Hormones, brain and behavior: 3 Chapters 42 - 63
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier, Acad. Press
2009
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII S., S. 1397 - 2033 graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780123743848 |
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| adam_text | HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR SECOND EDITION VOLUME THREE CHAPTERS 42-63
EDITED BY DONALD W. PFAFF THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
ARTHUR P. ARNOLD DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ANNE M. ETGEN DOMINICK
P. PURPURA DEPARTMENT OFNEUROSCIENCE, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF
MEDICINE, BRONX, NEW YORK SUSAN E. FAHRBACH DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, WAKE
FOREST UNIVERSITY, WINSTON-SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA ROBERT T. RUBIN
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND BIOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AMSTERDAM * BOSTON *
HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS * SAN DIEGO * SAN
FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO ACADEMIC ELSEVIER ACADEME PRESS
IS AN IMPRINT OF ELSCVIER PRESS CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME CONTENTS OF
VOLUME THREE CHAPTER 42 CORTICOSTEROID ACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN
THE LIMBIC BRAIN M JOELS, H KANT, H J KRUGERS, AND R DE KLOET * 2.
INTRODUCTION 42.2 CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTORS 42.2.1 DISTRIBUTION 42.2.2
ACCESS AND ACTIVATION OF THE RECEPTORS 42.2.3 REGULATION OF GENE
TRANSCRIPTION 42.3 CELLULAR ACTIONS OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES IN BRAIN
42.3.1 CA1 HIPPOCAMPAL AREA 42.3.1.1 RAPID EFFECTS 42.3.1.2 SLOW EFFECTS
ON IONIC CONDUCTANCES 42.3.1.3 SLOW EFFECTS ON AMITIO ACID- MEDIATED
TRANSMISSION 42.3.1.4 SLOW EFFECTS ON AMINERGIC TRANSMISSION 42.3.1.5
RAPID AND SLOW EFFECTS ON SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 42.3.2 DENTATE GYRUS
42.3.3 AMYGDALA 42.4 RELEVANCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 42.4.1 BEHAVIORAL
ADAPTATION 42.4.2 ISCHEMIA, EPILEPSY 42.4.3 CHRONIC STRESS 42.5
MECHANISM OF ACTION 42.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES CHAPTER 43
MOLECULAR GENOMICS OF MINERALOCORTICOID ACTION P JFULLER AND M JYOUNG
1397 1398 1399 1399 I A R ( 14UU 1400 1401 1401 1401 1402 1403 1404
1405 1407 1409 1409 1409 1411 1411 1413 1414 1415 43.1 INTRODUCTION 43.2
MR STRUCTURE 43.3 N/C-INTERACTION 43.4 EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS 43.5
TISSUE DISTRIBUTION 43.6 LIGANDS OF THE MR 43.7 110HSD2 AND PRE-RECEPTOR
REGULATION OF THE MR 43.8 GENOMIC VERSUS NONGENOMIC MINERALOCORTICOID
ACTIONS 43.9 TRANSREPRESSION AND THE MR 43.10 TRANSACTIVATION BY THE MR
43.11 COREGULATORS FOR THE MR 43.12 ALDOSTERONE-INDUCED GENES 43.13
MUTATIONS OF THE MR 43.14 ANIMAL MODELS 43.15 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
CHAPTER 44 MOLECULAR GENOMICS OF PROGESTIN ACTIONS M J TETEL AND C A
LANGE 44.1 INTRODUCTION 44.2 PR STRUCTURE AND GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF
ACTION 44.3 PROGESTIN-REGULATED GENES 44.3.1 PR-RESPONSIVE GENES IN
HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS 44J3.2 PROGESTIN-REGULATED GENES IN BRAIN 1421
1422 1424 1424 1425 1426 1426 1428 1429 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1433
1433 1439 1439 1439 1442 1442 1443 1421 44.4 NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
COREGULATORS AND PR 44.4.1 COACTIVATORS OF PR 44.4.1.1 THE PI 60 FAMILY
44.4.1.2 OTHER COACTIVATORS OF PR 1443 1444 1444 1445 XIII XIV CONTENTS
OF THIS VOLUME 44.4.1.3 CHROMATIN REMODELING AND PR 1447 44.4.1.4
FUNCTION OF PR COACTIVATORS IN BRAIN 1447 44.4.2 COREPRESSORS AND PR
1451 44.5 PR PHOSPHORYLATION 1451 44.5.1 DIRECT PR PHOSPHORYLATION IN
BREAST CANCER MODELS 1451 44.5.2 PR SER294 PHOSPHORYLATION IN BREAST
CANCER MODELS 1452 44.5.3 MAPK AND PR FUNCTION IN BRAIN 1453 44.6
EXTRANUCLEAR ACTIONS OF PR 1454 44.7 INTEGRATION OF RAPID SIGNALING AND
NUCLEAR SR ACTIONS 1455 44.8 INTEGRATED SR ACTIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION
1455 44.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1456 REFERENCES 1457 CHAPTER 45
MECHANISM OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR ACTION IN THE BRAIN 1467 S K MANI AND
B W O MALLEY 45.1 INTRODUCTION 1468 45.2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PRS:
AN OVERVIEW 1468 45.2.1 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 45.2.2 45.2.3 45.2.4
45.2.5 45.2.6 GENE ACTIVATION COACTIVATORS AND REPRESSORS 45.2.3.1
COACTIVATORS 45.2.4.2 COREPRESSORS NRS AND CHROMATIN 45.2.4.1
COACTIVATORS AND ACETYLATION 45.2.4.2 CHROMATIN-REMODELWG PROTEINS
45.2.4.3 COREPRESSORS AND DEACETYLATION RECEPTOR ACTIVATION AND
PHOSPHORYLATION PR ISOFORMS 1469 1469 1470 1470 1472 1473 1473 1473 1473
1473 1474 45.3 LIGAND-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF PRS 1475 45.4 CELLULAR
FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE IN THE CNS 1476 45.4.1 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
AND BEHAVIOR 1476 45.4.2 SPECIES VARIATIONS 1477 45.5 PRS IN THE CNS
1477 45.5.1 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PR INDUCTION AND
BEHAVIOR 1478 45.5.2 ESTROGEN-INDUCIBLE VERSUS ESTROGEN- NONINDUCIBLE
PRS 1478 45.5.3 PR ISOFORMS IN THE BRAIN 1479 45.6 PROGESTIN RECEPTOR
ACTIVATION IN THE BRAIN: RELATIONSHIP TO FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1479
45.6.1 GENOMIC MECHANISMS 1480 45.6.2 NONGENOMIC MECHANISMS 1480 45.6.3
LIGAND-INDEPENDENT MECHANISM: AN ALTERNATE MECHANISM OF PR ACTION IN THE
CNS 1482 45.7 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PROGESTERONE AND DA ON FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR 1483 45.7.1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PROGESTERONE AND
NEUROTRANSMITTERS 1483 45.7.2 DA SIGNALING AND PR PATHWAY CONVERGENCE
1484 45.7.3 MULTI-SIGNAL PATHWAY REINFORCEMENT 1485 45.7.4 COACTIVATORS
AND PRS IN THE BRAIN 1487 45.8 PRS AND CNS DRUG ACTIONS 1488 45.9 PRS
AND MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1488 45.10 PRS IN DEVELOPMENT 1489 45.11 PRS
AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 1490 45.12 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1490
REFERENCES 1491 FURTHER READING 1503 CHAPTER 46 PROGESTERONE: SYNTHESIS,
METABOLISM, MECHANISMS OF ACTION, AND EFFECTS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. AN
OVERVIEW 1 505 M SCHUMACHER AND R GUAMOUN 46.1 INTRODUCTION 1506 46.2
PROG SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM 1 508 46.2.1 BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS OF PROG
1508 46.2.1.1 CONVERSION OF CHOLESTEROL TO PREGNENOLONE 1508 46.2.1.2
CONVERSION OF PREGNENOLONE TO PROG 1510 46.2.1.3 METABOLISM OF PROG 1510
46.2.2 ORIGINS OF PROG IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1511 46.2.2.1 PROG
SYNTHESIZED BY THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1511 46.2.2.2 PROG SYNTHESIZED
WITHIN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1513 46.3 MODES OF PROG ACTION 1515 46.3.1 THE
INTR^ICELLULAR PR AND ITS ISOFORMS 1515 46.3.1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PRS
IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1516 46.3.1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE PR 1517 46.3.1.3 PR
ISOFORMS 1517 46.3.1.4 INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF THE PR 1519
46.3.1.5 ACTIVATION OF TARGET GENES BY PROG 1520 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
XV 46.3.1.6 COREGULATORS OF THE PR 46.3.1.7 REGULATION OF PR EXPRESSION
BY HORMONES 46.3.1.8 ONTOGENY OF BRAIN PRS 46.3.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
THE PR AND SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS 46.3.3 MEMBRANE RECEPTORS OF
PROG 46.3.3.1 PR IN XENOPUS OOCYTES 46.3.3.2 PR IN SPERMATOZOA 46.3.3.3
A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR OF PROG IN THE BRAIN: PROTEIN 25-DX 46.3.3.4 BINDING
SITES FOR PROG IN NEURONAL MEMBRANES 46.3.3.5 SIGMA 1 RECEPTORS 46.3.3.6
GABA-A RECEPTORS 46.3.3.7 HLICOTMIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS 46.4
FUNCTIONS OF PROG 46.4.1 REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS 46.4.1.1 FEMALE SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR 46.4.1.2 MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 46.4.1.3 GONADOTROPIN SECRETION
46.4.1.4 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 46.4.2 NONREPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
INVOLVING THE MODULATION OF NEUROTRANSMISSION 46.4.2.1 ANESTHETIC
ACTIONS 46.4.2.2 SLEEP 46.4.2.3 ANALGESIC ACTIONS 46.4.2.4 ANXIETY
46.4.2.5 STRESS 46.4.2.6 DEPRESSION 46.4.2.7 MEMORY 46.4.2.8 ALCOHOL
DEPENDENCE 46.4.2.9 SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY 46.4.2.10 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
46.4.3 TROPHIC AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS 46.4.3.1 NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS
OF PROG 46.4.3.2 EFFECTS OF PROG ON MYELINATION 46.5 PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES 1520 1521 1522 1523 1523 1524 1525 1526 1526 1527 1528 1529
1529 1529 1529 1532 1532 1534 1535 1535 1535 1536 1536 1537 1537 1538
1538 1539 1539 1540 1540 1541 1543 1544 CHAPTER 47 NEUROACTIVE STEROIDS
AND THE GABA A RECEPTOR 1561 S S SMITH AND H SHEN 47.1 INTRODUCTION 1562
47.2 STEROID SYNTHESIS 1 562 47.3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1 562 47.4 THE
GABA A RECEPTOR 1563 47.5 STEROID-BINDING SITE 1 564 47.6 STEROID LEVELS
1 564 47.7 SYNAPTIC CURRENT 1565 47.8 THE GABAR 8 SUBUNIT AND STEROID
SENSITIVITY 1 565 47.9 CL-DEPENDENT STEROID EFFECTS AT A4(}2S GABAR 1566
47.10 THE 8-SUBUNIT AND TONIC INHIBITORY CURRENT 1566 47.11 LOCALIZATION
OF OTHER RECEPTOR SUBTYPES 156 7 47.12 GABA A RECEPTOR PLASTICITY 1567
47.12.1 RELEVANCE FOR PMS 1568 47.13 KINETICS OF A4-CONTAINING GABAR
1568 47.14 HIPPOCAMPAL EXCITABILITY 15 69 47.15 A4-EXPRESSION AND
SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY: RELEVANCE FOR CATAMENIAL EPILEPSY 1569 47.16 IN
VITRO STUDIES 1569 47.17 STEROID-INDUCED CHANGES IN GABAR SUBUNIT
EXPRESSION 1570 47.18 PREGNANCY AND THP WITHDRAWAL 1 570 47.19 STEROID
WITHDRAWAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS 1570 47.20 8-GABA A RECEPTOR SUBUNIT
EXPRESSION: REGULATION BY THP 1571 47.20.1 THP WITHDRAWAL AND CA1
HIPPOCAMPUS 1571 47.20.2 RELEVANCE FOR PMS 1571 47.20.3 ESTROUS CYCLE
1572 47.20.4 PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY 1573 47.21 PUBERTY 1573 47.22
CONCLUSIONS 1573 REFERENCES 1574 A. OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN CHAPTER 48
OXYTOCIN 1579 L YOUNG AND M H ZINGG 48.1 INTRODUCTION 1580 48.2 OT
SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE 158 0 48.2.1 OT BIOSYNTHESIS 1580 48.2.2 OT
RELEASE 1581 48.3 DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION OF OT RECEPTORS 1582
48.3.1 OTR GENE STRUCTURE 1582 48.3*2 OTR DISTRIBUTION 1583 48.3.3 OTR
REGULATION 1583 48.3.3.1 HORMONAL REGULATION 1583 48.3.3.2
DEVELOPTNENTAL REGULATION 1585 48.4 OT ACTIONS 1586 48.4.1 CELLULAR
ACTIONS 1586 48.4.2 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 1586 48.4.2.1 FOOD INTAKE AND
SALT APPETITE 1587 XVI CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 48.4.2.2 MOOD AND ANXIETY
48.4.2.3 ANTMOCICEPTION 48.4.2.4 SOCIAL RECOGNITION AND AFFILIATION
48.4.2.5 FEMALE SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY 48.4.2.6 MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
48.4.2.7 MATERNAL BEHAVIOR 48.4.2.8 PAIR BONDING IN MONOGAMOUS SPECIES
48.4.2.9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR 48.5 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 49
VASOPRESSIN RECEPTORS 7 G VERBALIS 1587 1587 1588 1588 1589 1589 1590
1591 1592 1593 1599 49.1 INTRODUCTION 1599 49.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY AND
OVERVIEW OF THE NEUROHYPOHYSEAL HORMONES 1599 49.1.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE OF AVP FOR BODY WATER HOMEOSTASIS 1600 49.2 VASOPRESSIN
RECEPTORS 1600 49.2.1 VASOPRESSIN VI AR 1601 49.2.2 VASOPRESSIN VI BR
1601 49.2.3 VASOPRESSIN V2R 1602 49.3 ANTAGONISTS OF AVPR 1602 49.4
MUTATIONS OF AVPR 1603 49.4.1 AVPR LA MUTATIONS 1603 49.4.2 AVPRLB
MUTATIONS 1603 49.4.3 AVPR2 MUTATIONS 1603 49.5 BRAIN AVPR 1604 49.5.1
LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN AVP 1604 49.5.2 FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN VI AR 1604
49.5.3 FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN VLBR 1606 REFERENCES 1606 CHAPTER 50 THE CELL
BIOLOGY OF OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN CELLS 1611 D T THEODOSIS, D L
VOISIN, DA POULAIN, AND J G TASKER 50.1 INTRODUCTION 1611 50.2 ANATOMY
OF THE OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS 1613 50.3
SYNTHESIS AND TRAFFICKING OF OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN 1614 50.4
CO-LOCALIZATION OF NEUROACTIVE SUBSTANCES 161 6 50.5 COUPLING OF
NEUROHORMONE RELEASE AND ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 1618 50.6 MAJOR AFFERENT
INPUTS TO THE MAGNOCELLULAR NUCLEI 1618 50.6.1 GLUTAMATERGIC AFFERENTS
1619 50.6.2 GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDERGIC AFFERENTS 1619 50.6.3
NORADRENERGIC AFFERENTS 1620 50.7 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF
OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN NEURONS 1621 50.8 CONTROL OF THE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN NEURONS 1621
50.8.1 INTRINSIC MEMBRANE PROPERTIES 1622 50.8.2 SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS
1624 50.8.3 AUTOREGULATION 1626 50.9 MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY OF THE
ADULT HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM 1627 50.9.1 NEURONAL-GLIAL
REMODELING 1627 50.9.2 SYNAPTIC REMODELING 1628 50.9.3 PERMISSIVE
FACTORS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY 1629 50.9.3.1 EXPRESSION OF FI /
CMTACTIN IN OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN NEURONS 1 629 50.9.3.2 HNS NEURONS
AND GLIA EXPRESS PSA-NCAM 1629 50.9.3.3 OTHER CELL ADHESION MOLECULES IN
THE HNS 1630 50.9.14 CYTOSKELETALPROTEINS IN HNS CELLS 1630 50.9.4
FACTORS THAT CAN INDUCE MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY 1631 50.9.5 FUNCTIONAL
IMPLICATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL REMODELING 1632 50.9.5.1 IMMEDIATE
CONSEQUENCES ON NEURONAL AND GLIAL FUNCTION 1632 50.9.5.2 OVERALL
CONSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY 1633 REFERENCES 1634 B.
RELEASING HORMONES CHAPTER 51 THE GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE AND ITS
RECEPTOR 1 645 L JFENNES, A ULLOA-AGUIRRE, J A JANOVICK, V VADJAN, AND P
M CONN 51.1 INTRODUCTION 1646 51.2 GNRH NEURONAL SYSTEMS 1646 51.2.1
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GNRH ** SYSTEM 1646 51.2.2 POSTNATAL AND
ADULT GNRH SYSTEMS 1647 51.2.2.1 GNRH-CONTAINING CELL BODIES 1647
51.2.2.2 GNRH-CONTAINING PROJECTIONS 1647 51.2.2.3 ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE
CEREBROSPINALFLUID 1648 51.2.2.4 CYTOLOGY OF GNRH HORMONE NEURONS 1648
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XVII 51.2.3 REGULATION OF GNRH NEURONS 1648
51.2.3.1 CATECHOLAMINES 1649 51.2.3.2 GLUTAMATE 1650 51.2.3.3
GAMMA-AMINOBUTYNC ACID 1651 51.2.3.4 NEUROPEPTIDES 1652 51.3 GNRH
RECEPTORS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1654 51.3.1 LOCALIZATION OF GNRH
RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN 1654 51.3.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF GNRH RECEPTORS IN
THE BRAIN 1654 51.3.3 REGULATION OF GNRH RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE
BRAIN 1655 51.3.4 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF GNRH RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN 1656
51.4 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISM OF GNRH ACTION IN THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY 1656 51.4.1 GNRH RECEPTOR 1656 51.4.2 EFFECTOR COUPLING 1657
51.4.3 RECEPTOR-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS 1657 51.4.4 RECEPTOR TRAFFICKING
1657 51.4.4.1 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM AND THE ROLE
OF ENDOGENOUS CHAPERONE PROTEINS 1657 51.4.4.2 MUTANT GNRHRS ISOLATED
FROM PATIENTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM ARE ACTUALLY MISFOLDED
AND MISROUTED PROTEINS THAT CAN BE RESCUED AND RESTORED TO FUNCTION 1658
51.4.4.3 THE ABILITY TO RESCUE MUTANT PROTEINS USING PHARMACOPERONES HAS
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL 1659 51.4.4.4 THE RESCUE APPROACH APPEARS
GENERALLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER MUTANT GPCRS, NON-GPCR RECEPTORS, ION
CHANNELS, AND ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE: THIS SUPPORTS THE
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF THIS EVENT IN A WELL-
DEFINED SYSTEM 1659 REFERENCES 1660 FURTHER READING 1668 CHAPTER 52
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND THE BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE SYSTEM 1669
E Y VAN BOCKSTAELE AND R J VALENTINO 52.1 INTRODUCTION 1669 52.2 THE
LC-NOREPINEPHRINE SYSTEM 1670 52.2.1 ANATOMICAL ATTRIBUTES 1670 52.2.2
PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES 1670 52.3 CRF, STRESS, AND THE
LC-NOREPINEPHRINE SYSTEM 1671 52.3.1 ACTIVATION OF LC NEURONS BY STRESS
1671 52.3.2 ACTIVATION OF LC NEURONS BY CRF 1672 52.3.3 CRF AFFERENTS TO
THE LC 1673 52.3.4 CO-TRANSMITTERS IN CRF AFFERENTS TO THE LC 1675 5
2.3.4.1 GLUTAMATE 1675 52.3.4.2 OPIOTDS 1676 52.3.4.3 DYNORPHIN 1678
52.3.4.4 GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID 1678 52.4 PLASTICITY OF
CRF*NOREPINEPHRINE INTERACTIONS 1678 52.4.1 CRF RECEPTORS IN LC 1678
52.4.2 AGONIST AND STRESS-INDUCED INTERNALIZATION OF LC NEURONS 1679
52.4.3 STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY FOLLOWING STRESS 1681 52.5 DETERMINANTS OF
LC ACTIVITY 1681 52.6 CONCLUSIONS 1682 REFERENCES 1683 PART IV
DEVELOPMENT OF HORMONE- DEPENDENT NEURONAL SYSTEMS A. SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION CHAPTER 53 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE AGE OF GENETICS 1691 A
P ARNOLD 53.1 INTRODUCTION 1692 53.2 INTRINSIC DIFFERENCES IN XX AND XY
CELLS: DIRECT GENETIC EFFECTS CAUSING SEX DIFFERENCES 1692 53.2.1
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS 1692 53.2.2 MOUSE MODELS FOR STUDYING SEX
CHROMOSOME EFFECTS ON NEURAL AND OTHER SOMATIC PHENOTYPES 1693 53.2.2.1
MICE WITH ALLELIC DIFFERENCES IN THE Y CHROMOSOME 1693 53.2.2.2 FCG:
ALICE WITH DIFFERENT COMPLEMENTS OF X AND Y GENES 1694 53.2.2.3 SEX
CHROMOSOME AUEUPLOID MICE (XO, XXY, XYY, ETC.) 1694 53.2.2.4 MICE WITH
ALTERED SEX CHROMOSOMES 1694 53.2.2.5 MICE DIFFERING IN GENOMIC IMPRINT
OF THE X CHROMOSOME 1694 53.2.2.6 MICE TRANSGENIC FOR X OR Y GENES 1694
53.2.2.7 MIC% WITH DIFFERENT STRAIN ORIGIN OF THE X CHROMOSOME 1695
53.2.2.8 MICE LACKINGGONADS 1695 53.3 RECENT EVIDENCE FOR DIRECT GENETIC
ORIGIN OF SOME SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BRAIN 1695 XVIII CONTENTS OF THIS
VOLUME 53.4 53.3.1 DIRECT EFFECTS OF SRY 53.3.2 STUDIES OF FCG MICE
53.3.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 53.3.2.2 SEPTAL VASOPRESSIN 53.3.2.3 SEX
CHROMOSOME EFFECTS ON TH NEURONS IN VITRO 53.3.2.4 AGGRESSION AND
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR 53.3.2.5 NOCICEPTION 53.3.2.6 HABIT FORMATION 53.3.2.7
BRAIN DISEASES: NEURAL TUBE CLOSURE DEFECTS 53.3.2.8 BRAIN DISEASES: MS
53.3.3 STUDY OF SEX CHROMOSOME ANEUPLOIDS 53.3.4 COMPENSATION 53.3.5 SEX
CHROMOSOME EFFECTS IN SPECIES OTHER THAN MICE SEX DIFFERENCES GO GLOBAL:
SEX DIFFERENCES IN GENE NETWORKS AND THEIR EVOLUTION 53.5 SUMMARY AND
PROGNOSIS REFERENCES CHAPTER 54 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN:
MODE, MECHANISMS, AND MEANING M M MCCARTHY, G J DE VNES, AND N G FORGER
54.1 INTRODUCTION 54.2 TEN THINGS WE KNOW 54.2.1 HORMONES CAUSE SEX
DIFFERENCES BY ACTING DURING DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS IN ADULTHOOD 54.2.2
THERE ARE SEX DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR 54.2.3 THERE ARE SEX DIFFERENCES
IN PHYSIOLOGY 54.2.4 THERE ARE SEX DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY
54.2.5 THERE ARE SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEURAL STRUCTURE, GLIAL STRUCTURE,
AND CONNECTIVITY 54.2.5.1 NEURAL STRUCTURE 54.2.5.2 GLIAL CELLS 54.2.5.3
SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY 54.2.6 THERE ARE SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEUROCHEMISTRY
54.2.6.1 SEX DIFFERENCES IN Y-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID SIGNALING DURING
DEVELOPMENT 54.2.6.2 SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN ADULTHOOD
54.2.6.3 SEX DIFFERENCES IN STEROID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION 54.2.7 ANDROGENS
AS WELL AS ESTROGENS PLAY A ROLE IN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN
1695 1695 1695 1697 1697. 1698 1698 1699 1699 1699 1699 1700 1700 1701
1703 1704 1707 1708 1708 1708 1709 1711 1712 1712 1713 1713 1713 1714
1714 1714 1715 1715 54.2.8 THERE IS A DIRECT GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1716 54.2.9 SEX DIFFERENCES ARE CONTEXT DEPENDENT
1717 54.2.10 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION DEPENDS ON FOUR KEY PROCESSES 1718
54.3 RECENT PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE FOUR KEY PROCESSES 1718 54.3.1
NEUROGENESIS 1718 54.3.2 CELL MIGRATION 1719 54.3.3 CELL DEATH 1720
54.3.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF CIRCUITS 1722 54.3.4.1 AXONAL GROWTH 1722
54.3.4.2 DENDRITIC GROWTH AND BRANCHING 1723 54.3.4.3 SYNAPTOGENESIS
1723 54.3.4.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF NEUROCHEMICAL PHENOTYPE 1727 54.4 SEVEN
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS 1728 54.4.1 ARE SEX DIFFERENCES NECESSARY? 1728
54.4.2 DO SEX DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE BEGET SEX DIFFERENCES IN
BRAIN FUNCTION? 1730 54.4.3 HOW PERVASIVE ARE GENE EFFECTS? 1731 54.4.4
IS PARTNER PREFERENCE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC? 1732 54.4.5 HOW CAN EFFECTS OF
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION LAST A LIFETIME? 1 733 54.4.6 WHAT ARE THE ACTUAL
STEROID LEVELS IN THE BRAIN DURING THE SENSITIVE PERIOD OF SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION? 1734 54.4.7 HAVE WE NEGLECTED THE NEURO IN
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY? 1735 REFERENCES 1736 FURTHER READING 1744 CHAPTER 55
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS 1745 J BALTHAZART,
A P ARNOLD, AND E ADKINS-REGAN 55.1 INTRODUCTION 1746 55.2 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN AVIAN BRAIN AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS 1747 55.2.1 SEX
DIFFERENCES AND ENDOCRINE CONTROLS OF CONSUMMATORY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1747
55.2.2 SEX DIFFERENCES AND ENDOCRINE ** CONTROLS OF APPETITIVE SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR 1748 55.2.2.1 JAPANESE QUAIL 1748 55.2.2.2 OTHER SPECIES 1749
55.2.3 NONREPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS 1 750 55.2.4 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY 1750 55.2.4.1
ANATOMICAL SEX DIFFERENCES 1751 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XIX 55.2.4.2
NEUROCHEMICAL SEX DIFFERENCES 55.2.4.3 MOTOR AND SENSORY SYSTEMS IN
SPINAL CORD 55.3 MECHANISMS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF BEHAVIOR AND OF
THE CIRCUITRY CONTROLLING MALE COPULATORY BEHAVIOR 55.3.1 BEHAVIOR
55.3.1.1 ESTROGENS DEMASCULINIZE BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE QUAIL DURING
EMBRYONIC LIFE 55.3.1.2 CHANGES IN PLASMA LEVELS OF S STEROIDS DURING
ONTOGENY 55.3.1.3 THE CRITICAL PERIOD MAY BE DIFFERENT IN MALES AND
FEMALES 55.3.1.4 COMPARISON WITH OTHER AVIAN SPECIES 55.3.2 BRAIN
55.3.2.1 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BEHAVIOR IS WELL UNDERSTOOD IN
GALLIFORMS BUT UNDERLYING BRAIN MECHANISMS ARE STILL LARGELY UNCLEAR
55.3.2.2 THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC POM 55.3.2.3 BRAIN AROMATASE ACTIVITY
AND ARO-IR CELLS 55.3.2.4 MONOAMINES AND THEIR TURNOVER 55.3.2.5 OTHER
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEMS 55.4 SEX DIFFERENCES IN SONG
AND THE NEURAL SONG SYSTEM 55.4.1 SEX DIFFERENCES IN SINGING IN
SONGBIRDS 55.4.2 SEX DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN SONG CONTROL NUCLEI IN
SONGBIRDS 55.4.3 EFFECTS OF ADULT ENDOCRINE MANIPULATIONS ON SEXUAL
DIMORPHISM IN SONG CONTROL NUCLEI 55.4.4 NEUROCHEMICAL SEX DIFFERENCES
55.4.4.1 VASOTOCIN 55.5 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SONG AND THE NEURAL
SONG SYSTEM: HORMONAL AND GENETIC MODELS 55.5.1 EARLY ESTROGEN TREATMENT
PARTIALLY MASCULINIZES SINGING BEHAVIOR AND SONG SYSTEM NUCLEI IN ZEBRA
FINCHES 55.5.2 CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ESTROGEN- INDUCED MASCULIMZATION
55.5.3 PROBLEMS WITH THE ORGANIZATIONAL ESTTADIOL HYPOTHESIS OF ZEBRA
FINCH SONG SYSTEM DIFFERENTIATION; THE NEUROSTEROID HYPOTHESIS 55.5.4
DIRECT EFFECTS OF SEX CHROMOSOME GENES 55.5.5 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT
DEVELOPMENT OF SONG SYSTEM DIMORPHISM IN OTHER SONGBIRDS? 1752 1756 1756
1756 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 55.6 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MATE CHOICE
55.6.1 SEX DIFFERENCES IN MATE CHOICE 55.6.2 SEXUAL PARTNER PREFERENCE
IN ZEBRA FINCHES 55.7 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES CHAPTER 56 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF BRAIN AND
BEHAVIOR A C GORE AND D CREWS 56.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
56.1.1 CRITICAL ISSUES ABOUT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION 56.1.1.1 LIFE STAGE
AND TIMING 1774 1774 1775 1776 1778 1789 1790 1791 1791 1760 1761 1762
1762 1763 1764 1764 1764 56.1.1.2 LATENCY OF EFFECTS 1 791 56.1.1.3
SENSITIVITY TO EDCS 1792 56.1.1.4 DEGRADATION AND METABOLISM, MIXTURES,
AND SYNERGISM 1792 56.1.1.5 LOW DOSES AND THRESHOLDS (OR THE LACK
THEREOF) 1 794 56.1.1.6 TRANSGENERATIONAL, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF EDCS
1795 56.1.1.7 TOXICOLOGICAL DEATH VERSUS EVOLUTIONARY DEATH 1 795
56.1.1.8 SEX DIFFERENCES IN SENSITIVITY 1 795 56.2 NEUROENDOCRINE
EFFECTS OF EDCS ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION
1795 56.2.1 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF GNRH 1765 1 7^ I 1 OJ 1766 1767 1767
1768 1770 1772 NEURONS 56.2.1.1 MAMMALS 56.2.1.2 BIRDS 56.2.1.3
AMPHIBIANS 56.2.1.4 FISH 56.2.1.5 IN VITRO STUDIES 56.3 ENDOCRINE
DISRUPTION OF THE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN 56.3.1 MAMMALS
56.3.2 BIRDS, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS 56.3.3 FISH 56.4 ENDOCRINE
DISRUPTION OF THE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF BEHAVIOR 56.4.1 MAMMALS
56.4.2 BIRDS, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS 56.4.3 **FISH 56.5
TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF EDCS 56.5.1 EVOLUTION AND EPIGENETICS
56.5.2 EDCS AND EPIGENETICS 56.5.3 EDCS, EPIGENETICS, AND BEHAVIOR 1796
1796 1797 1797 1797 1797 1798 1798 1799 1799 1800 1800 1802 1804 1804
1805 1805 1806 1774 56.5.4 TWO-GENERATIONAL STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF EDCS
1806 XX CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 56.6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE
FUTURE 1807 REFERENCES 1808 CHAPTER 57 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
MAMMALIAN OLFACTORY COMMUNICATION 1817 M J BAUM AND J A CHERRY 57.1
INTRODUCTION 1817 57.2 STRUCTURE OF THE TWO OLFACTORY SYSTEMS 1817 57.3
FACTORS CONTROLLING BRAIN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1820 57.4 SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ACCESSORY OLFACTORY SYSTEM 1820 57.4.1 SEXUALLY
DIMORPHIC IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE EXPRESSION 1821 57.4.2 ROLE OF TRPC2
CHANNELS IN VNO SIGNALING AND MATING BEHAVIOR 1824 57.4.3 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF VNO REMOVAL ON MATING BEHAVIOR 1827 57.5
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MAIN OLFACTORY SYSTEM 1828 57.5.1 ROLE OF
THE MALE S SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC PREOPTIC AREA/ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS 1829 57.5.2 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DISRUPTING MAIN OLFACTORY
FUNCTION 1829 57.5.3 SEX DIFFERENCE IN MAIN OLFACTORY DETECTION OF
SOCIAL ODORS 1830 57.5.4 ACTIVATION OF MAIN OLFACTORY BULB GLOMERULI AND
MITRAL CELLS BY SOCIAL ODORS 1832 57.5.5 CONVERGENCE OF MAIN AND
ACCESSORY OLFACTORY INPUTS IN THE VOMERONASAL AMGYDALA 57.5.6 MAIN
OLFACTORY INPUTS OF SOCIAL ODOR CUES TO THE ACCESSORY OLFACTORY BULB
57.5.7 SEX DIFFERENCES IN PUTATIVE PHEROMONE SIGNALING IN HUMANS 57.6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 58 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
BEHAVIOR IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES K WALLEN 1833 1833 1834 1836 1837 1843
58.1 INTRODUCTION 1844 58.2 BASIC PROCESSES OF BEHAVIORAL SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION 1844 58.2.1 MASCULINIZATION 1845 58.2.2 DEFEMINIZATION
1845 58.3 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE AT BIRTH AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1846
58.4 SEXUALLY DIFFERENTIATED BEHAVIOR IN RHESUS MONKEYS 1846 58.5 SOCIAL
INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIORAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1847 58.6 NEONATAL
HORMONAL SECRETIONS AND BEHAVIORAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1847 58.7 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN MATERNAL TREATMENT OF INFANTS 1848 58.8 PRENATAL HORMONAL
INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIORAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1848 58.8.1 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN INFANT VOCALIZATIONS 1850 58.8.2 SEX DIFFERENCES IN
JUVENILE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1851 58.8.2.1 STUDIES OF EXOGENOUS PRENATAL
STEROID ADMINISTRATION TO GENETIC FEMALES 1853 58.8.2.2 ALTERATION OF
ENDOGENOUS PRENATAL ANDROGENS 1854 58.8.3 ADULT SEXUALITY 1860 58.8.3.1
MASCULINIZATION OF ADULT COPULATORY BEHAVIOR 186 0 58.8.3.2
DEFEMINIZATION OF ADULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1862 58.9 CONCLUSIONS 1862
REFERENCES 1864 CHAPTER 59 GONADAL HORMONES AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
OF HUMAN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 1869 M HINES 59.1 INTRODUCTION 1870 59.2
DEFINITIONS AND THEORETICAL MODELS 1870 59.2.1 DEFINITIONS 1870 59.2.1.1
ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVATION 1870 59.2.1.2 SEX DIFFERENCES AND GENDER
DIFFERENCES 1871 59.2.2 THEORETICAL MODELS 1871 59.2.2.1 THE CLASSIC
MODEL 1871 59.2.2.2 THE GRADIENT MODEL 1872 59.2.2.3 ACTIVE FENNNIZATION
1872 59.2.2.4 COMPLEXITY AND MULTIPLE MODELS 1872 59.2.3 SUMMARY 1873
59.3 HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: SOURCES OF
INFORMATION 1873 59.3.1 SYNDRON^ES INVOLVING PRENATAL HORMONAL
ABNORMALITY 1874 59.3.1.1 CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA 1874 59.3.1.2
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME 1875 59.3.1.3 ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS
DEFICIENCIES (5-C/.R AND 17-HSD DEFICIENCIES) 1875 CONTENTS OF THIS
VOLUME XXI 59.3.1.4 HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 59.3.1.5 TURNER
SYNDROME 59.3.1.6 CLOACA! EXSTROPHY 59.3.1.7 PENILE AGENESIS (APHALLIA)
59.3.1.8 ABLATIO PENIS 59.3.2 HORMONE ADMINISTRATION DURING PREGNANCY
59.3.3 NORMAL VARIABILITY IN HORMONES 59.4 HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: HUMAN BEHAVIORAL SEX DIFFERENCES 59.4.1 CORE
GENDER IDENTITY 59.4.2 SEXUAL ORIENTATION 59.4.3 GENDER-ROLE BEHAVIOR
59.4.3.1 CHILDHOOD PLAY 59.4.3.2 COGNITIVE ABILITIES 59.4.3.3 EMOTION,
TEMPERAMENT, AND PERSONALITY 59.4.3.4 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 59.4.3.5 NEURAL
ASYMMETRIES 59.5 HORMONES AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
FINDINGS 59.5.1 CORE GENDER IDENTITY 59.5.2 SEXUAL ORIENTATION 59.5.3
CHILDHOOD PLAY 59.5.4 COGNITION 59.5.4.1 GENERAL INTELLIGENCE 59.5.4.2
SPECIFIC COGNITIVE ABILITIES 59.5.5 EMOTION, TEMPERAMENT, AND
PERSONALITY 59.5.5.1 AGGRESSION 59.5.5.2 EMPATHY 59.5.5.3 INTEREST IN
PARENTING 59.5.5.4 OTHER PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS 59.5.6
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 59.5.7 NEURAL ASYMMETRIES 59.5.7.1 HAND PREFERENCES
59.5.7.2 LANGUAGE LATERALIZATWN 59.6 HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON NEURAL
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 59.6.1 SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEURAL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION 59.6.1.1 BRAIN SIZE 59.6.1.2 ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC/PREOPTIC
AREA 59.6.1.3 THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE STRIA TERMINALIS 59.6.1.4 THE
ANTERIOR COMMISSURE 59.6.1.5 THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS 59.6.1.6 THE
CORPUS CALLOSUM 59.6.1.7 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 59.6.2 HORMONES AND THE
HUMAN BRAIN 59.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 59.7.1 FITTING A THEORETICAL
MODEL 59.7.2 MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876 1876
1877 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 59.7.3 CLINICAL AND THEORETICAL
IMPORTANCE REFERENCES CHAPTER 60 THE BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND
GENDER IDENTITY F J SANCHEZ, S BOCKLANDT, AND E VILAIN 60.1 INTRODUCTION
60.2 SEXUAL ORIENTATION 60.2.1 DEFINING AND DESCRIBING HOMOSEXUALITY
60.2.2 THEORY 60.2.3 THE BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION 60.2.3.1 HORMONAL
INFLUENCES 60.2.3.2 CORRELATIONAL STUDIES 60.2.3.3 GENETICS STUDIES 1901
1901 1911 1912 1912 1912 1913 1913 1913 1914 1917 1881 1881 1881 1882
1882 1884 1886 1888 1889 1892 1892 1893 1893 1893 1893 1894 1894 1895
1895 1895 1895 1895 1896 1896 1896 1897 1898 1899 1899 1900 1900 60.3
GENDER IDENTITY 60.3.1 DEFINING AND DESCRIBING TRANSSEXUALISM 60.3.1.1
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER 60.3.1.2 TRANSGENDER 60.3.1.3 TRANSSEXUALISM
60.3.1.4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MTF TRANSSEXUALS 60.3.2 THEORY 60.3.3 THE
BIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY 60.3.3.1 HORMONAL INFLUENCES 60.3.3.2
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES 60.3.3.3 GENETIC STUDIES 60.4 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES FURTHER READING B. EARLY STRESS CHAPTER 61 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STRESS AXIS: MATERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES C-D WALKER AND C M
MCCORMICK 61.1 ONTOGENY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC* PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS
61.1.1 FETAL AND NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT 61.1.1.1 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING
FACTOR AND RELATED PEPTIDES IN HYPOTHALAMIC DEVELOPMENT ^61.1.1.2 CRF
RECEPTORS 61.1.1.3 CR&BINDING PROTEIN 61.1.1.4 PITUITARY DEVELOPMENT
61.1.1.5 ADRENAL GLAND DEVELOPMENT 61.1.2 FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF THE
HPA AXIS IN FETAL AND NEONATAL LIFE 61.1.2.1 FETAL LIFE 61.1.2.2
POSTNATAL LIFE 1918 1918 1919 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1921 1923
1924 1924 1929 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1935 1937 1937 1938
XXII CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 61.1.3 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HPA
AXIS 61.1.3.1 PRENATAL AND NEONATAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE FIPA AXIS
61.1.3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES ON ADULT HPA FUNCTION
61.2 MATERNAL INFLUENCES ON FETAL AND NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT: LONG-TERM
CONSEQUENCES FOR THE ADULT OFFSPRING 61.2.1 MATERNAL GESTATIONAL STRESS
61.2.2 NATURAL OR EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED VARIATIONS IN MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
IN EARLY STRESS CONDITIONS 61.2.2.1 MATERNAL DEPRIVATION IN NEONATAL
LIFE 61.2.2.2 REPEATED NEONATAL*MATERNAL SEPARATION 61.2.2.3 NATURALLY
OCCURRING VARIATIONS IN MATERNAL CARE 61.2.2.4 MODELS OF EARLY MATERNAL
NEGLECT 61.2.3 MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL NUTRITION 61.2.3.1 MATERNAL
UNDERNUTRITION/ MALNUTRITION 61.2.3.2 MATERNAL OVERFEEDING 61.2.3.3
POSTNATAL NUTRITION AND THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS ON HPA-AXIS
REGULATION 61.3 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 62
EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES: ENDURING BEHAVIORAL, NEUROLOGICAL, AND
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES R D ROMEO, A C TANG, AND R M SULLIVAN 62.1
INTRODUCTION 62.2 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS 62.2.1 DEVELOPMENT
OF THE HPA AXIS 62.2.1.1 NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HPA AXIS 62.2.1.2
PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HPA AXIS 62.3 NEONATAL EXPERIENCES AND
ENDURING BEHAVIORAL, NEUROLOGICAL, AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
62.3.1 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HPA AXIS AND
NEONATAL EXPERIENCE 62.3.2 NEONATAL HANDLING 62.3.2.1 NEONATAL HANDLING
AND BEHAVIOR 62.3.2.2 NEONATAL HANDLING AND BRAIN 62.3.2.3 NEONATAL
HANDLING AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION 1939 1940 1941. 1943 1943 1945 1945 1947
1949 1950 1951 1951 1952 62 62 62 62 .3.3 .3.4 .3.5 .3.6 NEONATAL
62.3.3.1 62.3.3.2 62.3.3.3 62.3.3.4 MATERNAL 62.3.4.1 62.3.4.2 62.3.4.3
NOVELTY EXPOSURE NEONATAL NOVELTY EXPOSURE AND BEHAVIOR NEONATAL NOVELTY
EXPOSURE AND BRAIN NEONATAL NOVELTY EXPOSURE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
NEONATAL NOVELTY EXPOSURE AND MATERNAL INFLUENCE DEPRIVATION MATERNAL
DEPRIVATION AND BEHAVIOR MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND BRAIN MATERNAL
DEPRIVATION AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION PAIN, FEAR CONDITIONING, AND CONTEXT
OF EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY 62.3.5.1 62.3.5.2 62.3.5.3 ODOR-SHOCK
CONDITIONING AND BEHAVIOR ODOR*SHOCK CONDITIONING AND BRAIN ODOR-SHOCK
CONDITIONING AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF
EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES 1984 1985 1987 1987 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1992
1992 1993 1993 1993 1952 1955 1955 1973 1975 1976 1976 1977 1977 1978
1980 1980 1981 1981 1983 1984 62.4 PUBERTAL EXPERIENCES AND ENDURING
BEHAVIORAL AND ENDOCRINE CONSEQUENCES 1 994 62.4.1 PUBERTAL EXPERIENCE
AND BEHAVIOR 1994 62.4.2 PUBERTAL EXPERIENCE AND BRAIN 1995 62.4.3
PUBERTAL EXPERIENCE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION 1995 62.5 ADOLESCENCE AS A
PERIOD OF INTERVENTION TO MITIGATE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL INSULTS 1996
62.5.1 REVERSALS OF PERINATAL INSULTS THROUGH PUBERTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ENRICHMENT 1996 62.5.2 MITIGATION OF PERINATAL BRAIN DAMAGE THROUGH
PUBERTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT 1996 62.6 CONCLUSIONS 1997 REFERENCES
1997 C. LIFE STAGES CHAPTER 63 THYROIS HORMONES AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
2005 J BERNAL 63.1 INTRODUCTION 2005 63.2 AN OVERVIEW OF BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE 2006 63.2.1 ACTION OF
THYROID HORMONES ON NEUROGENESIS 2006 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XXIII
63.2.2 ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES ON CELL MIGRATION 2006 63.2.3 ACTION
OF THYROID HORMONES ON MYELINATION 2007 63.2.4 OTHER STRUCTURAL DEFECTS
CAUSED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM 2007 63.3 THYROID HORMONES IN BRAIN 2008 63.3.1
SOURCES OF THYROID HORMONE FOR THE FETUS 2008 63.3.2 EXPRESSION AND
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OFDEIODINASES 2009 63.3.2.1 TYPE 2 DEIODINASE 2009
63.3.2.2 TYPE 3 DEIODINASE 2010 63.3.3 TRANSPORT OF THYROID HORMONES TO
THE BRAIN 2011 63.3.3.1 THE BRAIN BARRIERS 201 1 63.3.3.2 THYROID
HORMONE TRANSPORTERS 2011 63.4 THYROID HORMONE ACTION 2011 63.4.1 THE
NUCLEAR PATHWAY OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION 2011 63.4.2 MODULATION OF
TRANSCRIPTION BY NUCLEAR RECEPTORS FOR THYROID HORMONE 2012 63.4.3
EXTRAGENOMIC PATHWAYS OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION 2012 63.5 NUCLEAR
THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN 2013 63.6 MECHANISMS OF THYROID
HORMONE ACTION IN THE BRAIN 2014 63.6.1 REGULATION OF BRAIN GENE
EXPRESSION BY THYROID HORMONE 2014 63.6.2 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF
THYROID HORMONES ON MYELINATION 2015 63.6.3 MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIONS OF
THYROID HORMONES 2016 63.6.4 CONTROL OF CELL MIGRATION 2016 63.6.5
CONTROL OF NEURAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION 2017 63.6.6 REGULATION OF THE
EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN SIGNALING 2017 63.6.7 TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS AND SPLICING REGULATORS 2018 63.6.8 MECHANISMS OF GENE
REGULATION BY THYROID HORMONE 2018 63.7 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL
ASPECTS 2019 63.7.1 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS * ENDEMIC CRETINISM 2019
63.7.2 CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM 2019 63.7.3 MATERNAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND
MATERNAL HYPOTHYROXINEMIA 2021 63.7.4 THE HYPOTHYROXINEMIA OF
PREMATURITY 2021 63.7.5 THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORTER MUTATIONS 2022
63.7.6 TRNODOTHYRONINE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS 2022 63.8 CONCLUSIONS AND
PERSPECTIVES 2023 REFERENCES 2024
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036794377 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)609930624 (DE-599)BVBBV036794377 |
| dewey-full | 571.7 591.5 573.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals |
| dewey-raw | 571.7 591.5 573.8 |
| dewey-search | 571.7 591.5 573.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.7 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036794377 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:48:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780123743848 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020710719 |
| oclc_num | 609930624 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| physical | XXIII S., S. 1397 - 2033 graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Elsevier, Acad. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hormones, brain and behavior 3 Chapters 42 - 63 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2009 XXIII S., S. 1397 - 2033 graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pfaff, Donald W. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV014246419 3 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020710719&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_auth | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_exact_search | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_full | Hormones, brain and behavior 3 Chapters 42 - 63 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_fullStr | Hormones, brain and behavior 3 Chapters 42 - 63 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hormones, brain and behavior 3 Chapters 42 - 63 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_short | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_sort | hormones brain and behavior chapters 42 63 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020710719&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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