Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Szczecin
Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta archaeologica Pomoranica
4 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Combs of bell type in Europe |
| Beschreibung: | 240 s. il. - Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
| ISBN: | 8390696398 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz |d 1932- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1169935443 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie |c Eugeniusz Cnotliwy ; Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział w Szczecinie |
| 264 | 1 | |a Szczecin |b Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 240 s. |b il. - Ill., Kt. |c 30 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Acta archaeologica Pomoranica |v 4 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Combs of bell type in Europe | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276167395868672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis
tresei
I.
Uwagi wstępne
.9
1.
Stan i problematyka badań
.9
2.
Podstawy źródłowe
.10
3.
Terminologia
.
]2
4.
Cel i zakres pracy
.12
5.
Zagadnienia typologiczne
.13
II.
Zagadnienie genezy grzebieni z dzwonowatyra uchwytem
.17
III. Grzebienie z dzwonowatym uchwytem grupy
IB
(charakterystyka, występowanie, ornamentacja, chronologia)
.20
1.
Grzebienie grupy
IB,
serii A
.20
1.1.
Odmiana
1.20
1.2.
Odmiana
2.23
1.3.
Odmiana
3.25
1.4.
Odmiana
1/2.32
1.5.
Odmiana
1/3.32
1.6.
Odmiana
1/5.33
1.7.
Odmiana
2/3.35
1.8.
Odmiana
2/4.35
1.9.
Odmiana
4.36
1.10.
Odmiana
5.40
1.11.
Odmiana
6.42
1.12.
Odmiana
4/6.47
1.13.
Odmiana
7.48
1.14.
Odmiana
8.48
1.15.
Odmiana
9.48
1.16.
Odmiana
10.50
1.17.
Odmiana
10/11.50
1.18.
Odmiana
11.51
1.19.
Odmiana
12.51
1.20.
Odmiana
13.52
1.21.
Odmiana
14.54
1.22.
Odmiana
15.54
1.23.
Odmiana
16.55
1.24.
Odmiana
17.55
1.25.
Odmiana
18.55
1.26.
Odmiana
19.56
1.27.
Odmiana
20.56
1.28.
Odmiana
21.57
1.29.
Odmiana
22.57
1.30.
Odmiana
23.58
2.
Grzebienie jednostronne, trzywarstwowe, grupa
IB,
seria
В
.58
2.1.
Odmiana
1.58
2.2.
Odmiana
2.59
2.3.
Odmiana
3.
ω
2.4.
Odmiana
4.
ω
2.5.
Odmiana
5.
60
3.
Grzebienie
grapy
IA
z dzwonowatym uchwytem
.
6t)
3.1.
Odmiana
2.
60
3.2.
Odmiana
3.;
61
3.3.
Odmiana
4.
61
3.4.
Odmiana
5.
61
3.5.
Odmiana
6.
61
3.6.
Odmiana
7.
62
3.7.
Odmiana
8.
62
3.8.
Odmiana
9.
62
3.9.
Odmiana
10.
62
IV.
Grzebienie z dzwonowatym uchwytem w Europie
.63
1.
Na terytorium kultury czerniachowskiej-Sintana de
Mureş (C-SdM)
.63
1.1.
W okresie kształtowania się kultury C-SdM
.63
1.2.
W okresie rozkwitu kultury C-SdM
.65
a) W strefie północnej
.67
b) W strefie nadczarnomorskiej
.69
c) Między Dniestrem-Dunajem-Alutą
.69
1.3.
W schyłkowej fazie kultury C-SdM
.75
a) W strefie północnej
.75
b) W strefie nadczarnomorskiej
.75
c) Między Dniestrem-Dunajem-Alutą, wraz z Siedmiogrodem
.76
2.
W miastach późnoantycznych nad Morzem Czarnym
.80
3.
W dorzeczach Desny i górnego Donu
.81
4.
W prowincjach cesarstwa rzymskiego
.82
a) W Górnej Mezji i Panonii
II
.83
b) Na terenie
Valerii,
Panonii i Noricum
.85
c) W prowincjach zachodnich
.90
5.
Na obrzeżach
limesu
dunajskiego i reńskiego
.92
a) W dorzeczu Cisy i Wagu
.92
b) Na północ od Dunaju, między Morawą a Lasem Czeskim
.94
c) Skupisko nadreńsko-dunajskie między górnym Renem, Dunajem i Nekarem
.98
6.
W dorzeczach Wisły i Odry
.100
a) W kulturze wielbarskiej
.101
b) W kulturze przeworskiej
.104
c) W kulturze luboszyckiej
.107
7.
Na Pojezierzu Mazurskim
.108
8.
W kręgu nadłabsko-wezerskim
.110
9.
W Skandynawii
.
\
13
10.
Na terenie Fryzji
.
]\g
11.
Na terenie Wysp Brytyjskich
.120
V.
Podsumowanie wyników
.122
Katalog
.133
Literatura
.
I55
АпекѕУ
.169
Summary
.
цц
Ryciny
.193
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
Combs of bell type in Europe
-
summary
Combs with characteristic bell-shape handles are un¬
doubtedly one of leading forms of The Goths cultural cir¬
cle. They were ultimately shaped in multi-ethnic melting-
pot of Czerniachowska culture-Sintana
de Mureş
(marked
further as C-SdM), and after the Hun invasion they spread,
together with their users nearly all over Europe (fig.
1).
The research state
The researchers early noticed the meaning of those
combs as cultural and chronological significances, how¬
ever many elaborations include only more or less detailed
information. The most information on the subject is in¬
cluded in S. Thomas's work
(1960)
concerning European
combs of Roman period. She made the first catalogue with
116
items, in her ordinations she defined them as type III
and placed them in times between 3rd and 6a c. The paper
of G.
F. Nikitina (1969)
on combs of C-SdM culture is
also worth mentioning. The combs listed above appear
here similarly to S. Thomas's ones as type III and are dat¬
ed from 4th
с
O.A.
Gei
(1986),
M. Kazanskí and R. Le-
goux
(1988),
V.
Bierbrauer (1984; 1995),
and particular¬
ly
E.L. Gorochovskij
(1980)
and J. Tejral
(1986; 1988)
also paid to them more attention. To learn more on the
subject of post-Czerniachowska forms of bell combs ma¬
terial presented in works of M.T.
Biro
(1987; 1994; 2002),
S.
Petković
(1995)
and
J.
Tejral placed in elaborations of
more general type are of essential meaning
(1986; 1988;
1992).
To establish chronology we must appreciate anal¬
yses concerning layers of bigger cemeteries, such as Bud-
eSty,
Dančeny,
Masiomecz,
Tîrgşor
(Horedt
1982;
loniţa
1986;
Rafalovič
1986;
Kokowski
1995).
Source base
In
1960
S. Thomas had
116
items on her disposal,
while the catalogue of the present work includes
550
piec¬
es, although the authoress realizes, that she was not able
to reach either all publications or museum collections.
Resources known from various European countries are
presented in table
1.
The way of presenting material is
a little problematic for the reader. There is often only gen¬
eral information and barely readable illustrations, which
are difficult to use in deeper analysis process. Moreover
the value of archaeological sources depends to a large
extent on precision in dating, which is troublesome in many
cases. A small part of combs presented in this paper comes
from graves or settlement objects enabling more or less
exact dating. The majority is dated in bigger period inter¬
vals, i.e. just like the whole cemetery or a settlement, what
limits greatly analysis' possibilities.
Purpose and range of the paper
Generalizing, the author's purpose is to learn causes
and cultural conditions referring to genesis of bell combs,
as well as establish place and time of final crystallization
and further development of their forms, their changed chro¬
nology, spreading out and spatial variability, first within
C-SdM culture and next their traveling all over Europe.
The detailed analysis of the accessible material in its ty¬
pological layers, ornamentation recognition placed in time
and space, should lead to distinguishing a number of local
features, define manufacturing centers and distribution
regions, and finally direct to solution of those problems.
During C-SdM culture times bell combs started to
spread out far beyond its borders, but establishing, which
of the artifacts were imported, and which pattern imita¬
tion would be essential. Analysis of ornamentation is prom¬
ising in this case. Migrations of C-SdM culture peoples
under the leadership of Goths, caused by The Hun inva¬
sion towards the West also caused migration of material
goods, among others, bell combs. On the way they under¬
went various formal transformations, they were accepted
by other communities, which adjusted them to local pref¬
erences. We will try to recognize those complicated is¬
sues by analysis of material scattered all around barbaric
Europe, North from the Danube River. Because of this,
much attention will be focused on comb ornamentation,
perceived in a different way than it has been till now. Its
diversity will be associated with particular comb types as
well as time and area of their occurrence. The study omits
all questions related to manufacturing technique, because
it would be difficult to take them up without original items.
Typology problems
The author treats typology as a tool enabling defining
and establishing formal layers of combs in order to study
their chronological and spatial variations, connections with
particular cultural groups, tracing their changes and adopt¬
ed motifs. In comb typology of Roman times elaborated
by S. Thomas
(1960)
bell type items being objects of our
interest appear as type III (together with one-plate and
three-layer ones), divided into
4
varieties. The following
paper treats them as one group, one objects' type, not
equipping it with any number, because it is not any classi¬
fication unit including all known combs. After Z. Hilcz-
erówna
(1961),
we assume that bell combs can be com¬
pletely placed in group I including single-sided examples,
consisting of two sub-groups: IA
-
grouping one-layer,
one-plate objects and IB
-
three-layer ones
(2
covers
+
toothed plates). Group IA distinguishes
10
varieties,
whereas IB group is divided into two series: A
-
includ¬
ing bell combs originating from combs with covers in
shape of a circle section (type I at S. Thomas) and series
В
-
originating from examples with trapeze covers. Se¬
ries A is divided into
22
varieties, series
В
into
4.
More¬
over, within series A it was necessary to distinguish
7
varieties including features of the two varieties difficult
to distinguish, e.g.
1
and
2
(variety
1/2)
or
2
and
4
(var.
2/4).
The division basis is readable in fig.
6,
and their defini¬
tion is included in part II.
In order to detect local features and their dating, divi¬
sion of varieties into variations, by the means of rather
objective criterion, was introduced, considering propor¬
tions of basic cover form elements: bell-shape protrusion
-
A, base of covers
-
В
and sides of covers
-
С
(fig. 2a).
181
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
Three kinds of protrusions were distinguished: low
-
С
high
-
D
and very high
-
E, expressing them by propor¬
tion of height (h,) to base (a,). Proportion of cover sides'
length (a,
+
a,) to length of bell protrusion base (a,) the
following sides were distinguished: very short
-
F, short
-
G
and very long
-
H. Comparing similarly cover width
(a) with its base height (h,) we distinguished very narrow
base
-
K. narrow
-
L
and broad
-
M. The way of obtain¬
ing necessary numerical values of particular features is
presented in figure 2b. Co-existence of the distinguished
characteristics decided about division of varieties into vari¬
ations. Their brief characteristics is placed below in order
of occurrence.
Finally some remarks on ornamentation question,
which in research practice is troublesome, due to the fact
of variability of applied elements and decorative motifs,
diversity in their composition and various techniques used.
They are difficult to classify, because they either direct us
to very synthetic or too detailed conclusions. S. Thomas's
division into three motif groups
A, B, C,
omitting rivet
and zoomorphic ornamentation can be an example of such
synthetic attitude. In reference to this division it is impos¬
sible to analyze local variations, chronological differenc¬
es or origin of particular objects.
In the present work all recognized ornaments were first
grouped in accordance with motifs made from homogenous
elements (groovings, rivets, eyes, concentric circles, dot¬
ted lines) and next following their combinations and com¬
positions giving them numbers from
1-220
(fig. 42:a-g).
This suggestion seems to enable deeper combs' analysis.
The paper consists, excluding initial problems above,
of three major parts: I
-
genesis of bell-shaped combs,
II
-
characteristics of varieties and variations, their occur¬
rence, ornamentation and chronology. Ill
-
analysis of the
discussed objects, first within C-SdM culture with refer¬
ence to its development stages and spatial configuration,
and next appearing in other European regions. The work
is completed with results' summary, artifacts' catalogue
and annexes.
Part I. Genesis of bell-shaped combs has been rather
neglected in literature so far. G.F.
Nikitina
presented its
creation process in a very brief manner (using drawing)
(1969.153.
fig.
1).
After her. their original patterns were
one-sided, three-layer combs with covers in shapes of cir¬
cle sections and trapeze ones. She did not explain, how¬
ever, either time or place, where it had taken place. In this
paper's author"
s
opinion the way of bell-shaped combs'
creating process can be perceived as a result of intention¬
al search for new shape or gradual consolidating or deep¬
ening often casual formal effects (e.g. more frequent cut¬
ting cover ends, cutting in edges of back in examples of
type I) made during manufacturing combs with semi-
-circular or trapeze covers. Those trends can be observed
in Wielbark culture as early as stage C, particularly in
Maslomecz group in stages C,-*:, and later along the route
of further Goth migration across Volhynia and Podolia.
Stage C, shows cuts of back edges in combs of type I and
by that emphasize their projected top. resembling them
more and more to later bell combs of series
A. var.
1
and
2
(fig.
3
and
5).
Similar changes can be also observed in
Wielbark culture in case of trapeze combs (not separated
into a type by S. Thomas), which led to creating examples
of our series B. Figure
3
includes the scheme, and figure
5
illustrates the route of transformations. Bell-shaped combs
received final shape in C-SdM culture thanks to the Goths.
As material from Velikaja Snitinka laboratory indicates, as
early as stage C, fully shaped bell forms were produced.
Part II. It includes detailed characteristics of combs
from groups IA and IB (series A and B), definition of va¬
rieties and their variations, description of ornaments, their
spreading out and chronology. The discussion is complet¬
ed by illustrations, cartographic collection and a list of
decorative motifs (annexes
1
and
2).
They will be dis¬
cussed in a summary of the next part.
Part III. It refers to detailed description of bell combs
and their changes in different European territories.
1.
In the area of Czerniachowska-Sintana
de Mureş
culture (C-SdM)
A. The period of shaping C-SdM culture (stage
Сњ-
CJ. Already during stage C2 in Volhynia and Podolia
combs of type I appeared together with representatives of
Wielbark culture (Thomas) and type II
(Nikitina),
and first
barely clear bell forms belonging within group IB, series
A to variety
1
(fig.
7-8)
and in series
В
to varieties
1-2
(fig.
37; 39),
and between
Seret
River and The Dniester
and farther towards Dnieper River also some variants of
variety
3
(fig.
11-16).
Simultaneously, we can suppose,
that characteristic in series A variety
2
(variation 2a) and
3
(fig.
40:1. 3)
may have started to develop in those terri¬
tories. Combs of variety
1
are characterized by bell-shaped
handle, very weakly or weakly marked, which back edge
comes smoothly into the upper part of cover base (fig.
6).
It is clearly transitive form between type I (after S. Tho¬
mas) and bell form. It already appeared in younger stage
of Wielbark culture, and much later out of the reach of C-
SdM culture (variants lc-e), possibly as outdated forms.
Variety
2
appears almost exclusively within C-SdM cul¬
ture. It creates, particularly in stage C3, very compact con¬
centration in the triangle between The Prut
-
The Danube
-
Olt
River, which are covered with assumed reach of
Getae
Dacian
peoples' settlement. These comb types do
not appear at all in collections dated from the period after
the Hun invasion, what proves that they were not used
any more even before
375.
We recognize variety
2
due to
more or less saddle-shaped recesses on both sides of
a bell handle (fig.
6; 9).
Variations 2a, with low handle,
short side, with predomination of broad cover bases, in
majority deprived of any ornaments (fig.
9:1-4)
and 2b
with high bell protrusion, mostly without any ornaments
(fig.
9:5-9)
are the most characteristic ones. At the same
time trapeze combs revealed single examples of series B,
varieties:
1 -
with trapeze covers and sides cut in arches
(fig.
37:1-2,4-6), 2 -
with handles clearly formed, cut on
both sides (fig.
37:7-10,12-13)
and
3 -
with trapeze han¬
dle (fig.
38).
These first bell forms are in majority without
any ornaments, if so, the decorations are simple motifs
(compare annexes
1
and
2).
Regional differences were
observable in the first period of C-SdM culture develop-
182
Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie
ment,
particularly between its Northern and Southern parts,
which is illustrated in tables
2, 3
and
6.
B. Period of C-SdM culture development (stage C,).
Most of forms known earlier were still manufactured, but
new formal solutions, often of local character were also
developing. In group IB, series A varieties
2. 3
were very
popular and also underwent substantial changes (with bell
handle clearly distinguishing from the base) and
4
(with
handles separated from the base owing to semi-circular
cuts-in on both sides), and also new ones appeared:
5
(high
handle clearly separated from its base, sides cut aslant in
upper part),
6
(with separate bell handles and rectangular
bases),
1/2
and
2/4
(combining features of both varieties).
In group IB, series
В
variety
1
was still in use (with tra¬
peze handle, gently cut on both sides) and
2
(with a han¬
dle weakly separated from trapeze base), and in group IA
variety
3
(with a bell handle with a hole, clearly separated
from the base) and
4
(with a handle separated from the
base by deep cuts on sides). During stage C, older variety
2
disappeared, becoming relatively good chronological
significant. Those changes are illustrated in tables
3
and
4.
In the discussed period regional differences within
C-SdM culture outlined, clear in three zones: Northern,
the Black Sea coastal area and between The Dniester
-
The Danube
-
Olt
River.
a) Northern zone. During the phase of C-SdM culture
forming combs of group IB, series A, variety
1
a appeared
here (low handle, very short and short sides, various base
width) and lc (very high handle, very short sides, with
predominance of broad bases) and first examples of vari¬
eties 3a, 3dl,
Зеї,
3f2 and 3f3 appeared, also in series B,
varieties
1-3,
and in group IA varieties
3-4.
The ones of
la and lc in series A were still in use. Varieties
3
and
1/3
make a bigger group in series A. Variation 3al could have
been made in that zone (with low handle, very short and
short sides, usually narrow base), 3dl (with high handle
and long sides), and at the end of the discussed period
also variations
Зеї
(with very high handle, very short and
short sides, very narrow and narrow base), 3f
1
(with very
high handle, lengthened sides, very narrow or narrow
base), 3f3 (like 3fi but with broad base of covers), 3ef.
In this zone presence of only two examples of varieties
5,
series A, with clearly and sharply separated handle, sides
aslant in the upper part and straight base (fig.
23)
was
noticed. They also appear scattered around other territo¬
ries, where they could have been created independently
(fig.
24).
Moreover Northern zone delivered combs from
series A, varieties
2,4
and
6,
which are here undoubtedly
as foreign forms, originating from the areas South from
The Dniester. Only the item of variety 2b (fig.
9:8)
from
Perejaslav Chmelnicki (stage C,), could have come from
The Black Sea zone, where they occurred more frequent¬
ly. Small concentration of combs of variety 4al (fig.
20:2,
4-5),
4b
1,
4c and 4d (fig.
2
1:9) can confirm local produc¬
tion, which patterns were imported from the South of The
Dniester, and can be supported by the example of a comb
from grave
69
from Maslovo, decorated with rivet com¬
position (fig.
21:9),
used in this region also on combs of
varieties
3
and
1/3.
Rarely appearing in this zone combs
of varieties
2
and
6,
series A originate from
lhe
grounds
towards South from The Dniester. Variations of variety
4
listed above are characterized by the following features:
4al
-
low handle, very short and short sides, most often
broad base; 4bI
-
high handle, short sides, broad base;
4*.
-
very high and broad handle, very
shon
or short sides,
narrow or very narrow base; 4d
-
very high handle, very
long sides and mostly broad base.
In Northern zone, like in all the area of C-SdM cul¬
ture and beyond, combs of group IB. series A. variety
3
(fig.
13)
were the most popular. They are characterized
by distinctly outlined bell handle of various height, clear¬
ly separated from different side length. They contain
6
basic variations (a-f). dividing them subsequently into
smaller units. Such differentiation made it possible to es¬
tablish, that variations 3a
1
(fig.l
1:1-2)
and
Зеї
(fig.
11:11)
appear only in territories between
Seret
River and The
Dnieper River.
b) The Black Sea zone (between the mouths of The
Dniester and Dnieper). It is very possible that combs of
series A, variety
3
appeared in final stage of C-SdM cul¬
ture shaping (variations c, dl, el and f2), which predom¬
inated also in the stage of its flourishing and further: vari¬
eties 3a2 (with low handle, very broad base and short sides)
(fig.
11
:2), 3c (with high handle, very short and short sides,
narrow base). 3dl (fig.
11:7). 3d
(fig.
11:12)
and 3c2
(with very high handle, short sides and broad solid base).
3f2 (with very high handle, very long sides and usually
narrow base
-
fig.
12:9),
ЗО
and 3ef (fig.
17:6).
Single
examples of varieties
1/3
and
5
(fig.
23:3)
appeared here.
Lack of combs belonging to varieties
4
and
6
is astonish¬
ing. Contrary to Northern area combs with various orna¬
mentation were in majority in that zone. Items decorated
with identical nit combination, used in varieties
Зеї
and
3ef are exceptionally interesting. Motifs of eyes and con¬
centric circles were often exploited. Pseudo-knurling mo¬
tif visible on comb of variety
Зеї
from Pridnieprovskije
Nikolajevki (fig.
11
:12) is absolutely unknown in this en¬
vironment.
c) Between The Dniester-Danube-Olt River. This area
is characterized by particular variability and rich forms of
combs (compare table
4).
The oldest examples of series
A, variety la and 3a, and probably
Зеї, ЗО
and
1/3
were
spotted between The Dniester and
Seret
River. Combs of
series
В
do not occur here. Characteristic for this area arc
combs of series A, variety
2,4
and
6,
possessing clearly
readable form and construction. There are premises sug¬
gesting basins of
Seret
and Dniester as a cradle of combs
of variety
2
and
4.
These varieties became leading forms
of
Sintana de
Mureş
group's culture. As far as combs of
varieties
2
are concerned, only an example of variation 2a
from grave no
84
from
Birlad-
Valea Seaca
can be dated
from the end of
4* -
beginning of
5*
с
All the others can
be completely classified in the period until
375.
i.e. in
stage Cy There are also some bases to suppose, that vari¬
ation 2b, characterized by high handle and short sides (fig,
9:5-9)
were used only in phase Cr Also variation 2c, char¬
acterized by very high handle and very short sides (fig.
9:10-12)
seems to be connected with phase C3. Single
183
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
examples of variation 2b, excavated in Olbia and Perejas-
lav Chmelnicki (fig.
9:8)
and Tanais, and probably one
belonging to variation 2c from
Intercisa in
Valeria, can be
regarded as imports from the grounds South to The Dni¬
ester from before the Hun invasion (fig.
10).
We seem to
have obtained important premises enabling to date combs
of series A, variety
2
for stage C/Cj-C,. Due to the form
the examples of varieties 2d should be classified because
of very high handle, long sides and narrow base of covers
as the youngest forms of variety
2,
there is, however, lack
of factual base to define them in time.
The problem of combs of variety
4
from series A seems
to present similarly, although not so clearly. This series is
characterized by bell handle distinctly separated from cov¬
er base owing to semi-circular recesses (cuts-in) on both
sides (fig.
6).
It was formerly distinguished as The Danube
form (Thomas
1960,107).
It includes
64
examples, which
were divided into four variations:
а
-d.
These artifacts' sit¬
uating is interesting. Most of sites containing combs 4al,
with low handle, very short sides and broad base of cov¬
ers (fig.
20:1-5)
were placed between
Seret
and Dnieper,
while the items of variation 4b with high bell handle, broad
base of covers, but different side length (fig.
20:8-11),
as
well as 4c with very high and broad handle, very short or
short sides and narrow base of covers (fig.
21
:2—
4, 7-8),
concentrated between Dniester-Danube-Olt River, and in
Transylvania (fig.
22).
Generally speaking examples of
varieties 4a-c should be dated for phase Cy Variety 4d,
characterized by very high but narrow handle, very long
sides and usually broad base of covers (fig.
21:9-10,12-13)
is a younger form, which should be dated from the turn of
phases CJDV Combs of that variant appeared more nu¬
merously beyond the borders of C-SdM culture, ever far
South, at the territory of Macedonia (fig.
21:13).
Artifacts
of variety
4
belong to the oldest ones, which appeared
towards the West from this culture reach. Nearly half of
those combs did not have any ornaments, the ones which
had, were decorated with simple linear motifs. The most
numerous group, similarly to variety
3,
is created by items
decorated by metal rivet composition (also in varieties
1,
2, 1/3, 1/5, 2/4),
which should be regarded as typical for
combs of C-SdM culture (annex
2).
First combs of variety
4
began to appear as early as phase C2, received popular¬
ity in phase C3 and disappeared in period D,.
Only during full development of C-SdM culture, in
the area between The Dniester and Danube variety
6,
vari¬
ations
а
-c,
well recognized owing to new construction,
was created. It was the first group of German combs, which
commonly crossed the borders of collapsing Roman em¬
pire. Covers of those combs consisted of two separate parts,
one of which had a shape of bell handle, the other one
a form of rectangular base. Undoubtedly their original pat¬
tern was imitated from older combs of variety
3.
The cra¬
dle of this type was situated between Dniester-Danube-
Olt River and surely also Transylvania, where at the break
of phases C2/C3 variation 6a was distinguished (with
a high handle, very long sides and narrow cover base),
and during phase C3 variation 6b was the most numerous,
with very high handle, very long sides and very narrow
cover base (fig.
25).
Exact development of this variety
took place after
380
in the Danube center of Moesia and
Pannonia,
after the Goths settlement there as Rome feder¬
ates. Here variety 6c with very high handle, different side
length and broad cover base was developed (fig.
25:1).
As far as comb type
3
occurrence frequency during
the time of the highest development of C-SdM culture is
concerned, only in Transylvania they were commonly
used. They were mainly of variations 3c (fig.
11:5),
3fl
(fig.
12:1-3)
and 3f3 (fig.
12:10).
Among bell combs from the territory between The
Dniester-Danube-Olt River and Transylvania (contrary to
others) decorated examples predominated, sometimes with
very modest linear motifs, rarely eyes, like in variety
2
(motifs
1-15).
Motifs composed of rivets, being simulta¬
neously joining elements of base with toothed plates con¬
stituted characteristic feature of local ornamentation (mo¬
tifs
33-43).
They dominated on combs of variety
3
(vari¬
ations 3al, 3c,
Зеї,
3ef, 3f
1,
3f3) and variety
4
(variations
4al, 4b, 4d), rarely appearing on examples of variety lb,
6b and
2/4.
They were almost exclusively used within vari¬
ations 4b-d, particularly 4c. Development of this kind of
ornamentation took place in phase Cr Rivet compositions
on bell combs can be regarded as dating element, what
is more, the element marking directions of their distrib¬
uting.
С
In final stage of C-SdM culture. Its development
was disrupted by the Huns invasion, which caused sub¬
stantial migration of its people towards the West, mainly
along the Danube route. This moment is dated for the break
of phases C3 and
Dľ
Bell combs migrated to the West
with them. At the territories occupied by C-SdM culture
old forms declined (see. table
5),
a number of artifacts
diminished. The most finds are located between The
Seret
and Dniester and between Boh River and Dnieper, very
few were noted in Volhynia, on the Black Sea coast and
between Seret-Danube and in Transylvania, what can
be associated with the biggest population decrease in that
territory.
The Northern zone, collections dated from stage Cj-D,
have preserved forms of older tradition: all variations of
variety
1,
a few of variety
3
(3al
,
3c, 3e
1
and 3f
1 ),
as well
as
1/3
and 4d. Traditionally for that region majority of
objects were deprived of any ornamentation or were poorly
decorated. Only examples of variety
1/3
from Dmichajlov-
ka and Maslowo decorated with rivet motifs
(34
and
38),
which seem to indicate their origin as the Southern grounds
from The Dniester, are worth interest.
In the Black Sea zone decline of number of combs
used earlier is observable, older forms were still used
-
some variants of variety
3
(3a, 3e). Ornamentation still
followed modest eye or concentric circle motifs. Only few
examples of variations 3al (Belenkoje), 3e2 (Koblevo)
are decorated with rivet compositions, indicating their con¬
nections with the area between The Dniester and The
Danube. Much richer collection of bell forms has preserved
in the area between The Dniester-Danube-Olt River and
in Transylvania, particularly between Dniester and
Seret.
Popular varieties
1-4,1/2,
and
6
from series A disappeared,
184
Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie
and younger are represented by single items
2/4.
Exam¬
ples of variations 6b and 6c met here, should be connect¬
ed with workshops situated on the Southern side of the
Danube.
After C-SdM culture's fall basic patterns of combs
with bell-shaped handles moved together with their man¬
ufacturers and users to other grounds. In entirely new and
different cultural and ethnic environments new produc¬
tion centers and new formal and ornamental solutions were
created. But their basic pattern kept appearing for long,
even in the lands much distanced from their cradle.
2.
In late ancient cities on the Black Sea. The Goths
reached the Black Sea coasts about half of 3rd
с
Combs
made of bone or antlers first belonging to group IB, type I
(after S. Thomas), next bell type reached those areas as
well. During final period of C-SdM culture shaping first
bell forms of series A, variety lb (Chersones) and series
B, variety
2
(Olbia) appeared here. During 4th
с
they in-
flew here, mainly from the area of present Romania: sin¬
gle imports of variety: 2b (Olbia), 3a and
4
(Tanais),
Зеї
,
4b2 (fig.
20:10)
and 4d (all from Panticapaeum), and arti¬
facts of variety
4,
variation? from Tanais. All are decorat¬
ed by rivet compositions, typical for that region. Only the
comb of variety 2c from Tanais, decorated with original
eye composition can be regarded as local production, but
made following C-SdM culture's pattern. Inflow of bell-
shaped combs to the Black Sea coasts stopped completely
after the Hun invasion.
3.
Bell combs in basin of The Desna and upper Don
River. Single bell combs started to penetrate the grounds
towards the East of compact settlement of C-SdM culture
even during the period of its shaping. It can be confirmed
by example of series
В
variety
2
found in
Peresičnoje,
which may have originated from the terrains between The
Boh and Dnieper River. C-SdM culture development can
be also associated with an example of group IA, variety
2
from Sad (fig.
40:1),
made probably locally following the
pattern from the South of The Dniester. Occurrence of
bell combs dated from the end of
4Ш-Ьа1ґ
of 5th
с
at that
area is exceptionally interesting. Two combs of series A,
variety
4
come from that time: artifact from Tazovo in
The Desna basin
(var.
4b2) and from Zamyatino on the
upper Don
(var. 4d
-
fig.
22).
As the first one can come
directly from the territory of present Romania, the other
one must have been produced locally, because it was ex¬
cavated in the localization of comb producing workshop.
The settlement in Zamyatino, situated far from compact
settlements of C-SdM culture could have been inhabited
by at least a small group of people migrated from the ter¬
rains located between The Prut and The Danube. It should
be also added that apart from combs other elements, con¬
nected with C-SdM culture were noticed here. In that pe¬
riod settlements on The Desna noted presence of combs
from series A, variety:
12 -
with separated circular han¬
dle and rectangular, lengthened base
(Roišče)
and
13 -
with low handle resembling mushroom cap cross-section
(Ulyanovka), with forms totally strange for C-SdM cul¬
ture (fig.
28; 31:1),
but still referring to younger forms
met along middle Danube. The example representing va¬
riety
11
with circular handle and lengthened aslant
cui
sides in their upper parts, coming from the same time,
found in
Intercisa
in
Pannonia
is a close analogy to the
one above. Due to the distance and single occurrence of
the finds it is difficult to perceive closer relationships be¬
tween them.
4.
Bell combs in Roman empire provinces. Goth con¬
tacts with Rome until
378
were
-
with short intervals
-
of
war character. No wonder, that first bell combs crossed
the Danube River as late as the final period of C-SdM
culture development, which was still before Gratian em¬
peror's edict permitting Goths settling within the Empire
borders. In the Eastern Empire borderlands they are combs
from series A, variety
4,
from
Constanca
(Tomis)
and
Callalis, certainly imports from across the Danube. Con¬
centration of items from series
A var. 3b
(with low han¬
dle, lengthened sides and broad base
-
fig.
11
:4), 4b
1
and
4d (fig.
21:13)
in Bitolia, present Macedonia (fig.
14
and
22)
is worth mentioning. Their presence may be joined
with a group of Goths settled here before
376
and escap¬
ing from religious persecutions. Comb of variety 3b could
have even come from the lands between The
Seret
and
Dnieper, the others must have had origin in Southern parts
of contemporary Romania. More numerous concentrations
of bell combs were spotted along The Danube centers in
Moesia, Valeria,
Pannonia
and Noricum. First single exam¬
ples arrived in those provinces still before federate settle¬
ments
a) Upper Moesia and
Pannonia
II. More substantial
numbers of bell combs certainly came here with Goth fed¬
erates' troops about
380
r. Some forms of series A, vari¬
ety 3c, 3f3 and
1/3
could have reached the place earlier.
The wave of Goth troops brought with them more, but
almost only combs of variety 6b and 6c, also single items
of varieties
3
and
7
(fig.
23:8).
Apart from combs the same
sites revealed also presence of metal objects and ceramics
with C-SdM culture features
(Popović
1987,124).
Exam¬
ples belonging to variety 6b predominated (fig.
26).
Or¬
namentation of variety
6
uses mainly characteristic com¬
positions consisting of grooving and eye elements, inven¬
tively adjusted to semi-circular bell handle and rectangu¬
lar base of covers (motifs
20,25,111,150).
Bird motif on
a comb from Gomolawa attracts attention (fig.
25:6),
pos¬
sessing more parallels to
Pannonia,
which are associated
by researchers with the Goths. Ornamentation of combs
of variety
6
differs from decorative cannons applied in
C-SdM culture. It is not possible to omit a comb of vari¬
ety
7
from Bordej (fig.
23:8).
In construction it resembles
variety
6,
but differs by aslant cut upper parts of sides
(fig.
6).
It had probably been manufactured in local comb
environment of variety
6.
b) Valeria,
Pannonia
and Noricum. In
З'-М* с
those
provinces commonly used double-sided combs and one¬
sided of type I and II (after S. Thomas). It is possible, that
as early as in 2nd half of
4"
c, but still before the Goths
came, first bell combs arrived here
-
first and foremost to
densely populated border centers, like Brigetio or
Inter¬
cisa.
They represented series A, varieties lc (Brigetio,
Poetovio), 2c
(Intercisa,
Brigetio), 3al
(Intercisa), 3cd
185
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
(Brigetio), 3ef (Gorsium), and 4d
(Komárno).
Form and
ornament
analysis indicates, that they could have been
brought from the lands of present Moldova and Transyl¬
vania. They were popular here accompanying federate set¬
tlement, the most popular ones were of variety
6,
which
can be perceived as one of the most visible components
of local culture. Variety
6
was supported by other: 3dl,
Зеї
,
3f
1,4,1/5,
5b,
4/6
and
11,
co-existing usually at the
same sites. One unique thing should be noted here
-
ap¬
pearing in Carnuntum varieties
5
in series
В
not met any¬
where before.
Combs of variety
6,
especially 6a, are characterized
by high handle, very long sides and very narrow base of
covers and lack of ornaments, they appear only within
C-SdM culture. At the same territory first examples of
variation 6b, with characteristic very high handle, very
long sides (rarely short ones) and very narrow base of
covers were created. Variation 6c, also with a very high
handle, different side length, but mostly with broad base
of covers (fig.
25 )
distinguished out of the mother territo¬
ry. In
Pannonia
variations 6b and 6c dominated all other
forms of bell combs. It is difficult to search the reasons of
that state of facts, it seems, however, that one of the rea¬
sons was lack of sufficient quantity of raw material en¬
abling production of one-part cover, the other one
-
con¬
tact of Goth craftsmen with double-sided comb produc¬
tion, delivering new pattern of rectangular base of bell-
shaped handle.
Pannonia
and possibly Moesia were the
places where ornamentation using specific, varied deco¬
rative motifs was born. Only single examples of variety
6
do not have any ornaments. They are closer to old tradi¬
tions from Moldova and Transylvania. Characteristic or¬
nament composition on a bell-shaped handle is of a par¬
ticular interest. Its particular feature is in handle framing,
which in this way became central ornamentation field,
filled with various motifs, often zoomorphic. Ornaments
were made using carved lines (motifs
18, 22-23),
dotted
lines imitating toothed circle (motif
207),
and most often
both methods together. It can not be excluded, that this
method was also used in close phase of C-SdM culture,
what can be confirmed by comb of variety 6b from grave
13
from Independent in
Muntenia
(motif
21).
Zoomorphic motifs are generally placed only within
a handle, on one or both sides of a comb (motifs
204-212).
They can be regarded as a specific ornamentation form of
local combs of variety 6b and 6c, characteristic for phase
D,. However, first examples ornamented in this way ap¬
peared as early as 4th
с
in the Western parts of C-SdM
culture. We mean here combs of variety 6b from grave no
1
in
Leţcania
(Moldova) decorated with a bird image (motif
205),
from
Pietroasele
in Wallachia and from Ma-
roşlekence
in Transylvania with an image of unidentified
four-footed creature (motif
204),
and from grave II in Tir-
gu
Mureş
with an image of a hare (motif
211 ).
All of them
have one feature in common, they were made using dot¬
ted line technique. Among combs of variety
6
an example
from
Budafoki
street in Budapest is exceptionally inter¬
esting (fig.
25:11)
mainly due to realistic swan heads im¬
ages, placed on both sides of bell (motif
212).
This comb
ornamentation mode used very rarely (e.g. on an item of
variety
1/5
from Mingolscheim), was borrowed from oth¬
er German tribes wandering in 4lh-5lh
с
along The Danube
and The Rhine, placing more or less stylized animal fig¬
ures (preferably horses) on combs with triangle cover sides
(type II after S. Thomas).
In most
Pannonia
combs of variety 6c ornaments cre¬
ate more or less sophisticated compositions consisting
mainly of eyes and concentric circles. A rosette written
into a circle on a comb 6c handle 6c from Carnuntum (mo¬
tif
168)
is a novelty. It was used more often in stages Dt
and D2 on other comb types in the area of Lower Austria.
Single examples of variety
3
are known from
Inter¬
cisa
(variations 3dl
,
Зеї),
Brigetio (3fl, 3cd) and Gorsi¬
um (3ef). Another interesting object is item 3dl decorat¬
ed with very big protruding rivets (cat. no 240,j). Similar
motif is observed on comb of variety 3f
1
from grave no
64
in
Gródek
on the Bug River in Poland, dated from phase
Cj-D, (motifs
200-201).
Combs resembling old forms
were also produced locally. The example of variety lc
decorated with eyes and concentric circles
(144)
never
used in C-SdM culture comes from Lauriacum. Carnun¬
tum was the place, where undecorated comb with trapeze
handle, recesses on sides, separating it from lengthened,
sides slightly aslant in upper parts, was excavated. It is a
new, met nowhere else until now variety
5
in series B,
with trapeze handle, separated circular recesses on sides,
like in variety
4
series A. Both combs confirm following
old tradition in a new place. The oldest comb from series
A, variety
11,
originating from
Intercisa
from the end of
4Ul-lsl half of 5th
с
(cat. no. 245,p) is worth attention. It is
characterized by high handle of circular outline, decorat¬
ed with rivets arranged in triangles. And it is a form refer¬
ring to decorative traditions of C-SdM culture.
At the end of 4th and 1st half of 5th
c Pannonia
became
exceptionally creative center of bell combs production and
started radiating out, especially after leaving The Danube
limes by Roman legions at the turn of 4th
с
Its influence
became clear not only by export of ready made products,
but first of all promoting formal and ornamental patterns.
Majority of combs of variety 6b and 6c found in Moesian
castles and at the grounds of present Slovakia, Moravia,
Lower Austria and Southern Poland, where from various
patterns reached the North as far as the mouth of the Vis¬
tula River, The Baltic Sea coasts and farther to Scandina¬
via may have come from
Pannonia
workshops.
c) In Western provinces. In the Danube castles of Ra-
etia, and The Rhine centers of
Germania
and
Belgica
prov¬
inces bell combs appeared in 4th and 5th c, probably to¬
gether with Germanic armies. They invaded the environ¬
ment using commonly one-sided combs of type II (after
S. Thomas) and double-sided of group IIB. Bell forms
were not accepted as commonly as in
Pannonia
and Nori-
cum. Small concentration of combs of variety
3
(variants
3f
(2
items), 3f3 and 3cd), and variety
1/5
in Trewir, dat¬
ed from the turn of
4Љ
с
are interesting. All resemble or¬
namentations used more or less in the same period in the
area situated North of The Danube limes in Transylvania
and Slovakia. Their similarity to examples of variety
3
186
Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie
creating clear concentration in lands between The River
Elbe and The
Weser,
what can point out, that it was, where
from they got to Trier, is evident. Combs
orlate
variants
of variety 1:1c (Alzey) and Id (Bad Kreuznach and Neu-
burg, fig.
7, 9)
from the end of the end of
4*
and the be¬
ginning of
5Љ
с
appearing here, also attract attention. Mixed
features of variety
2
and
3
are presented by a comb from
Mingolsheim. All of them represent rich, original eye or¬
namentation, characteristic for a circle at upper Danube
and The Rhine as far as The
Meuse.
The same circle can
also be original place of bell comb production, which were
found far West (varieties
1/3
and
2/3)
from La Turraque
(fig.
18:4)
and Serviac in France
(Kazanskí
1999,15,
fig.
1:1).
Cologne was the site, where one of three known
combs of variety
10,
with its typical circular handle sepa¬
rated by side incisions, set on a broad base (fig.
29:2)
was
found. In its rich ornamentation rosettes are predominat¬
ing motifs resembling the ones used in varieties
9-13
in
Lower Austria. The comb of variety
14,
the only artifact
dated from the years after
406
till
430
(fig.
31:6)
could
have been manufactured locally, in castle Alzey. Its con¬
struction reminds
Pannonia
productions of varieties
6,
but is equipped with relatively high, a little rounded
handle and a very broad base of covers. It is richly dec¬
orated with rows of eyes and with unique composition
(motif
112).
5.
Around the Danube and The Rhine limes. This bor¬
derland should be divided into particular fragments be¬
cause of clear differences.
a) In The
Tisza
and The
Vah
basin. Direct contacts
with C-SdM culture peoples and next with
Pannonia
are
marked clearly. First bell combs appeared in basin of The
Tisza
and farther West towards The
Vah
as early as the
period of the highest development stage of C-SdM cul¬
ture. They can include items of series A variety
1/3
(Pres-
ov), 3c (Archiud), 4c (Palatca), 6a (Ciumbrud), and in se¬
ries B, variety
3
(Streda).
They could have originated from
Moldova, Volhynia, and via Transylvania from settlements
between The
Seret
and The Danube
(var. 4c).
The other
known combs presented entirely different orientation.
Those ones, being in majority and belonging to variety
6
can be perceived as imports from
Pannonia
centers. These
are first and foremost combs of variant 6b, dated from
phase
D
,
known from
Arad
and
Tiszakarád.
Artifact 6b
found in
Vrbovo
(Pieta
1999, 184,
fig.
11:3),
decorated
with animal figure on a handle (deer?), resembles similar
ones from Transylvania. Several of the combs of variety
6c
(Arad,
Blatnica,
Čana, Ostrovany, Prešov and Vyžny
Kubin),
can be seen as imports from
Pannonia.
Single items
of variety
3
(variants 3f
1 -
Ostrovany
and
ЗО
-
Košice)
refer to similar examples from
Pannonia,
but they could
have also been manufactured in Slovakia workshops. The
objects belonging to variety
5
originating from Artand and
Ózd
(fig.
23:2),
must be of local production. Comb of se¬
ries A, variety Id from
Tiszalök-Razompuszta,
dated for
phase D2 (fig.
7:10),
with rich ornamentation (motif
195)
strange for local environment, associates it with motifs
and their composition manners on objects of the same va¬
riety dated from the end of
4Ш
and the beginning of
5"
с
appearing in the basin of upper Danube. Much indicates,
that Hungarian item comes from there and reached The
Tisza
as war trophy in one of numerous Hun raids towards
the West. The
Tisza
and The
Vah
areas mediated in wide-
spreading of bell combs farther to the North.
b) North of the Danube, between the Moravia River
and Upper Palatinate Forest. Influences of various cen¬
ters crossed here enriching bell forms with new diversi¬
ties and ornamentations. Combs of series A, variety
3,
with some variants referred directly to patterns of C-SdM
culture predominated here, especially in Moravia. These
are variants 3e2 (Bratislava-Dubravka), 3fl
(Namešie),
ЗО
(Pohořelice), 3ef
(Horne Dunajovice-Domciče)
and
1/3
(Devin),
which appeared at the end of 4th c, possibly
with some representatives of C-SdM culture escaping from
the Huns. In stage D, objects of variety
3
were produced
locally, what can be confirmed by the workshop excavat¬
ed in Zlechov in Moravia. Local features observed partic¬
ularly in decorations are noticed on quite numerous combs
of variety 6b (Oberleis) and 6c, which should be dated for
phase D, They differed from patterns borrowed from
Pan¬
nónia
due to very modest decorations. It concerns combs
from Michelstetten and Rymic. Single items of variety
5
from
Havřic
(fig.
23:4)
and
7
from
Drslavič
(fig.
23:9)
can be regarded as local products.
Activity of these grounds in comb production was ex¬
pressed in creating a wide range of new forms of rounded
handle and using rosette as central decorative motif. It is
possible that in stages
D, i
D2 varieties
9,10/11
and
11-12
were created independently in the lands of Lower Austria.
Grafenworth and
Unterlanzendorf
reveal combs of varia¬
tion 9a, with rounded, handle, much cut on both sides, short
walls and rectangular base of covers (fig.
27:1,3).
The only
known until now example of variety
10/11
with rounded
handle and semi-circular recesses on sides, short aslant walls
was excavated in
Untersiebenbrunn,
phase D2 (fig.
1:2).
Circular handle outline and lengthened aslant in upper parts
sides are characteristic for items of variety
11,
two of which
are known from
Mistelbach
and Petronel (fig.
29:3),
and
the others from Scandinavia. Construction of combs of va¬
riety
12,
which rounded handles make separate part of cov¬
ers, was imitated after
Pannonia
combs of variety
6.
One of
them was excavated in
Unterlanzendorf
(fig.
30:2).
New
form is also represented by richly decorated comb from
Brody
in Moravia (fig.
31:5)
classified as variety
13,
col¬
lecting objects with low handle, cut-in on sides, what re¬
sembles mushroom cap's cross-section. These novelties
were discussed in detail, as they seem to have migrated to
other territories, even to Scandinavia. It is impossible to
forget a comb of group IA, variety
6
from Oberleis, dated
from period D2 (fig.
40:7),
which as the only in this group
has rounded handle decorated with a swastika.
Several later bell comb forms (phase D2) indicate
strong bonds with Alaman circles, especially in rich orna¬
mentation. It concerns examples of variety: Id from Pra-
gue-Podbaby (fig.
7:11 ),
3fi from Prague-
Veleslavin
(mo¬
tif
107)
and
1/5
from
Vinaříce
(fig.
18:11).
c) The Rhine-Danube concentration, between upper
Rhine, Danube and
Neckar,
ta
local environment commonly
187
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
using in
З^М"1 с
combs of type I and II (after S. Thomas),
and in
S*-!* c
mainly double-sided, examples of bell type
barely signaled their presence. Two groups can be distin¬
guished here. The first one
-
the end of
4ül-5lh
с
-
includes
varieties la, Id and
1/5
in form similar to original pat¬
terns of C-SdM culture, but different in decorating way.
The other one concerns examples locally produced in
5th-6lh
с
of variety
le
and
23.
Patterns of first group must
have reached the area from the centers around middle Danube
(
Id and
1 /5)
or via Moravia and The Elbe-Weser circle. Comb
of variety la, generally dated from 4th c, originating from
Trebur, rivet ornamentation resembling motifs
34
and
37,
applied in C-SdM culture is interesting. Examples of variet¬
ies: Id from Neuburg (fig.
7:9)
and
1/5
from Mingolsheim
(fig.
18:8),
both from the end of
4*
and 5th c, resemble in
decoration similar ones from Bohemian Valley and items of
variety
2/3
from Wiesbaden and La Turraque (fig.
18).
Combs
belonging to variation
le
from Alaman cemetery from
5th_5ih c ¡n
Heilbronn
(fig.
7:12),
distinguishing from the
others by very high handle, very long sides and broad base
must be estimated as the youngest variations of variety
1.
Bell combs' development cycle in this area is completed by
variety
23,
grouping several items with long covers, straight
base and arch back in the middle of which there is a tiny
protrusion made in toothed plate (fig.
36).
They refer to bell
form because of possessing this protrusion (not a handle), as
their far echo.
7
examples concentrated in Alaman sites from
The Merovingian period in Bavaria and Baden-
Württemberg
were classified in this group. One comb of this collection
was probably an import from
Friesland.
6.
In the Vistula and Oder basin.
Cultural and ethnic bonds, as well as trade routes map
had substantial impact on penetration of some of C-SdM
culture elements to the lands situated North-West from
Carpathian Mountains up to the Baltic Sea coasts. Those
territories in stages C2-Oi were occupied by cultures: Wiel-
bark,
Przeworsk,
Luboszyce and cultural groups:
Dçb-
czyn, Elbląg
and
Olsztyn.
Within their reach substantial
differentiation in bell combs perception, location, chro¬
nology and in-flow direction of particular varieties were
observed. Fall of C-SdM culture and its bearers' partial
migration to lands between Carpathian Mountains and the
Baltic being connected with this fact, brought here no¬
ticeable intensity of bell combs occurrence. In Wielbark
culture (particularly in Maslomecz one) they were first of
all numerous variations of varieties
3
in series A (3a2,3c,
3dl, 3e2, 3fl), and rarely also the other ones (Id,
1/3),
whereas in Southern parts of The Vistula and Oder basins
and farther up to their mouths, influences of Danube cen¬
ters getting here via Slovakia and Moravia are clearly read¬
able
(var. 6b,
7
and
1/5).
a) Wielbark culture. As early as stages C^-C., within
Maslomecz group transformations of combs type I, dire¬
cting as a result to distinguishing of bell forms, took place.
Their oldest varieties known in C-SdM culture also appeared
in this culture group. They include examples of variety la
from
Gródek
on The Bug (phase C2
-
fig.
7:1)
and from
Maslomecz (phase C3
-
ornamented with rivets), originat¬
ing probably from the areas between The
Seret
and Dni¬
ester (fig.
8).
We can not exclude the fact, that some ob¬
jects could have been manufactured locally. A comb from
Maslomecz requires particular attention due to a case
-
rat¬
tle, built into covers. The turn of phases Cj/D, is the period
of dating in Maslomecz group items of varieties
2/3
and 3c
(both in one grave
-
fig. ll:16and
18:3),
and Sfl.phaseDj
is a probable dating of varieties Id (fig.
7:8).
A comb of
variety 3f
1
(Gródek
on The Bug River, grave
64)
requires
attention because of original way of decorating using rivets
with broad heads (motifs
200-201),
applied similarly only
in example of variety
3d]
from
Intercisa
in
Pannonia.
Only one early bell comb of variety
1
a (phase C^C.,)
got to Northern borders of Wielbark culture, to Podlachia
(Cecele) Interesting situation was created at the mouth of
the Vistula River, where two centers were born: one
-
older related to
Elbląg
group, domineering culture forma¬
tion in this region in period III, until the beginning of
5*
c,
the other one
-
younger, around
Gdańsk.
Elbląg
group possesses interesting items of variety: 3dl
(Gronowo
-
motif
98),
3e2
(Gąsior - fig.
11:15),
3f2
(Pruszcz Gdański
-
fig.
11:14)
and some others, only gen¬
erally classified as varieties
3.
All those combs could have
been produced in local workshops following patterns of
C-SdM culture, but decorative elements associated them
with motifs used here earlier on combs type I. Their close
bonds with Scandinavian variants of variety
3
are readable.
After C-SdM culture fall new patterns of bell combs
and innovative decorating methods arrived to The Vistula
mouth during phase
D
from the South-West. It concerns
combs of varieties:
1/3
(fig.
17:11), 5
(fig.
23:6)
and
10
(fig.
29:1)
found in
Pruszcz Gdański
showing close bonds
with examples appearing in Western part of basins of The
Danube and Rhine. Example of varieties
10
with a round¬
ed handle, separated from the sides by deep cut-in and
decorated with a rosette attracts attention.
b)
Przeworsk
culture. Associated with Vandals it be¬
longs in first century
A.D.
to the most significant cultural
phenomenon in Polish lands. Its people kept close trade
contacts with The Black Sea zone and Roman centers, as
a result of which in the final period of this culture combs of
bell type, being either direct imports, first from C-SdM cul¬
ture territories, later from the middle Danube or their imita¬
tions appeared. Representatives of series A, varieties
3
(vari¬
ations 3a2, 3b, 3e),
6
and
1/5
predominated, others: 4c,
5
and
7
occurred rarely and in single examples.
Present Great Poland and Kujavia delivered only
4
known bell-shaped combs. Older forms, i.e. examples of
3a2 and 3b come from Kujavia, first
-
deprived of deco¬
rations from
Inowrocław,
the other poorly ornamented with
grooving (motif
7)
from Slawsko
Wielkie.
Both should
be classified as imports from C-SdM culture lands, which
by Wielbark mediation reached here first from the grounds
between The Dniester and Prut. Undecorated comb of va¬
riety 6b from
Kowanówko
in Northern Great Poland (phase
D) can originate, either from this source or from Transyl¬
vania. Found in
Poznań (fig.
18:7)
example of variety
1/5
could have been produced rather beyond the grounds of
C-SdM culture, like majority of that variant objects, but
referred to it in ornaments made using rivets (motif
34).
188
Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie
Rich collection of bell forms were noted in Southern
part of
Przeworsk
culture. Item
Зеї
from Opatowo (phase
D,), decorated with typical „Czerniachowska" composi¬
tion of rivets and grooving (motif
52)
can come directly
from Moldova, but example 3e2 found in
Żerniki Wielkie
(phase Cj-D,) with eye ornamentation must have been pro¬
duced locally. Richly decorated comb (motif
147)
of varie¬
ty 4c (fig.
21:7-8)
comes from Opatowice, and we can
suppose that it reached
Przeworsk
culture lands directly
from C-SdM culture grounds. Unornamented item of va¬
riety 6a from Kaszowo can originate directly from Tran¬
sylvania, example from Minkowo
-
from Moldova. Other
artifacts from southern part of grounds inhabited by
Prze¬
worsk
culture people belong to forms made after C-SdM
culture fall. Comb varieties
5
from Pol
wica,
with eye dec¬
oration (motif 103A), and objects belonging to variety
1/5,
poorly decorated with grooving (motif
1)
or richly with
eyes (motif
140)
excavated in
Dobrodzień (fig.
18:10)
and
in
Żerniki Wielkie
reveal strong bonds with Moravia and
Pannonia.
It is, however, difficult to establish the origin
of other comb found in
Żerniki Wielkie
(phase C/D,) be¬
longing to variety
7,
but in form close to items of variety
5.
Combs' coming directly from territories of disappearing
C-SdM culture dating make us suppose, that they were
brought by peoples escaping from there from the Huns.
c) Luboszyce culture. Identified with Burgundians it
developed in the period from half of 3ri do turn of 4th c,
and disappeared in Is1 half of 5th
с
Towards its declined
stage single combs of series A, variety 3b, 6c and
11
ap¬
peared on its territory. Items of variation 3b are known
from
Göritz
and Zwochau. Artifact from
Göritz
is deco¬
rated with motif
39,
and follows the decoration patterns
of C-SdM culture, which were multiplied later in Mora¬
via. Comb of variety 6c from
Gießmanndorf,
from the end
of 4th-
1
sl half of
5й1 с
depicts connections with
Pannonia
center. Comb coming from Zernikow (fig.
29:4),
which
conditionally can be classified to variety
11,
with round¬
ed outline of a handle can be associated with similar forms
of the Danube zone. However, bell combs did not play
any significant role in Luboszyce culture.
7.
The Masurian Lake District
-
North-East end of
their occurrence. This is the land, where since half of 5th
until half of 7th
с
a very interesting cultural formation
named
Olsztyn
group, indicating very strong connections
with Scandinavia and continental German tribes, was born.
As early as phase C, a comb belonging to variety
1
series
В
(fig.
37:1)
was excavated in a cemetery in Switzerland.
It probably reached this area via basin of Pripyat, from
the grounds situated on the Western bank of The Dnieper.
Other bell comb forms appeared here as late as 2nd half of
6th and Is' half of
7Ш с.
They represent combs of variety
3f2 and
15
(variants
а
-b)
from the cemetery in Tumiany.
Found in grave no III example of variety 3f2, character¬
ized by very high, a little rounded handle, very long sides
and narrow base, decorated with motif
198,
it presents
strong connections with similar, but decorated complete¬
ly different forms known from Gotland and
Öland,
dated
from SW
с,
and some similarity with earlier forms hav¬
ing rounded handles, from the Danube grounds (see vari¬
eties
9-12).
Presence in Tumiany of combs belonging to
two variations of varieties
15 -
with low mushroom-like
handle, very long sides particularly arouses interest. They
are variations 15a with handles cut straight at the bottom
and
1
5b with a cut handle bent down at sides. All are rich¬
ly decorated (motifs
162,164-165)
and equipped with cas¬
es of special construction and form. First variant comes
from grave no IV (fig.
31:8),
the other from graves
VII
and
VIII
(fig.
31:9-10).
Items of variant 15a are only
known in Scandinavia
(2
in Gotland), while
1
5b only in
Tumiany. Combs of varieties
15
and cases connect fea¬
tures of
Friesland,
Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian combs.
They undoubtedly should be classified as examples of last
bell forms in Europe.
8.
In The Elbe-Weser circle. Clear concentration of
bell combs was formed between middle Elbe
- Saale
and
upper
Weser.
They create exceptionally interesting col¬
lection owing to various influence directions clearly
marked. They appeared here the earliest at the end of
4Λ
с
or the beginning of
5*
с
and modified strongly locally,
were still used in the beginning of
б* с.
They appeared
here from the Danube centers. Particular stress should be
put on objects of variety
3:
3fl from
Görzig
(2nd half of
5*
с
-
fig.
12:6)
and 3f3 from
Köthen
(2nd half of
4*
c), both
ornamented with rivets compositions (motifs
46
and
54)
very close to ones used in C-SdM culture. Items of vari¬
ety 3b from Zwochau (end of 4*-l
й
half of
5*
c) and
ЗО
from Dobrichau (fig.
12:11),
are decorated with eye mo¬
tifs, but in the last case they are composed in the same
way as rivets on a comb from
Görzig
(motif
94).
All indi¬
cate connections with Moravian circle. Comb of variety
7
found in
Stößen,
one of few known and found in substan¬
tial dispersion, but dated from phase D, can be associated
with the end of 5*-lsl quarter of
6*
с
Due to its decora¬
tive method it nears to Lower Austria and Moravia. The
same situation seems to be with comb of variety
9
from
Niemberg (fig.
27:4),
with decorative elements made of
metal rivets. The discussed area was the place of manu¬
facturing specific, unique forms of bell combs. One of
them classified as special form of variety
6
comes from
Naumburg,
from grave dated for the years
450-480
(fig.
25:12).
Its form characterizes with a tongue on one side
of a handle and side toothed plate profiled in a sophisti¬
cated manner. It possesses a small case and all the set is
richly decorated. Analysis of those elements seems to in¬
dicate, that both: the comb and the case were made under
influence of the Rhine patterns. A comb from Elstertreb-
nitz, dated from the fall of
5Љ
and the beginning of
б"1 с
(fig.
31
:4), classified due to its mushroom-like shape of a
handle as special form of variety
13
is probably of a local
origin. Bell handle used in Northern parts of Europe, cut
in not in covers, but in toothed plates protruding over them
have clear analogies in them. Both last items are exam¬
ples of relic lasting of bell combs transformations. Con¬
centration in basins of Elbe and
Weser
mediated in bell
combs travel towards the Rhine (variety
3).
9.
Scandinavia. Inhabitants of these areas had contact
with bell combs through people of Wielbark culture. Du¬
ring
4Ш с
single items of series A, variety
3,
which trans-
189
Eugeniusz Cnotliwy
formed into local variants 3d2 (fig.
11:8-9)
and 3f2 (fig.
12:7),
differing from original examples by much length¬
ened sides and narrow bases of covers, could have reached
here. Among varieties 3d2 (with high handle and very long
sides) objects from Fraugde in Funen and from
Kälby in
Scania should be regarded as older ones, i.e. coming from
4*
с
Two others from Nydam in Jutland and
Skedemosse
in Oland should be dated for 5th c, what can be confirmed
by cases accompanying them, of constructions similar to
ones used together with double-sided combs. Case pat¬
terns must have come from the Danube area, but they could
not reach Scandinavia earlier than after half of 5th
с
In
5Љ_6*
с
combs of variety 3f2 (with very high handle, very
long sides and usually narrow base) were produced local¬
ly, probably following old patterns (even with ornament
references) borrowed from C-SdM culture, assimilated
from lands between The
Seret
and The Dnieper through
areas situated in lower Vistula. We know them from
Björn-
hovda and Eketorp in Oland (fig.
11:10; 12:7)
and from
Kälder
in Gotland. In
б^-б*
с
Oland and Gotland became
centers of bell combs using, produced here according to
impulses from The Danube circle of Moravia and Lower
Austria, but strongly transformed locally. Accepted pat¬
terns were enriched by older local traditional solutions.
This group contains combs of variety
5
and
9-13,
charac¬
terized by rounded or even circular handles. Item of vari¬
eties
5
from Eketorp in Oland (fig.
23:12)
shows relation¬
ship with similar ones from the end of 4th-lsl half of
б"1 с
from
Pannonia
and westwards from the Danube. Small
concentration of combs of varieties
9
in The Baltic is¬
lands of
Bornholm,
Oland and Gotland (fig.
27:5-7),
var¬
ied from their continental archetypes in Lower Austria by
significantly lengthened sides, is also worth notice. Due
to frequency of occurrence special Gotland form is de¬
fined as combs of variety
11,
with circular handle, length¬
ened and aslant cut sides from tops (fig.
29).
Apart from
Gotland only single examples appeared in Oland (Ske-
demosse) and in Karleby
(Södermanland).
The way of
covers' construction (separate handle and cover base) of
comb of variety
12
from Eketorp in Oland (fig.
30:3)
was
undoubtedly borrowed from the Danube centers (see
var.
6
and others). Artifacts of variety
13
with handles pro¬
filed from cut sides, resembling mushroom cap's cross-
section can be classified as its development forms. Two
such combs come from Gotland (fig.
31:3),
and their
development can be traced by local variety
15
(end of
S^-o"1 c) and
16 (5*·-!*).
The first one with characteristic
low mushroom-like handle, very long, sides cut aslant from
tops appeared first and foremost in Gotland (fig.
31:11),
but also far from it, all around Norway (Snartemo
-
fig.
31:7).
Finland
(Tyrvää)
and Poland (Tumiany). Variety
16,
known from only three scattered examples (fig.
33:1 -
2),
characterized by a low handle, flattened from the top
and much cut from sides, represents stage of bell handles'
decline. Its further degradation is presented by Scandina¬
vian varieties
17
and
18.
In variety
17,
known from cem¬
etery Barshaldershed in Gotland from the turn of
5*
c, dis¬
appearing handle took rectangular form (fig.
33:4-5),
while
in variety
18,
dated from
Vendel
era, represented by combs
from
Lilla Bjärges
and Vallstenarum, it became barely
readable (fig.
33:3).
It should be stressed, that combs of
varieties
17
were equipped with cases of construction used
in the same period in combs of varieties
19
and
20
in An¬
glo-Saxon sites in England, what proves mutual connec¬
tions of those territories. Bogs of
Skedemosse
in Oland
hid a comb belonging to series B, variety
4,
with charac¬
teristic, almost rectangular handle (fig.
34:8),
which is
individual form of local craftsman. Also the comb of group
IA, variety
10,
made of one antlers plate, originating from
Ihre in
Gotland
(Vendel
era), with original crescent han¬
dle, which could have been patterned on objects of va¬
riety
9-13,
made of one antlers plate (fig.
40:11)
is of
a similar character.
In Scandinavia tradition of using bell combs preserved
the longest, but their youngest examples barely resem¬
bled their archetypes.
10.
In
Friesland. In
б^-б* с
only a small concentra¬
tion of combs appear here. They resemble items with bell-
shaped handles, but differ with ornamentation mode, also
construction in some cases. It is difficult to suppose, that
they were absolutely original production, made without
any knowledge of at least closing forms known in West¬
ern Europe.
Friesland
delivers
8
examples representing
group IB of variety
20, 22
and
23,
and in group IA, vari¬
ety
7.
In
З^-б"1 с
Friesland
possessed highly developed
combs of various types production, in which bell-shaped
models constituted only a diversity of local inventory.
Three combs belonging to variety
20
are characterized by
mushroom-like handles similar to ones used in Scandina¬
vian varieties
13
and
15,
cut not in cover body, but in
protruding toothed plate (fig.
35:5),
to which mushroom-
like cover were attached at times (fig.
35:4, 6).
Toothed
plates were fixed to rectangular, double on both sides of
covers, similarly to contemporary combs of variety
19
and
21
in England. They possessed sides
-
aslant or much
moved outside and stylized animal image on both sides of
a handle (motifs
215-219).
These elements referred to sim¬
ilar ones from The Rhine combs with triangle covers. The
way of cover decorating relates to objects from Scandina¬
via and The British Isles. So, Friesian combs of variety
20
were still in 5th
с
reality cumulating adopted motifs from
various directions. The relic bell forms made locally can
conditionally include two combs of variety
22
with char¬
acteristic protrusion (relic of bell handle?) on cover backs
(fig.
36:7).
Also two combs of group IA, of variety
7,
both
dated from
б'Ь-б111 с,
classified as bell forms because of
handle circular shape (fig.
40:10)
must have been pro¬
duced locally in
Friesland.
Moreover an example origi¬
nating from unknown place in
Friesland
belongs to vari¬
ety
23
in series A (fig.
36:6),
appearing only in
б"1 с
in
Alaman environment in
Baden-Württemberg
and Bavar¬
ia. It is probably direct import from those places.
11.
The British Isles. This rather peripheral area, as
far as bell combs are concerned, delivers only
5
examples
belonging to group IB, series A, varieties
19, 20
and
21.
All of them were excavated on Anglo-Saxon sites dated
the earliest from the end of 4th and 5th
с
Clearly formed
bell handle and particular construction are their common
190
Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie
feature. In case of objects of variety
19
and
20
on one side
of toothed plates two narrow rectangular covers were
placed and on the other
-
one broad. Comb cases were
constructed similarly and this method reached Gotland
(var.
17)
and
Friesland (var.
20)
in
б^б"1 с.
Three items of
variety
19
have bell protrusions formed of toothed plate
moved outside, and on both sides very stylized animal
heads (fig.
35:1-2).
One of them comes from Grimstone
End from
АЛ-5Л
с,
while two others from York from
5й1 с.
All are richly decorated with motifs referring to Friesian
and Scandinavian combs. Fragmentary preserved item of
variety
20
from Caistor-by-Norwich
(S*1 c)
resembles Frie¬
sian ones by its mushroom-like form, but its decorative
way lets us suppose it was locally manufactured (fig.
35:3).
Friesian patterns are also observed in comb from Peter¬
borough classified as variety
21,
which was distinguished
because of specific form of mushroom-like handle placed
on a separate base. This object is also decorated with dis¬
tinguished animal heads (fig.
35:7).
It is difficult to include in a summary all details of ex¬
act comb analysis in connection with their diversified orna¬
mentation and various solutions of older local traditions.
The author hopes that their origin and development within
Czerniachowska-Sintana
de Mureş
culture, and next its
spreading out and peculiarity in particular cultures and re¬
gions are presented clearly. As usual in archaeology, there
are still many questions, which explanation requires new,
well dated sources and possibly other view.
191 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz 1932- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1169935443 |
| author_facet | Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz 1932- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz 1932- |
| author_variant | e c ec |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036788627 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)688481065 (DE-599)BVBBV036788627 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV036788627 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:08:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8390696398 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020705082 |
| oclc_num | 688481065 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 240 s. il. - Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta archaeologica Pomoranica |
| series2 | Acta archaeologica Pomoranica |
| spelling | Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)1169935443 aut Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie Eugeniusz Cnotliwy ; Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział w Szczecinie Szczecin Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział 2010 240 s. il. - Ill., Kt. 30 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta archaeologica Pomoranica 4 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Combs of bell type in Europe Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Kamm (DE-588)4029423-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Kamm (DE-588)4029423-7 s DE-604 Acta archaeologica Pomoranica 4 (DE-604)BV025355349 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020705082&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020705082&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Cnotliwy, Eugeniusz 1932- Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie Acta archaeologica Pomoranica Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Kamm (DE-588)4029423-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4029423-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie |
| title_auth | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie |
| title_exact_search | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie |
| title_full | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie Eugeniusz Cnotliwy ; Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział w Szczecinie |
| title_fullStr | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie Eugeniusz Cnotliwy ; Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział w Szczecinie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie Eugeniusz Cnotliwy ; Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich, Oddział w Szczecinie |
| title_short | Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie |
| title_sort | grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w europie |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Kamm (DE-588)4029423-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Kamm Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020705082&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020705082&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV025355349 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cnotliwyeugeniusz grzebieniedzwonowategotypuweuropie |