPRESSIN 104.7.2 DIABETES INSIPIDUS 104.7.3
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC SYNDROME 104.7.4 INCIDENCE OF
POSTERIOR PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION 104.8 TREATMENT 104.8.1 WHEN TO SCREEN
104.8.2 HOW TO SCREEN 104.8.3 WHEN TO TREAT 104.9 SYMPTOMS OF A TBI AND
PTH REFERENCES CHAPTER 105 NEUROENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF POST-TRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER R YEHUDA AND C SARAPAS 105.1 INTRODUCTION 105.2 CORTISOL
LEVELS IN PTSD 105.2.1 TWENTY-FOUR-HOUR URINARY EXCRETION OF CORTISOL
105.2.2 SINGLE-TIME-POINT ESTIMATES OF BASAL CORTISOL 105.2.3 CIRCADIAN
RHYTHM OF CORTISOL 105.2.4 CORTISOL LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO STRESS 105.2.5
CORTISOL AS A PRETRAUMATIC RISK F ACTOR 3287 3287 3288 3290 3290 3290
3291 3291 3291 3291 3293 3293 3293 3294 3295 3295 3295 3295 3296 3296
3297 3297 3298 3298 3298 3298 3298 3298 3298 3299 3299 3300 3303 3304
3305 3305 3306 3307 3307 3308 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XXV 105.3 CRF AND
ACTH RELEASE IN PTSD: BASELINE STUDIES 3309 105.3.1
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR 3309 105.3.2 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE
3309 105.4 ENDOCRINE CHALLENGE FINDINGS IMPLICATING CRF HYPERSECRETION
IN PTSD 105.4.1 THE METYRAPONE STIMULATION TEST 105.4.2 CRF CHALLENGE
FINDINGS 105.4.3 CHOLECYSTOKININ TETRAPEPTIDE CHALLENGE FINDINGS 105.5
THE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS IN PTSD
105.5.1 THE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST 105.5.2 THE COMBINED DEX/CRF
TEST 105.5.3 GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS 105.5.4 EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS
CORTISOL ADMINISTRATION 105.6 PUTATIVE MODELS OF HPA-AXIS ALTERATIONS IN
PTSD 105.7 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 106 TRANSSEXUALISM 3319 R A
ALLISON 106.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3319 106.2 TERMINOLOGY 3320 106.2.1
TRANSSEXUAL VERSUS GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER 3320 106.2.2 TRANSSEXUALISM
VERSUS CROSSDRESSING 3321 106.2.3 TRANSSEXUAL VERSUS TRANSGENDER 3321
106.2.4 PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY 3321 106.2.5 SEXUAL ORIENTATION VERSUS
GENDER IDENTITY 3321 106.3 HORMONE TREATMENT OF TRANSSEXUAL PERSONS 3321
106.4 MALE-TO-FEMALE HORMONE TREATMENT 3322 106.4.1 EFFECTS OF HORMONE
TREATMENT IN MALE-TO-FEMALE TRANSSEXUAL PERSONS 3322 106.4.2 LIMITATIONS
OF ESTROGEN THERAPY 3323 106.4.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN THERAPY 3323
106.5 FEMALE-TO-MALE HORMONE TREATMENT 3324 106.5.1 EFFECTS OF
TESTOSTERONE THERAPY 3324 106.5.2 LIMITATIONS OF TESTOSTERONE THERAPY
3324 106.6 THE SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES OF GENDER TRANSITION 3324
106.7 CONCLUSION 3325 REFERENCES 3325 FURTHER READING 3325 CHAPTER 107
ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IN WOMEN 3327 L BAOR 107.1 SOCIO-CULTURAL NORMS
REGARDING PARENTHOOD AND INFERTILITY 3327 L 1 I R 3310 3310 3310 I I I
I 331 1 3311 3311 I I I I 3313 3313 3314 3314 3314 3315 107.2 ASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 107.2.1 107.2.2 107.2.3 ART MEDICATIONS
107.2.1.1 GNRH AGONISTS 107.2.1.2 MECHANISM OF ACTION GONADOTROPINS ART
PROCEDURE 107.2.3.1 CYCLE PRECEDING ART CYCLE 107.2.3.2 ART CYCLE 107.3
PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION TO INFERTILITY 107.3.1 107.3.2 107.3.3 107.3.4
107.3.5 107.3.6 107.3.7 107.3.8 107.3.9 LOSS OF RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE
LOSS OF SEXUAL SATISFACTION LOSS OF RELATIONSHIP WITHIN THE SOCIAL
NETWORK LOSS OF HEALTH LOSS OF STATUS AND/OR PRESTIGE LOSS OF
SELF-ESTEEM LOSS OF CONFIDENCE AND/OR CONTROL LOSS OF SECUNRY LOSS OF
HOPE 3328 3328 3328 3328 3328 3329 3329 3329 3329 3329 3329 3330 3330
3330 3330 3330 3331 3331 107.4 MULTIPLE PREGNANCY AS A SIDE EFFECT OF
ART 3331 107.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION TO MULTIPLE PARENTHOOD 3332 107.6
PARENTING PRETERM MULTIPLES 3333 107.7 PERINATAL DEATH 3333 107.8 EPILOG
3333 REFERENCES 3333 FURTHER READING 3335 CHAPTER 108 EFFECTS OF SMOKING
ON HORMONES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 3337 T SIDHARTHA, R E POLAND, AND U RAO
108.1 INTRODUCTION 3337 108.2 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS 3338
108.2.1 ACUTE RESPONSE OF THE HPA AXIS TO SMOKING 3338 108.2.2 HPA AXIS
IN CHRONIC SMOKERS 3339 108.2.3 MECHANISM OF HPA ACTIVATION BY NICOTINE
. 3339 108.2.4 SMOKING, MENTAL ILLNESS, AND THE HPA AXIS 3340 108.2.4.1
SMOKING, DEPRESSION, AND THE HPA AXIS 3340 108.2.4.2 SCHIZOPHRENIA,
SMOKING, AND THE HPA AXIS 3341 XXVI CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 108.2.4.3
ANXIETY DISORDERS, SMOKING AND THE HPA AXIS 3342 108.2.5 HPA RESPONSE TO
STRESS IN SMOKERS 3342 108.2.6 HPA CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH NICOTINE
ADDICTION 3344 108.2.6.1 BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN NICOTINE ADDICTION
AND REGULATION OF HPA AXIS 3 345 108.2.7 NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINERGIC
RECEPTORS 3 346 108.2.7.1 SMOKING, ANXIETY, AND NICOTINIC
ACETYLCHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS 3 346 108.2.7.2 NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINERGIC
RECEPTORS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA 3 347 108.2.7.3 NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINERGIC
RECEPTORS AND DEPRESSION 3348 108.2.8 SMOKING AND OTHER PITUITARY
HORMONES 108.3 THYROID HORMONE 108.4 SEX HORMONES 108.5 SMOKING AND
INSULIN RESISTANCE 108.6 SMOKING AND OSTEOPOROSIS 108.7 SUMMARY
REFERENCES INDEX 3349 3349 3350 3352 3352 3353 3354 3363
|
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| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals 571 - Physiology & related subjects 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals |
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| spelling | Hormones, brain and behavior 5 Chapters 86 - 108 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2009 XXVI S., S. 2709 - 3627 graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pfaff, Donald W. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV014246419 5 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020710725&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_auth | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_exact_search | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_full | Hormones, brain and behavior 5 Chapters 86 - 108 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_fullStr | Hormones, brain and behavior 5 Chapters 86 - 108 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hormones, brain and behavior 5 Chapters 86 - 108 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_short | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_sort | hormones brain and behavior chapters 86 108 |
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